BIO 101L - Prelab - Evidence of Evolution
Genetic variation is important because
it allows the population to adapt.
Archeopteryx represents a transitional form because
it has characteristics of both birds and dinosaurs.
Most of the structural differences that have evolved in the forelimbs of vertebrates are adaptations for different types of
locomotion.
Prominent bony ridges are a feature of the skulls of
monkeys and gorillas.
Changes in gene structure called _____ can alter proteins as species diverge.
mutations
List the sequence of steps used for the ELISA method.
1. Add unknown serum protein to the well; incubate 60 min; wash the well 2. Add antihuman antibodies to the well; incubate 30 min; wash the well 3. Add detection antibody to the well; incubate 30 min; wash the well 4. Add detection dye; incubate for 15 min; score the well based on the intensity of the blue color
In two recently divergent species, which of these would you expect to see when examining protein structure?
Relatively fewer differences in protein structure
Fossils of animals are commonly of
hard body parts like bones and shells.
Which shows evidence of common descent?
homologous structures
The acronym ELISA stands for _____.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Which division of the geologic timescale represents the longest span of time?
Eon
Which of the following is an example of homologous structure?
A bird's wing and a horse's foreleg
What indicates a positive result in an ELISA?
A color development after the addition of a substrate that reacts with the enzyme-labeled antibodies.
Differences in the bones of the human skull and the skulls of gorillas and monkeys reflect which of the following?
A larger brain in the human Less prominent dentition in the human
Which of the following best describes a transitional species?
A species that no longer exists, but is a "missing link" between species that came before and after it
Which of the following are molecular evidence of common descent?
ATP Protein
The evolution of a hand that can grip weapons and tools is an important advancement. Which skeletal modification seen in the human hand and that of the great apes and Old World monkeys is not present in the lower nonhuman primates?
An opposable thumb
Which of these serve the same function but have different structure?
Analogous structures
Why does the homologous structure of a bat's wing and a horse's leg suggest common descent?
Both share the same bone structure even though their function is different.
What characteristic of living organisms explains the unity and diversity of modern species?
Evolution
A favorable variation will most likely allow an individual to do which of the following?
Capture more resources such as food and territory Produce more offspring
What is evolution?
Change in living organisms over time
How are antibody-antigen reactions visualized in an ELISA test?
Color change of substrate
The common bone of the upper forelimb in all vertebrates is the
humerus.
Which of the following is/are evidence of the utility of life through evolution?
Fossil record Molecular biochemical similarities Comparatively similar anatomical structures
Which type of structure is an indication of common descent?
Homologous structures
During which era did dinosaurs appear?
Mesozoic
Which of the following is a supportive structure during embryonic development that later becomes part of the spinal column in most vertebrates?
Notochord
Which of the following characteristics do these embryos have in common because they are chordates?
Notochord Postanal tail Dorsal nerve cord
Imagine that an ancestral species A has given rise to two new species, B and C, over time. Species B diverged from the common line several million years earlier than species C. Which species should show the most accumulated differences in protein structure from species A?
Species B
Which of the following statements are correct about the jaws of humans, monkeys, and gorillas?
The gorilla and monkey jaws have greater size. The gorilla's and monkey's teeth are bigger and stronger. The gorilla and monkey jaws are well adapted for grinding their food.
What is a fossil?
The preserved remains, impressions, or any other evidence of once-living organisms.
Which of the following differences are noted between skeletons of different primate species represent adaptations?
The type of locomotion used by the species Food gathering and eating Increased reproductive success
During ELISA, why is it necessary to wash the plate after removing the reagents from the wells?
To remove unbound serum proteins and antibodies
Match each primate to its associated skeletal modifications, specifically related to the hands. Tree Shrew Monkeys Human
Tree Shrew -- Modified for climbing and clinging Monkeys -- Short, opposable thumb and inflexible fingers Human -- Long thumb and rounded, flexible fingers
Select the example of molecular evidence to support evolution.
Vertebrates that are closely related have more similarities in their hemoglobin polypeptide than vertebrates that are more distantly related.
The evolutionary relationship between two species may be estimated by the number of
accumulated mutations.
Structural variations in the skeleton, like the forelimbs of humans and bats, indicate
adaptation to different lifestyles.
Antigen-antibody interaction may result in
agglutination.
A molecule that evokes an immune response is called
an antigen.
Molecules made by B-lymphocytes in response to exposure to foreign antigens are called
antibodies.
The purpose of vaccinations is to induce the formation of
antibodies.
The binding site of an antibody
binds one type of antigen.
Evolution is the process of
change over time.
Species that are _____ related will have a _____ level of agglutination species that are not close.
closely; lower
Serum has the same composition as blood plasma, minus the
clotting factors.
Evolution supports the concept of the unity of all living organisms through
common descent.
Fossils present in _____ layers of rock are older.
deeper
Blood serum is essentially blood plasma from which _____ has/have been removed.
fibrinogen (needed for blood clotting)
The relative divergence of species can be estimated by examining the
similarities in protein structure.
Vaccines introduce modified or killed antigens into the body to
stimulate the formation of antibodies.
The front limb of a whale has all the same bones as a human arm, but no distinct fingers are visible. This is an adaptation fo
swimming.
The greater the number of layers, or strata, that lie above a fossil,
the older the fossil.