BIO 101L - Prelab - Evidence of Evolution

Genetic variation is important because

it allows the population to adapt.

Archeopteryx represents a transitional form because

it has characteristics of both birds and dinosaurs.

Most of the structural differences that have evolved in the forelimbs of vertebrates are adaptations for different types of

locomotion.

Prominent bony ridges are a feature of the skulls of

monkeys and gorillas.

Changes in gene structure called _____ can alter proteins as species diverge.

mutations

List the sequence of steps used for the ELISA method.

1. Add unknown serum protein to the well; incubate 60 min; wash the well 2. Add antihuman antibodies to the well; incubate 30 min; wash the well 3. Add detection antibody to the well; incubate 30 min; wash the well 4. Add detection dye; incubate for 15 min; score the well based on the intensity of the blue color

In two recently divergent species, which of these would you expect to see when examining protein structure?

Relatively fewer differences in protein structure

Fossils of animals are commonly of

hard body parts like bones and shells.

Which shows evidence of common descent?

homologous structures

The acronym ELISA stands for _____.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Which division of the geologic timescale represents the longest span of time?

Eon

Which of the following is an example of homologous structure?

A bird's wing and a horse's foreleg

What indicates a positive result in an ELISA?

A color development after the addition of a substrate that reacts with the enzyme-labeled antibodies.

Differences in the bones of the human skull and the skulls of gorillas and monkeys reflect which of the following?

A larger brain in the human Less prominent dentition in the human

Which of the following best describes a transitional species?

A species that no longer exists, but is a "missing link" between species that came before and after it

Which of the following are molecular evidence of common descent?

ATP Protein

The evolution of a hand that can grip weapons and tools is an important advancement. Which skeletal modification seen in the human hand and that of the great apes and Old World monkeys is not present in the lower nonhuman primates?

An opposable thumb

Which of these serve the same function but have different structure?

Analogous structures

Why does the homologous structure of a bat's wing and a horse's leg suggest common descent?

Both share the same bone structure even though their function is different.

What characteristic of living organisms explains the unity and diversity of modern species?

Evolution

A favorable variation will most likely allow an individual to do which of the following?

Capture more resources such as food and territory Produce more offspring

What is evolution?

Change in living organisms over time

How are antibody-antigen reactions visualized in an ELISA test?

Color change of substrate

The common bone of the upper forelimb in all vertebrates is the

humerus.

Which of the following is/are evidence of the utility of life through evolution?

Fossil record Molecular biochemical similarities Comparatively similar anatomical structures

Which type of structure is an indication of common descent?

Homologous structures

During which era did dinosaurs appear?

Mesozoic

Which of the following is a supportive structure during embryonic development that later becomes part of the spinal column in most vertebrates?

Notochord

Which of the following characteristics do these embryos have in common because they are chordates?

Notochord Postanal tail Dorsal nerve cord

Imagine that an ancestral species A has given rise to two new species, B and C, over time. Species B diverged from the common line several million years earlier than species C. Which species should show the most accumulated differences in protein structure from species A?

Species B

Which of the following statements are correct about the jaws of humans, monkeys, and gorillas?

The gorilla and monkey jaws have greater size. The gorilla's and monkey's teeth are bigger and stronger. The gorilla and monkey jaws are well adapted for grinding their food.

What is a fossil?

The preserved remains, impressions, or any other evidence of once-living organisms.

Which of the following differences are noted between skeletons of different primate species represent adaptations?

The type of locomotion used by the species Food gathering and eating Increased reproductive success

During ELISA, why is it necessary to wash the plate after removing the reagents from the wells?

To remove unbound serum proteins and antibodies

Match each primate to its associated skeletal modifications, specifically related to the hands. Tree Shrew Monkeys Human

Tree Shrew -- Modified for climbing and clinging Monkeys -- Short, opposable thumb and inflexible fingers Human -- Long thumb and rounded, flexible fingers

Select the example of molecular evidence to support evolution.

Vertebrates that are closely related have more similarities in their hemoglobin polypeptide than vertebrates that are more distantly related.

The evolutionary relationship between two species may be estimated by the number of

accumulated mutations.

Structural variations in the skeleton, like the forelimbs of humans and bats, indicate

adaptation to different lifestyles.

Antigen-antibody interaction may result in

agglutination.

A molecule that evokes an immune response is called

an antigen.

Molecules made by B-lymphocytes in response to exposure to foreign antigens are called

antibodies.

The purpose of vaccinations is to induce the formation of

antibodies.

The binding site of an antibody

binds one type of antigen.

Evolution is the process of

change over time.

Species that are _____ related will have a _____ level of agglutination species that are not close.

closely; lower

Serum has the same composition as blood plasma, minus the

clotting factors.

Evolution supports the concept of the unity of all living organisms through

common descent.

Fossils present in _____ layers of rock are older.

deeper

Blood serum is essentially blood plasma from which _____ has/have been removed.

fibrinogen (needed for blood clotting)

The relative divergence of species can be estimated by examining the

similarities in protein structure.

Vaccines introduce modified or killed antigens into the body to

stimulate the formation of antibodies.

The front limb of a whale has all the same bones as a human arm, but no distinct fingers are visible. This is an adaptation fo

swimming.

The greater the number of layers, or strata, that lie above a fossil,

the older the fossil.