BIO 1030 Final practice questions

When is PCR particularly applicable? When there are small quantities of DNA to analyze When the accuracy is important, but speed is not When speed is important but accuracy is not When there are large quantities of DNA to analyze

1

A microbiologist analyzed chemicals obtained from an enveloped RNA virus—similar to a mumps virus—that infects monkeys. He found that the viral envelope contained a protein characteristic of monkey cells. Which of the following is the most likely explanation? The virus gets an envelope that contains host molecules when it leaves the host cell. The virus forced the monkey cell to make proteins for its envelope. The virus is a prophage. The virus fools its host by mimicking its proteins.

1

A mutation in the ras gene can __________. stimulate cell division control cell division alter the number of copies of the ras gene inhibit cell division

1

A signal transduction pathway activates a transcription factor that responds by __________. initiating mRNA synthesis changing the chemical composition of the cytosolic environment activating an inactive enzyme altering the cytoskeleton

1

Anhydrotic dysplasia is a genetic disorder in humans that results in the absence of sweat glands in the skin. Some men have this defect all over their bodies, but in women it is usually expressed in a peculiar way. Women with this disorder typically have small patches of skin with sweat glands and other patches without sweat glands. This pattern of sweat-gland distribution can be explained by __________. X chromosome inactivation alternative RNA splicing a mutation a homeotic gene

1

Colonoscopy is the examination of the large colon. It allows for visual diagnosis of ulcers and polyps, which may lead to colon cancer. A polyp _____. is a cluster of abnormal cells is likely to form after one exposure to a carcinogen causes mutations that lead to colon cancer is a malignant tumor

1

For the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, cells of different mating types secrete factors that bind to specific receptor proteins on the cell surface of cells of the opposite mating type. This initiates a signal transduction pathway that eventually results in __________. cell fusion transformation of the yeast from a single cell stage to a multi-cellular stage cell motility cell death

1

Genetically modified organisms include microbes used in biotechnology that possess enzymes promoting antibiotic resistance. This could be a problem given the rise of antibiotic-resistant organisms. However, these engineered microorganisms do not pose a risk to public health. What do you think prevents them from spreading antibiotic resistance to pathogens outside the laboratory? These microbes have been designed so that conditions outside the laboratory would be unfavorable to their survival. Scientists will never remove these organisms from the laboratory. These organisms would not transfer antibiotic resistance to pathogens if they were to come into contact with these by mistake. Humans contain enzymes that would disable these microbes.

1

In a PCR reaction, the strands of DNA are first separated by ___. heating treatment with an acid treatment with a strong base adding alcohol

1

In eukaryotic cells, signal transduction pathways involve __________. a series of relay molecules, of which the last activates a transcription factor relay proteins that initiate transcription in the nucleus signal molecules that bind with transcription factors embedded in the plasma membrane signal molecules that are released from the nucleus of the target cell

1

Part complete Sequencing the human genome required a number of steps. Which of the following is the correct sequence of stages for the whole genome shotgun method? cleavage of DNA into smaller fragments, DNA sequencing, reassembly of complete sequence linkage mapping, physical mapping, DNA sequencing cleavage of DNA into smaller fragments, reassembly of the complete sequence, DNA sequencing DNA sequencing, cleavage of DNA into smaller fragments, reassembly of the complete sequence

1

Part complete Stem cells could be immensely important in the treatment of which of the following conditions in the near future? spinal cord injuries hardened arteries loss of a limb lung cancer

1

Part complete Which of the following accurately describes "next generation sequencing" technology? Numerous short DNA fragments are rapidly and simultaneously sequenced. Repetitive DNA is amplified through PCR and the resulting fragments are separated by gel electrophoresis. A very long DNA molecule is threaded through a small pore where an electrical current interacts differently with each of the four different types of nucleotides. A gene of interest is inserted into a plasmid vector.

1

Protein-phosphorylating enzymes' role in the regulation of gene expression involves _____. protein activation translation protein degradation regulating the transport of mRNA to the cytoplasm RNA processing

1

Radiation is a frequent method of sterilization. It is effective because it causes damage to DNA. However, prions, the agents that cause diseases such as mad cow disease, are unaffected by these treatments because they lack DNA. What is the definition of a prion? Prions are proteins that are folded incorrectly. Prions are small RNA molecules that do not encode proteins. Prions are proteins folded into the correct configuration. Prions are small carbohydrate molecules that do not encode DNA.

1

The science of proteomics __________. studies when and where proteins are produced in an organism and how the proteins interact compares the coding regions of DNA in different organisms compares the telomeres of different organisms studies how alternative RNA splicing produces different polypeptides

1

The sticky end of the DNA restriction fragment shown here will pair with a DNA restriction fragment with the sticky end _____. -ACGT -AAAA -ACGU -GTAC -TGCA

1

The unpaired nucleotides produced by the action of restriction enzymes are referred to as _____. sticky ends base sequences single strands restriction fragments ligases

1

In the presence of a regulatory protein the lac operon is _____. transcribed not transcribed transcribed at a faster than usual rate is turned on either transcribed or not transcribed

2

Which of the following would be considered a transgenic organism? a rat with rabbit hemoglobin genes a bacterium that has received genes via conjugation a fern grown in cell culture from a single fern root cell a human given a corrected human blood-clotting gene

1

Which of the following would be most likely to lead to cancer? generation of multiple copies of a proto-oncogene that promotes cell division and inactivation of a tumor-suppressor gene failure of a proto-oncogene that promotes cell division to produce a protein and generation of multiple copies of a tumor-suppressor gene generation of multiple copies of a proto-oncogene that promotes cell division and activation of a tumor-suppressor gene failure of both a proto-oncogene that promotes cell division and a tumor-suppressor gene to produce proteins

1

As a result of the lytic cycle, _____. the host cell is not destroyed the host cell's DNA is destroyed viral ribosomes are produced viral DNA is incorporated into host cell DNA a prophage is created

2

DNA moves through a gel toward the positive electrode when an electric charge is applied. What property of DNA allows this movement or migration to occur? Large DNA fragments run slowly. DNA has a negative charge. Small DNA fragments run faster. DNA is separated on the basis of size.

2

F plasmids _____. are unable to replicate independently of the chromosome contain the genes necessary to make a sex pilus are found in all bacteria are found in "female" cells

2

From which cell does the sex pilus originate during bacterial conjugation? Both the donor cell and the recipient cell The donor cell The recipient cell

2

HIV and phage lambda both __________. have an RNA genome integrate their DNA into the host's chromosome derive their viral envelopes from the host's cell membrane use reverse transcriptase to replicate

2

In eukaryotes, translation is initiated only after transcription is completed. However, prokaryotes can initiate translation before a gene is completely transcribed. Which choice is the best explanation for this observation? Prokaryotic mRNA needs to be extensively processed before it can be translated. Translation in eukaryotes cannot occur until the RNA leaves the nucleus, whereas in prokaryotes both transcription and translation occur in the cytoplasm. Ribosomes, which translate the proteins, are found only outside the nucleus in prokaryotes. Eukaryotic mRNA can be processed before ribosomes are moved into the nucleus to translate the protein.

2

In gel electrophoresis DNA molecules migrate from _____ to _____ ends of the gel. acidic ... basic negative ... positive basic ... acidic long ... short positive ... negative

2

In the CRISPR-Cas9 system, the Cas9 protein __________. inserts genes into a plasmid cuts double-stranded DNA aids viral replication radioactively labels specific DNA sequences

2

Part complete A new treatment for cystic fibrosis (CF) is currently being tested. The treatment is sprayed into the noses of patients with CF. The spray contains a genetically engineered adenovirus that carries a (CFTR) gene, which codes for a normal protein involved in the function of chlorine channels. Cells that harbor the adenovirus express the gene, and patients experience relief from the debilitating respiratory symptoms of CF. What is the significant drawback of this treatment? The delivery method is very expensive. The treatment would only last until the epithelial cells lining the nasal cavity and lungs are shed. The major system affected is the urinary system. The CFTR gene has not yet been identified.

2

Part complete After translation is complete, the insulin polypeptide is activated by __________. alternative splicing the cutting of the initial translation product to yield two shorter chains joined together by sulfur linkages the breakdown of mRNA the addition of a cap and tail

2

Part complete Cloning experiments with differentiated root cells from carrots revealed that __________. once cells differentiate, they can only express a specific combination of genes an entire plant can grow from a differentiated cell an entire plant can grow from an undifferentiated cell a cell from root tissue will grow new root tissue

2

Part complete Dioxin is a by-product of various industrial chemical processes. It is suspected of causing cancer and birth defects in both humans and other animals. Apparently, it acts by entering cells and binding to proteins, altering the pattern of gene expression. Therefore, it is reasonable to propose that dioxin acts by mimicking _____. the action of DNA polymerase the role of transcription factors enhancers histones

2

Part complete In frogs, when the nucleus of an intestinal cell of a tadpole is transferred to an egg whose nucleus has been removed (nuclear transplantation), some of the eggs will develop into normal tadpoles. This demonstrates that _____. frogs have adult stem cells these cells have retained all of their genetic potential intestinal cells are not differentiated these cells could not dedifferentiate

2

Part complete The molecule that seals the gaps between the pieces of DNA in the lagging strand is DNA polymerase. DNA ligase. the replication fork. RNA. the leading strand.

2

Part complete Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between modern humans (Homo sapiens) and Neanderthals? Chimpanzees are more closely related to Neanderthals than they are to modern humans. Neanderthals productively interbred with Homo sapiens populations that had left Africa. Neanderthals belong to the same species as modern humans. Neanderthals are direct ancestors of humans.

2

The direction of synthesis of an RNA transcript is _____. 1' —> 5' 5' —> 3' 1' —> 3' 3' —> 5' 2' —> 4'

2

The two strands of a DNA molecule are joined to each other through _____. 1. ionic bonds between guanine and cytosine 2. hydrogen bonds between nucleotide bases 3. covalent bonds between carbon atoms in deoxyribose molecules 4. covalent bonds between nitrogen atoms in adenine and in thymine

2

Which of the following describes gene cloning? Gene cloning occurs when a bacterium binds and takes up DNA from the surrounding fluid. Gene cloning occurs when a bacterium carrying a recombinant plasmid reproduces, thus allowing for the production of multiple copies of the recombinant plasmid. Gene cloning occurs when a phage transfers bacterial DNA from one bacterium to another. Gene cloning occurs when cDNA is produced from an mRNA template.

2

Which statement about DNA replication is CORRECT? The lagging strand is built continuously. The leading strand is built continuously, and the lagging strand is built in pieces. The lagging strand is one of the strands of parental DNA. The leading strand is one of the strands of parental DNA. DNA ligase helps assemble the leading strand.

2

A fruit fly's head-to-tail axis is established by __________. sperm cell mRNA proto-oncogenes the position of mRNA in the egg cell homeotic genes

3

At the start of translation, where does the initiator tRNA bind? P site A site start codon on the mRNA molecule promoter on the rRNA molecule

3

DNA polymerase is a heat-sensitive enzyme. What is one thing that would need to be considered concerning the activity of this enzyme in PCR when the temperature is heated during each cycle to separate the DNA strands? that the primers might not work that the DNA strands might melt that the DNA polymerase could be denatured

3

In fruit flies, there are molecules in the egg that determine the future head and tail ends of the animal. What occurs when mRNA from the head end of an embryo is injected into the tail end of an early embryo? The fly develops normally with no apparent changes in body plan. Some head structures develop at the tail end, but the head end develops abnormally as it lacks some of the mRNA molecules necessary for development. Some head structures develop at the tail end; the head end develops normally. Some tail structures develop at the head end; the tail end develops normally.

3

Part complete What controls the way in which a zygote differentiates? operons mature and control gene expression. The DNA of genes that will not be expressed is degraded. Selective genes are turned on and off, depending on the fate of the cell. All the genes that will be expressed in the adult are made in the zygote

3

Part complete Which of these is NOT a component of the lac operon? lactose-utilization genes only promoter only regulatory gene only operator only promoter and operato

3

To date, the "easy" part of gene therapy has been _____. getting the engineered cells to reproduce within the patient's body repairing genes without removing the cells from the patient isolating and cloning the normal gene preventing further mutations from occurring during the course of the therapy

3

To identify an individual involved in a crime, criminologists analyze DNA from a suspect's blood and compare the __________ to samples found at the crime scene. recombinant molecules DNA probes short tandem repeat DNA profile DNA molecules produced by the polymerase chain reaction

3

What is the correct sequence of events that occur in a PCR reaction? use of DNA polymerase to produce a second strand of DNA; separation of DNA strands; addition of primers separation of DNA strands; use of DNA polymerase to produce a second strand of DNA; addition of primers separation of DNA strands; addition of primers; use of DNA polymerase to produce second strand of DNA addition of primers; use of DNA polymerase to produce second strand of DNA; DNA strand separation

3

Which of the following is NOT true about the genetic code? The nucleotides making up the codons occur in a linear order along the DNA and RNA with no gaps or punctuation separating the codons. The genetic code is redundant. The genetic code is ambiguous. The genetic code is almost universal.

3

Which of the following is true of tRNAs? tRNAs are extremely small molecules, only slightly larger than water. Transfer tRNAs carry special sequences known as codons. Each tRNA binds a particular amino acid. There are four types of tRNA.

3

Which of the following would indicate a base pairing mutation in DNA? an A paired with a T a C paired with a G a G paired with a T all of the above are improper base pairs

3

the drug AZT was one of the first drugs used to treat HIV. Which of the following drug actions would prevent the spread of HIV without harming the host cell? prevention of the formation of glycoproteins destruction of amino acids that are vital to viral protein synthesis inhibition of reverse transcriptase inhibition of all DNA polymerase enzymes

3

A mutation in the operator region of the trp operon can prevent the trp repressor from binding to this operator. When these mutant cells are placed in a solution containing chicken broth, which of the following events would happen? The transcription of the trp operon would be inhibited. The transcription of the repressor protein is inhibited. The repressor would bind to the operator irrespective of the presence of amino acids in the environment. Tryptophan would bind to the repressor.

4

Alternative RNA splicing has revealed inaccuracies in the one gene-one polypeptide hypothesis. Why? It really should be the one exon: one polypeptide hypothesis. It shows that it takes more than one gene to code for most polypeptides. It really should be the one intron: one polypeptide hypothesis. Transcription of the same gene can lead to the production of different mRNAs and therefore different proteins.

4

Bacteria lack RNA-splicing machinery, which means they are unable to splice out introns from eukaryotic genes. To engineer a bacterium to produce a eukaryotic protein, it is necessary to synthesize a gene without introns. If you know the nucleotide sequence, you can _____. alter the bacteria used so that they can splice RNA use a restriction enzyme to remove introns from the gene use a phage to insert the desired gene into a bacterium work backward from mRNA to make a version of the gene without introns

4

Emerging viruses that infect human cells can originate from __________. lambda viruses that were previously confined to bacterial populations that can now spread due to technological changes a rapidly mutating lytic phage lack of hygiene a virus spreading from one host species to humans

4

How was the hepatitis B vaccine produced? Scientists injected animals with the hepatitis B virus and then harvested their antibodies. A harmless variant, a natural mutant, was used to stimulate an immune response. Animals, particularly mammals such as goats, were genetically engineered to produce hepatitis B proteins. Microorganisms were genetically engineered to produce hepatitis B proteins.

4

If a biochemist were searching for the nucleic acid sequence CTAGTTATG, what sequence would the biochemist use to make a nucleic acid probe? CTAGTTATG CTUGTTUTG GAUCAAUAC GATCAATAC

4

In which of the following ways are sticky ends and nucleic acid probes alike? They are both parts of RNA molecules. They are both used to locate specific DNA sequences. They are both used as gene vectors in genetic engineering. They both undergo complementary base pairing.

4

It is possible for a cell to make proteins that last for months; for example, hemoglobin in red blood cells. However, many proteins are short-lived and may be degraded in days or even hours. Why do cells make proteins with such a short life? Only cancer cells, which can keep dividing, contain long-lasting proteins. Most proteins are used only once. Most cells in the body live only a few days. This enables cells to control the amount of protein present.

4

MicroRNA (miRNA) functions by binding to __________ and blocking translation. the ribosome introns tRNA molecules complementary mRNA sequences

4

Part complete A gene made of __________ is transcribed into __________ and then translated to form a __________. DNA ... protein ... RNA RNA ... DNA ... protein protein ... RNA ... DNA DNA ... RNA ... protein

4

Part complete A similar protein is found in both a bacterial cell and a single-celled eukaryote. However, the prokaryote seems to produce a much higher amount of the protein. A detailed investigation of the control mechanisms of this protein in both organisms would include a comparison of which of the following? mechanisms of the addition of a 5' cap identification of alternatively spliced mRNA the involvement of nuclear transport mechanisms the mechanisms of transcriptional control

4

Part complete Diseases such as diphtheria result from a process called lysogenic conversion in which viral DNA is integrated into a bacterial chromosome, which allows particular toxins to be expressed. What mechanism of gene transfer is involved? conjugation mutation transformation transduction

4

Part complete Why do you think that adult stem cells are found in bone marrow and the lining of the small intestine specifically? Cell division must occur in these areas indefinitely. These are the first tissues to develop in an embryo. This is a mystery that must be solved before use of adult stem cells is possible. These cells must be able to regenerate various types of cells throughout life.

4

The Rb protein prevents mitosis by inhibiting cells from entering S phase. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is thought to inhibit the action of the Rb protein in cervical epithelial cells. What would be the effect of cervical cells being infected with HPV? The growth of cervical cells would decrease. The mutation rate would decrease. The number of cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle would increase. The mitotic rate would increase.

4

The nuclear membrane's role in the regulation of gene expression involves _____. protein activation translation protein degradation regulating the transport of mRNA to the cytoplasm RNA processing

4

The production of genetically identical animals that are carrying recombinant human genes for pharmaceutical purposes, for example using goats to produce antithrombin, is called a __________. transplant recombination transformation pharm

4

Which of the following build(s) new strands of DNA? The origins of replication The leading strand The lagging strand DNA polymerases Parental DNA

4

In the lysogenic cycle _____. host DNA is destroyed and viral DNA is replicated a bacterium replicates without passing viral DNA to its daughter cells viral DNA is destroyed and host DNA is replicated a bacterium divides once before the lytic cycle is initiated viral DNA is replicated along with host DNA

5

Part complete Which of these is NOT a carcinogen? testosterone cigarette smoke UV light fat all of the above are carcinogens

5

What is the function of a spliceosome? protein activation translation protein degradation regulating the transport of mRNA to the cytoplasm RNA processing

5

Put the following major events in chronological order: A) Franklin's photo 51 B) Hershey and Chase's experiments C) Watson and Crick's double helix model D) Chargaff's GC AT rules

B) B-D-A-C

Which of the following statements regarding DNA is false? A) DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose. B) DNA contains the nitrogenous base uracil. C) One DNA molecule can include four different nucleotides in its structure. D) DNA molecules have a sugar-phosphate backbone.

B) DNA contains the nitrogenous base uracil.

Which of the following people conducted the experiments that demonstrated that DNA is the genetic material of bacteriophages?

B) Hershey and Chase

In the genetic codes A) some codons specify more than one amino acid. B) some codons consist of two nucleotides. C) some amino acids are not specified by any codons. D) many amino acids are specified by more than one codon.

D) many amino acids are specified by more than one codon.

________ is a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell, shaped like a double helix, and associated with the transmission of genetic information.

DNA

Which of these genes codes for a protein that plays a role in growth? gastrin DCP1 SCLC6A4 KRTHA1 GH1

GH1

The operon model of the regulation of gene expression in bacteria was proposed by _____.

Jacob and Monod

Prokaryotic organisms have a single origin of replication, whereas eukaryotic organisms have many origins where replication occurs simultaneously. Which of the following is the most probable reason for this observation?

Prokaryotic DNA is much smaller than eukaryotic DNA.

The principal role of ____ is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA out of the nucleus for the synthesis of proteins.

RNA

Frederick Griffith was one of the leading scientists looking at the genetic role of DNA. He was working on two strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae: The rough strain (R) did not cause pneumonia, but the smooth strain (S) did. When Griffith heat-killed the S strain and gave both the heat-killed S strain and the R strain to mice, the mice developed pneumonia and died. What happened in this experiment that caused the mice to develop pneumonia? a. Even though the S strain had been heat-killed, it genetically changed the R strain. b. The R strain mutated and thus was able to cause pneumonia. c. There was more of the R strain added than previously. d. The immune systems of the mice were unable to cope with both the S and R strains simultaneously.

a

In the lysogenic cycle, new viral particles are __________. A) generally not produced B) produced at a very slow rate that is almost undetectable C) spontaneously packaged and released D) constantly packaged and produced

a

MicroRNA (miRNA) controls __. A. translation B. transcription C. RNA splicing D. DNA replication

a

RNA polymerase looks for the promoter region on the DNA to start transcription. A. True B. False

a

_____ bind(s) to DNA enhancer regions.

activators

How do mutations affect an organism? they may cause the development of a disease-causing allele they may cause the development of a more beneficial allele they, in some cases, may have no noticeable affect all of the above

all of the above

What is PCR for?

amplifying DNA

An operator DNA element is part of the regulatory machinery of eukaryotic genes. A. True B. False

b

Because lactose, as a food source, only shows up in the gut infrequently, bacteria want to regulate its metabolic enzymes as a __ operon, meaning it is mostly __. A.inducible; on B.inducible; off C.repressible; on D.repressible; off

b

Consider the following sentence: "The dog did not eat." Which of the following variations of this sentence is most like a frame shift mutation? A) The did dog not eat. B) The dod idn ote at. C) The did not eat. D) The dog did dog did not eat.

b

Put the following major events in chronological order: A) Franklin's photo 51 B) Hershey and Chase's experiments C) Watson and Crick's double helix model D) Chargaff's GC AT rules A) A-B-C-D B) B-D-A-C C) B-C-D-A

b

Which of the following people conducted the experiments that demonstrated that DNA is the genetic material of bacteriophages? A) Watson and Crick B) Hershey and Chase C) Franklin

b

Which of the following statements best describes the end result of bacterial conjugation? The two cells have had an equal exchange of plasmids. One cell has given a copy of a plasmid to another cell and kept one copy for itself. One cell has lost a plasmid, while the other cell has gained one. One cell has lost a chromosome, while the other has gained one.

b

Which of the following statements regarding DNA is false? A) DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose. B) DNA contains the nitrogenous base uracil. C) One DNA molecule can include four different nucleotides in its structure. D) DNA molecules have a sugar-phosphate backbone.

b

where does transcriptional control occur?

both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

The term gene expression refers to the A) fact that each individual of a species has a unique set of genes. B) fact that individuals of the same species have different phenotypes. C) process by which genetic information flows from genes to proteins. D) flow of information from parent to offspring.

c

You are trying to produce a protein using E.coli expression system. Put the following steps in logical order as your cloning procedure: A. restriction enzyme cutting and ligation (vector + insert), transformation B. mRNA preparation from source (has your gene of interest) C. converting mRNA to cDNA (reverse transcriptase) D. PCR amplification of cDNA

c

The tRNA anticodon, GAC, is complementary to the mRNA codon with the sequence _____. CAG CTG GAC CUG TCG

cug

In the genetic codes A) some codons specify more than one amino acid. B) some codons consist of two nucleotides. C) some amino acids are not specified by any codons. D) many amino acids are specified by more than one codon.

d

DNA replication question: Which of the following enzymes makes a phosphodiester bond? A. ligase B. primase C. DNA polymerase D. helicase E. all except 'D'

e

Epigenetic changes can result in modifications in gene expression patterns that are passed on from parents to offspring. Which of the following is an example of an epigenetic change? a) mutation of DNA sequences at a single base b) methylation of DNA that results in deactivation of a gene c) DNA that is tightly packed into chromatin, preventing gene expresison d) both a and b e) both b and c

e

Which of the following type mutation could alter the length of a peptide? A) insertion B) deletion C) nonsense D) silent E) All except D

e

Proteasomes

enzyme complexes that break down proteins.

DNA ligase adds nucleotides to the lagging strand. t/f

f

The shorter the DNA molecule, the ____________ it moves.

farther

DNA polymerase makes _______ mistakes.

few

Part complete The type of mutation represented below is a(n) __________. The big red fly had one eye (wild type) The fbi gre dfl yha don eey (mutant)

frameshift

The _____________ are passed to the next generation.

gemetes

the viral protein coat surrounds its _________.

genome

4. A(n) _____________ is a protein that promotes cell division. In excess, such a protein may lead to cancer.

growth factor

A female that is planning to become pregnant is concerned about her exposure to environmental mutagens which may have caused DNA mutations. In order for these mutations to become heritable, they must affect the: her egg cells all of her cells somatic cells

her egg cells

the lytic cycle concludes with rupture of the __________.

host cell. (the bacterium ruptures and phages are released)

A goat carrying a gene for a human blood protein that is secreted in the milk. Can you simply drink milk to treat hemophilia?

no, all proteins will be degraded in the stomach, therefore, lose its function.

2. A gene that causes a cell to become cancerous is called a(n) _____________

oncogene

Regulatory proteins bind to _____.

operator

Transgenic organisms contain genes from ________________.

other species.

which part of a nucleotide is negatively charged?

phosphate

negatively charged molecules flow through the gel toward the __________________ pole, allowing for separation of the fragments to occur.

positive

Lambda is inserted into a bacterial cell's chromosomes as a ___________.

prophage

A _________ is made up of hundreds or thousands of smaller units called amino acids, attached to one another in long chains.

protein

1. A normal gene that, if mutated, can lead to cancer is called a(n) ___________.

proto-oncogene

HIV produces a DNA intermediate that is inserted as a _________.

provirus

Transcription is inhibited when a __________ protein binds to the lac operon operator.

regulatory

A _______________ serves as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm.

ribosome

Because the two strands of parental DNA run in opposite directions, the new strands must be made in different ways. t/f

t

DNA polymerase builds a new strand by adding DNA nucleotides one at a time. t/f

t

The lagging strand is made of a series of pieces that must be joined together to make a continuous strand. t/f

t

The two strands of parental DNA are separated during DNA replication. t/f

t

In a eukaryotic cell, transcription takes place _____.

the nucleus

Transduction

the process of transferring DNA from one organism to another via a bacteriophage

at what region of DNA does the process of transcription begin?

the promoter

If protein production were an assembly line, a ribosome would be _____.

the worker who puts all of the pieces together

Cells of opposite mating types grow _________ each other and fuse.

toward

Viral DNA makes mRNA by the process of _____. replication infection translation lysis transcription

transcription

________ is the first step of gene expression, during which a particular segment of DNA is converted into RNA.

transcription

___________is the process in which mRNA codons are converted into an amino acid sequence.

translation

A single cell from an adult plant gave rise to an entirely new plant. t/f

true

True or False. During bacterial conjugation, the recipient cell receives a single-stranded loop of DNA.

true

3. A(n) _________________ is a gene that encodes proteins that inhibit cell division. Such proteins normally help prevent cells from becoming cancerous.

tumor-suppressor gene

What does RNA polymerase do?

untwists a portion of the DNA double helix

the lysogenic cycle involves replication of ________ along with replication of the ________.

viral DNA; host