Bi Sci 001 Study Guide 3
What is the liquid interior of the chloroplast called?
stroma
What is a function of antioxidants?
to decrease damage done to cells by free radicals
In general, when would the net movement of small, uncharged atoms and molecules through the plasma membrane end?
when the concentration of a solute is equal on both sides of the membrane
How many liters of water does an average human need to replace each day by consuming food or drink?
3
In most cases, how does tap water compare to bottled water?
Bottled water and tap water are equally clean
Which vitamin is water soluble and cannot be synthesized by the body?
C
Which organelle is a stack of membranous sacs that sort proteins to their proper cellular location?
Golgi apparatus
What happens to excess protein in the body?
It is stored as fat
What is the function of the plasma membrane in a photosynthetic eukaryotic cell?
It isolates the cell's contents from the external environment
Why is fiber an important part of a healthful human diet?
It may decrease the risk of certain types of cancers
Which statement is true about minerals?
Minerals cannot be made by the body
Why are whole foods better for your health than processed foods?
Processed foods don't contain all the vitamins and minerals found in whole foods
Imagine a balloon is made from a membrane that's permeable to water but not sucrose molecules. How would the balloon be affected if it is filled with a 50% sucrose solution and then placed in a beaker of water?
The balloon would get larger as it gains water
How would the permeability of the phospholipid bilayer of plasma membranes be described?
The bilayer is differentially permeable
Elodea is a freshwater aquatic plant that is often used as aquarium vegetation. How would an Elodea plant be affected by immersion in a saltwater aquarium?
The cells of the plant would shrink as water from the plant moved into the aquarium
Imagine a balloon is made from a membrane that's permeable to water but not sucrose molecules. How would the concentration of sucrose inside the balloon be affected if the balloon is filled with a 50% sucrose solution and then placed in a beaker of water?
The concentration will decrease
Carbohydrates are an excellent source of energy for the body. If a candy bar and a pear contain an equal number of calories from carbohydrates, which is a healthier food and why?
The pear is healthier because it contains more vitamins, minerals, and fiber
Why are the trans-fatty acids common in fast foods a concern to nutritionists?
They increase the incidence of clogged arteries
How are trans fats different from regular saturated fats?
Trans fats have flattened fatty acids
What is a major difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?
Unsaturated fats contain carbon-to-carbon double bonds, but saturated fats don't
What is the purpose of vitamins in the human body?
Vitamins help enzymes function properly
Which components form the structure of the plasma membrane?
a double layer of lipids with proteins embedded in it
What is the high energy molecule that is made from converted food energy in the mitochondria and is used to power cellular reactions?
adenosine triphosphate
What are the monomer "building blocks" that make up proteins?
amino acids
Which molecule, when moving across a plasma membrane, would require the most ATP to be used?
an ion moving against a concentration gradient
What are the protein pores in the plasma membrane that allow water to enter cells?
aquaporins
Which food is made up of many branching chains of sugar monomers?
beans
Which food is most likely to contain all essential amino acids?
beef
Use the figure to answer the following question. Which substance requires the use of a protein channel to pass through a plasma membrane?
calcium ions
To which category of nutrients does table sugar (sucrose) belong?
carbohydrates
Which macronutrient is the major source of energy for cell processes?
carbohydrates
Which cell component is composed of microtubules and helps move chromosomes around during cell division?
centriole
Which organelle is found in plant cells but not in animal cells?
chloroplast
Which organelle performs photosynthesis?
chloroplast
If vitamins help molecules reduce the activation energy for necessary chemical reactions, what is their role within the cell?
coenzymes
What protein fibers help form the framework of structural support for cells?
cytoskeletal elements
Inside a eukaryotic cell, what is the watery matrix where the organelles are found?
cytosol
If sports drinks have a higher solute concentration than blood, what condition may result when you drink them?
dehydration
What is a deficiency of water in the body?
dehydration
During diffusion, how do the solute molecules move?
down a concentration gradient of solute molecules
Although viruses are extremely small, they are too large to enter a cell by passive transport. Which process brings viruses into a host cell?
endocytosis
Phagocytic white blood cells digest many of the invasive bacteria that enter the human body. How could a bacterial cell enter a white blood cell in order to be digested?
endocytosis
Which organelle is a network of membranes involved in the production of proteins?
endoplasmic reticulum
Which type of amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body?
essential
What type of fatty acids include omega-3 and omega-6?
essential fatty acids
Which process fuses vesicles with the plasma membrane to move substances out of a cell?
exocytosis
How would amino acids and calcium ions from the bloodstream move across a cell membrane?
facilitated diffusion
Which antioxidant is naturally found in cocoa?
flavonol
Why are monosaccharides used by body cells?
for energy production
If a drop of red food coloring is added to a glass of water, how will the red-colored molecules move?
from an area of high concentration of red-colored molecules to an area of low concentration
In what molecular form does the human body store excess carbohydrates in muscles and the liver?
glycogen
Which process does not involve molecules moving across cell membranes?
hydrogenation
What term describes the interior of a phospholipid bilayer?
hydrophobic
Where do the reactions of cellular respiration occur?
in the matrix of the mitochondria
Which organelle contains digestive enzymes that degrade a variety of macromolecules?
lysosome
Which organelle in a scavenging white blood cell would break down bacteria that had entered the body?
lysosome
What are nutrients that the human body requires in large quantities?
macronutrients
Which organelle performs cellular respiration?
mitochondrion
Which item has not been tested by the Food and Drug Administration for safety and effectiveness?
multivitamin
Which problem could be caused by a decrease in the body's normal water level?
muscle cramps
In which eukaryotic cell structure are ribosomes made?
nucleolus
What is the compartment in a eukaryotic cell where DNA is stored as chromatin?
nucleus
If Erin would like to make a stir fry with an unsaturated fat, which fat would be suggested by Sam?
olive oil
What is the type of diffusion in which water moves down a concentration gradient?
osmosis
How are large substances moved during exocytosis?
out of the cell
Which process involves the movement of molecules or atoms down a concentration gradient across plasma membranes?
passive transport
Which food is rich in complex carbohydrates?
pasta
Cells contain proteins that help transport substances from the exterior to the interior of the cell. Where are these proteins found?
plasma membrane
What cell structure defines the outer boundary of all cells, separating the cell's contents from its environment? (two words)
plasma membrane
What is a fat with many unsaturated carbons called?
polyunsaturated
Which essential mineral is provided by a diet rich in whole grains?
potassium
What two-word term describes food that has been stripped of most of its nutrients?
processed food
What type of molecules, embedded in phospholipid bilayers, transport hydrophilic molecules into or out of the cell?
proteins
The antibiotic streptomycin prevents protein synthesis in prokaryotes. Which cell component would be affected by this antibiotic?
ribosome
What are the "work-bench" structures where cell proteins are assembled?
ribosomes
What characteristic of a plasma membrane allows certain molecules to pass through while preventing the passage of other molecules?
semipermeable
Tanya eats a vegan diet, which means that she does not eat any animal products. What would be a good source of calcium for Tanya?
spinach
In what molecular form do plants store their excess carbohydrates?
starch
What is diffusion?
the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
In commercial food manufacturing, what is the purpose of hydrogenation?
to make an unsaturated fat more saturated
Assume that a plant is suffering from drought and is beginning to wilt. Which cell component is most likely being affected, and what type of molecule is being lost from this structure?
vacuole; water
What membrane-bound structures fuse with plasma membranes during exocytosis or endocytosis?
vesicles
Which of the following is a micronutrient?
vitamin C
Which substance requires sunlight for its synthesis?
vitamin D
Which vitamin could build up to dangerous levels within the body?
vitamin D