BIO 1002 Ch. 34

The respiratory membrane is a combination of A) alveolar and capillary walls. B) bronchioles and air sacs. C) bronchi and air sacs. D) bronchi and bronchioles. E) bronchioles and capillary walls.

A) alveolar and capillary walls.

Carbon dioxide can be transported in the blood by all of the following methods, EXCEPT A) as CO within red blood cells. B) dissolved in plasma as CO2. C) bound to hemoglobin. D) carried in plasma as HCO3-.

A) as CO within red blood cells.

Most of the carbon dioxide released from cells is transported in the blood as A) bicarbonate ions in the plasma. B) dissolved carbon monoxide. C) carbon dioxide attached to hemoglobin. D) carbohydrates, such as glucose.

A) bicarbonate ions in the plasma.

Air flow into and out of the lungs is an example of A) bulk flow. B) diffusion. C) facilitated diffusion. D) osmosis. E) active transport.

A) bulk flow.

How much air enters the lungs of an average-sized adult when breathing normally? A) 500 milliliters B) 1,000 milliliters C) 750 milliliters D) 275 milliliters E) 125 milliliters

A) 500 milliliters

Which of these structures is analogous in function to the tracheoles of insects? A) Bronchi of a human B) Skin of an earthworm C) Body surface of a flatworm D) Gills of a fish

A) Bronchi of a human

A layer of smooth muscle in the wall of this tiny air-conducting tube allows it to regulate its diameter. A) Bronchiole B) Alveolus C) Pharynx D) Trachea E) Larynx

A) Bronchiole

What structure prevents food from entering the larynx? A) Epiglottis B) Respiratory membrane C) Intercostal muscle D) Bronchus E) Diaphragm

A) Epiglottis

Which of the following structures is NOT part of an insect respiratory system? A) Parabronchi B) Tracheae C) Tracheoles D) Spiracles

A) Parabronchi

Which of the following is NOT a feature shared by all animal respiratory surfaces? A) They are associated with a capillary bed. B) They are thin. C) They have a large surface area. D) They are moist.

A) They are associated with a capillary bed.

Birds are able to sustain long flights at high altitudes because they A) can extract oxygen during both inhalation and exhalation. B) use anaerobic metabolism during flight. C) decrease their heart rate during flight. D) have thicker blood than other animals, with many more red blood cells. E) are able to lower their body temperature during flight.

A) can extract oxygen during both inhalation and exhalation.

Gas exchange in the lungs occurs as a result of A) diffusion of gases between the blood and the alveolus. B) active transport of gases between the blood and the alveolus. C) facilitated diffusion of gases between the hemoglobin and the alveolus. D) facilitated diffusion of gases between the blood and the alveolus. E) active transport of gases between hemoglobin and the alveolus.

A) diffusion of gases between the blood and the alveolus.

If a respiratory surface dries out, gas exchange will A) not occur. B) decrease for carbon dioxide but increase for oxygen. C) not be affected. D) decrease for oxygen but increase for carbon dioxide. E) increase.

A) not occur.

All organisms that generate energy (ATP) aerobically need to take in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from their bodies. This process is known as A) respiration. B) absorption. C) elimination. D) ingestion. E) conduction.

A) respiration.

Sea jellies lack specialized organs for gas exchange because A) their tissues have low energy demands. B) they don't need oxygen. C) they use their circulatory system to deliver oxygen to their cells. D) their digestive system eliminates carbon dioxide.

A) their tissues have low energy demands.

Where does gas exchange occur in the mammalian lung? A) The trachea B) Alveoli C) The pharynx D) Bronchi E) Bronchioles

B) Alveoli

Which of the following statements about gas exchange in animals with interacting circulatory and respiratory systems is FALSE? A) Gases are transported in the circulatory system by the bulk flow of blood. B) Oxygen is actively transported into the circulatory system. C) Air or water moves across the respiratory surface by bulk flow. D) Carbon dioxide moves from the tissues into the blood by diffusion. E) Oxygen and carbon dioxide pass through respiratory membranes by diffusion.

B) Oxygen is actively transported into the circulatory system.

Which of the following structures serves as a passageway for both air and food? A) Larynx B) Pharynx C) Bronchi D) Trachea E) Bronchioles

B) Pharynx

Which of the following occurs in the lungs? A) Air loses all of its oxygen. B) Some of the oxygen in the air moves into the blood, and some of the carbon dioxide in the blood moves into the air. C) Oxygen and carbon dioxide move from a lower concentration to a higher concentration. D) Gases move by bulk flow into and out of the blood. E) As oxygen-poor blood travels through the lungs, it releases all of its carbon dioxide.

B) Some of the oxygen in the air moves into the blood, and some of the carbon dioxide in the blood moves into the air.

Which of these animals use gills to respire? A) Insects B) Tadpoles C) Spiders D) Earthworms E) Jellyfishes

B) Tadpoles

What happens during inhalation?A) The chest cavity decreases in size. B) The diaphragm contracts. C) The heart pumps blood to the lungs. D) The intercostal muscles relax. E) Air exits the alveoli.

B) The diaphragm contracts.

Most of the oxygen in the blood is transported A) combined with carbon dioxide. B) bound to hemoglobin. C) as bicarbonate ions. D) in the plasma. E) by white blood cells.

B) bound to hemoglobin.

The respiratory center is very sensitive to changes in ________ levels, but not very sensitive to changes in ________ levels. A) hormone; blood sugar B) carbon dioxide; oxygen C) blood sugar; hormone D) temperature; blood pressure E) oxygen; carbon dioxide

B) carbon dioxide; oxygen

The receptors in the respiratory center are most sensitive to a small A) decrease in blood nitrogen levels. B) increase in blood carbon dioxide levels. C) decrease in blood oxygen levels. D) increase in blood oxygen levels. E) increase in blood pH.

B) increase in blood carbon dioxide levels.

Hemoglobin is a respiratory protein. Its function is to A) attract lymphocytes to damaged tissues. B) increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood. C) provide structural integrity to red blood cells. D) assist in blood clotting. E) remove toxins from plasma.

B) increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood.

Which of the following structures protects the delicate gills of many fish? A) Spiracles B) An alveolus C) An operculum D) Lamellae E) Tracheoles

C) An operculum

Which of the following groups of animals is most efficient at extracting oxygen from the atmosphere? A) Reptiles B) Mammals C) Birds D) Insects E) Amphibians

C) Birds

Which of the following passageways delivers air directly into each lung? A) Bronchiole B) Larynx C) Bronchus D) Pharynx E) Trachea

C) Bronchus

What is the function of surfactant?A) It stimulates activity of the cilia lining the walls of the alveoli. B) It increases surface tension. C) It prevents the alveoli from sticking together and collapsing. D) It increases alveolar expansion. E) It enhances contraction of the inspiratory muscles.

C) It prevents the alveoli from sticking together and collapsing.

What causes smoker's cough? A) Smoking affects the respiratory center neurons in the medulla. B) Carbon monoxide in the smoke triggers the cough reflex. C) Smoking damages the cilia that normally remove debris-laden mucus. D) Nicotine irritates the lining of the lung.

C) Smoking damages the cilia that normally remove debris-laden mucus.

Why does a typical fish die quickly when it is removed from water? A) Gills split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen, which is used for cellular respiration. B) Oxygen diffuses more rapidly in water than it does in air. C) The gills collapse and dry out in the air. D) Water contains more oxygen, per unit volume, than does air.

C) The gills collapse and dry out in the air.

The respiratory control center consists of A) a cluster of nerve cells in the lungs. B) a group of highly modified cells located in the hypothalamus. C) a cluster of nerve cells in the medulla. D) the alveoli. E) the anterior portion of the pituitary gland.

C) a cluster of nerve cells in the medulla.

All of the following are respiratory surfaces EXCEPT for A) tracheae of a fly. B) skin of earthworms. C) air sacs of birds. D) gills of fish. E) alveoli of dogs.

C) air sacs of birds.

During inhalation, the diaphragm A) relaxes and flattens. B) contracts and becomes dome-shaped. C) contracts and flattens. D) relaxes and becomes dome-shaped.

C) contracts and flattens.

In the lungs, oxygen moves from air into blood by A) bulk flow. B) active transport. C) diffusion. D) osmosis. E) facilitated diffusion.

C) diffusion.

Fish gills consist of a series of A) spiracles. B) parabronchi. C) filaments. D) opercula. E) interconnected bronchioles.

C) filaments.

During inhalation, air leaving the nasal cavity passes into the A) trachea. B) bronchi. C) pharynx. D) larynx. E) bronchioles.

C) pharynx.

An emergency room physician has withdrawn blood from a vessel in your arm. The dark red color of the blood indicates that it was A) taken from an artery. B) on its way to the tissues of the arm. C) taken from a vein. D) going away from the heart. E) coming from the lungs.

C) taken from a vein.

All of the following are possible EXCEPT A) a voluntary decrease in the rate of breathing. B) a voluntary increase in the rate of breathing. C) voluntarily holding one's breath until death occurs. D) inhibition of the respiratory centers in the brain. E) an involuntary increase in the rate of breathing.

C) voluntarily holding one's breath until death occurs.

For smokers who quit smoking, when does healing begin? A) After 6 months B) After a year C) After 5 years D) Almost immediately

D) Almost immediately

Which of the following represents the correct air pathway during exhalation? A) Bronchioles, bronchi, alveoli, trachea, larynx B) Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli C) Trachea, larynx, bronchi, alveoli, bronchioles D) Alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, larynx, trachea

D) Alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, larynx, trachea

Which of the following is a consequence of breathing secondhand smoke? A) Nonsmoking spouses of smokers have a 30% lower risk of heart attack. B) Smokers are more likely to have increased lung capacity. C) Nonsmoking children of smokers are less likely to develop atherosclerosis. D) Nonsmoking children of smokers are more likely to contract pneumonia.

D) Nonsmoking children of smokers are more likely to contract pneumonia.

Which of these structures is analogous in function to the alveoli of humans? A) Trachea of a frog B) Spiracles of a grasshopper C) Operculum of a fish D) Parabronchi of a bird E) Skin of an alligator

D) Parabronchi of a bird

Which of the following events initiates the process of exhalation? A) Contraction of the intercostal (rib) muscles B) Expansion of the lungs C) Contraction of the diaphragm D) Relaxation of the diaphragm

D) Relaxation of the diaphragm

What keeps the trachea from collapsing? A) Surface tension of water B) Cilia C) Surfactant D) Semicircular rings of cartilage

D) Semicircular rings of cartilage

A thin slice of lung tissue looks like a cross-section of A) a piece of wood. B) a blown-up balloon. C) a carrot. D) a sponge. E) a ball of worms.

D) a sponge.

Smoker's cough is the result of A) carbon monoxide irritation in the throat. B) dehydration of respiratory passages. C) emphysema. D) an accumulation of mucus. E) nicotine exposure.

D) an accumulation of mucus.

Alveoli A) are not permeable to dissolved oxygen. B) are blind sacs that extend from tracheae. C) are found in gills. D) have a moist surface. E) are thick-walled.

D) have a moist surface.

The respiratory control center is located in the A) cortex. B) spinal cord. C) diaphragm. D) medulla. E) hypothalamus.

D) medulla.

The function of the epiglottis is to A) produce surfactant. B) keep the bronchi from collapsing. C) facilitate gas exchange in the lungs. D) prevent food from entering the larynx. E) assist the vocal cords in sound production.

D) prevent food from entering the larynx.

Which of the following is NOT part of the conducting portion of the human respiratory system? A) Trachea B) Bronchi C) Larynx D) Pharynx E) Alveoli

E) Alveoli

Which of the following structures is the site of gas exchange in the human lung? A) Bronchioles B) Bronchi C) Trachea D) Larynx E) Alveoli

E) Alveoli

Which sequence of animals represents the evolution of animal respiratory systems? A) Bird, lizard, salamander, fish B) Lizard, fish, bird, salamander C) Salamander, lizard, fish, bird D) Fish, salamander, lizard, bird E) Fish, lizard, salamander, bird

E) Fish, lizard, salamander, bird

What happens during countercurrent exchange in fishes? A) Gas exchange occurs as blood and water move in the same direction across a respiratory surface. B) Oxygen and carbon dioxide move in opposite directions across the respiratory surface by facilitated diffusion. C) Oxygen enters the blood by active transport, and carbon dioxide exits the blood by diffusion. D) Oxygen enters the blood by diffusion, and carbon dioxide exits the blood by active transport. E) Gas exchange occurs as blood and water move in opposite directions across a respiratory surface.

E) Gas exchange occurs as blood and water move in opposite directions across a respiratory surface.

Why is gas exchange in an aquatic environment more challenging than gas exchange in the air? A) The large surface area of gills makes them more susceptible to drying out. B) Gills have a poor blood supply. C) The countercurrent exchange process limits the amount of oxygen that can be extracted from water. D) Carbon dioxide is eliminated by active transport in an aquatic environment. E) Less oxygen is available in water than in air.

E) Less oxygen is available in water than in air.

What are spiracles? A) Openings into the alveoli of the lungs B) Openings between the gills of a frog tadpole C) Openings to the bronchi D) Openings to the parabronchi E) Openings into the tracheae of insects

E) Openings into the tracheae of insects

Which of the following organisms would use its skin as a primary respiratory surface? A) Turtle B) Lizard C) Snake D) Bird E) Salamander

E) Salamander

Identify the animal that lacks a specialized respiratory organ. A) Bird B) Bat C) Grasshopper D) Trout E) Sponge

E) Sponge

Imagine that a patient is admitted to the hospital after falling from the second-story window of her apartment. Tests reveal no injuries other than some swelling in the brain. Why, then, would her breathing become irregular? A) Her tissues require more oxygen for healing B) Her swollen brain is causing a decrease in blood pressure. C) The blood returning to the lungs from the brain is too high in oxygen. D) The respiratory center in the lungs is malfunctioning due to a lack of carbon dioxide. E) The damage to the brain is affecting the respiratory center in the medulla.

E) The damage to the brain is affecting the respiratory center in the medulla.

Which of the following structures decreases diffusion distances for oxygen and carbon dioxide by delivering air directly to body cells? A) Bronchi B) Spiracles C) Gill filaments D) Parabronchi E) Tracheoles

E) Tracheoles

The carbon dioxide that is exhaled when you breathe is produced during A) intracellular digestion. B) glycolysis. C) diffusion. D) nitrogen fixation. E) cellular respiration.

E) cellular respiration.

The respiratory systems of fishes, frogs, sponges, and earthworms are similar in that they A) utilize a complex network of air-conducting tubes. B) have a countercurrent exchange system. C) employ an extensive system of air sacs that ensures a unidirectional flow of air. D) have internal respiratory structures. E) exchange gases across a moist respiratory surface.

E) exchange gases across a moist respiratory surface.

The vocal cords are located in the A) trachea. B) pharynx. C) bronchi. D) epiglottis. E) larynx.

E) larynx.

The cells that line the human respiratory passageways secrete A) hormones. B) water. C) blood. D) enzymes. E) mucus.

E) mucus.