Bio 105 Midterm Study guide

The lung microbiome influences health through WHICH of the following mechanisms? Choose ALL that apply. 1. Activates immune cells 2. Prevents infection 3. Limits oxygen transfer 4. Permits most other microbes to grow in the lungs 5. Immunity development

1. Activates immune cells 2. Prevents infection 5. Immunity development

What is a Helicobacter pylori that is a member of the gastric microbiome.

1. Can bore into the stomach lining and cause inflammation. 2. It is able to neutralize stomach acids. 3. It can survive in gastric juices.

One of the primary functions of the vaginal microbiome for the host is protective. Identify each of the major ways in which this microbiome accomplishes the protection.

1. Producing lactic acid 2. Attaching to epithelial cells to prevent pathogen access 3. Producing antimicrobials

The human microbiome is composed of ____ , which are single-celled microorganisms that include ____ and the newly identified _____ , and the _____ , which include single celled _____ and microscopic ____ .

1. Prokaryotes 2. Bacteria 3. Archaea 4. Eukaryotes 5. Protists 6. Fungi

Approximately when do we think life emerged on this planet?

4 billion years ago

Humans have about 22,000 genes. How many genes do an average human's microbiota have?

9 Million

Define the term microbiome?

A community of microorganisms that exists in a particular environment.

Match the following term with the most appropriate definition --> Antibiotic

Any substance that inhibits the growth of or kills a bacterial cell.

Name the 4 main microbes

Archaea, Bacteria, Protists, & Virus

What makes up most of the cellular diversity in our microbiome?

Bacteria

How did cyanobacteria transform Earth's atmosphere?

By producing oxygen

What did Margulis discover?

Came up with the endosymbiosis theory for the origin of eukaryote cells

Match each definition with the most appropriate term --> When a health microbiome is able to inhibit the growth of pathogens, it is called _____________.

Colonization resistance

What is DNA?

Consist of many linked nucleotides.

What is a protein?

Consists of Chains of amino acids.

What is a lipid?

Consists of Fatty acids & are insoluble in water.

What is a carbohydrate?

Consists of Sugar, starch, & cellulose.

What did Flemming discover?

Discovered penicillin

What did Pasteur discover?

Disproved spontaneous generation with a swan-necked flask

Match each definition with the most appropriate term --> Term to describe the highest level of taxonomic classification

Domain

Match each definition with the most appropriate term --> Antibiotics, lifestyle changes, and illness may cause a state of imbalance in the gut microbiota called ______.

Dysbiosis

Which of the following are not considered critical in evaluating the factual nature of a news source. Relevance Authority Currency Purpose Impact Accuracy

Impact

An antibiotic is any substance that...

Inhibits the growth of or kills a bacterium.

Match each definition with the most appropriate term --> Porphymonas gingivalis is known as a __________________, which means it has a disproportionately large impact on the development of cavities.

Keystone Species

What part of the GI tract has the highest density of microbiota? The lowest?

Large intestine; stomach

The protocell was formed from which of the following materials?

Lipids

Match the following definition with the most appropriate term --> The major outer surface membrane components in bacteria

Lipopolysaccharides

The development of anaerobic culturing techniques was critical because

Many of the microbes we wish to study do not grow in the presence of oxygen

Match each term with the most appropriate definition --> Eukaryote

Members of a domain in which all cells have nuclei

Match the following definition with the most appropriate term --> Chemical compounds that play a critical role in microbial metabolism

Metabolites

Match the following term with the most appropriate definition --> Antibiotic resistance

Mutations that render bacteria insensitive to antibiotics

What is the term used to describe the average microbiome of individuals who don't have an obvious disease?

Normal microbiome

Match each term with the most appropriate definition --> Virus

Not a member of any of the three domains

Identify 2 characteristics of eukaryotic cells not found in prokaryotic cells.

Nucleus & mitochondria

Which is not a role skin microbiota play in maintaining human health?

Nutrient production

Match each term with the most appropriate definition --> Bacteria

One of the three domains of life

Match the following functions with the most appropriate microbiome --> Can cause dental disease

Oral microbiome

Fecal microbiota transfer involves...?

The transfer of a healthy person's gut microbiome into an individual with a gut related illness.

Why are experimental controls important?

To ensure that your experimental treatment causes any differences observed, and not other factors.

True or False: Fermentation is the chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms, typically involving effervescence (production of ETOH) and the giving off of heat.

True

True or False: Lactobacillus levels are regulated by levels of estrogen produced by the host.

True

True or False: Does an Autotroph make its own Food?

True

True or False: Greek philosophers believed that some life forms arose spontaneously from non-living matter, particularly in decaying matter.

True

True or False: The golden age of antibiotics refers to the period from 1928 to 1986 when our current supply of antibiotics were relatively quickly discovered and developed into therapeutic drugs.

True

True or False: The human microbiome is the cause of both increased health and, sometimes, disease.

True

What did Woese discover?

Used rRNA to create the Great Tree of Life

Match the following term with the most appropriate definition --> Antiseptic

Used to sterilize surfaces of living tissue and include hydrogen peroxide and rubbing alcohol.

Use definition to figure out the term --> predicts what will happen when dependent variables are changed

hypothesis

Use definition to figure out the term --> repeating the experiment until you have a robust dataset

replication

Use definition to figure out the term --> Anything in an experiment that is changed

variables

True or False: The abundance and composition of microbiota on the skin is the same throughout all locations on the body.

False

True or False: A stable microbiome does not change over time.

False

True or False: Was LUCA was the very first life form?

False

Match the following definition with the most appropriate term --> Is actually home to numerous microbiomes

Forest microbiome

Who explored the origin of maggots in meat with an experiment?

Francesco Redi

Match each definition with the most appropriate term --> Term to describe the first name given in a binomial, such as Staphylococcus aureus

Genus

The colorful rings bordering hots springs at Yellowstone National Park are PRIMARILY the result of what?

Gradients of different microbes

How is the gut able to host a high concentration of microbiota?

High surface area

What is the term used to describe an ecological-unit of a host and the species living on or in the host, such as the human microbiome?

Holobiont

Gut microbiota help us maintain a stable state known as ______ by digesting indigestible components of food, producing vitamins, preventing pathogen colonization, training the immune system, and more.

Homeostasis

Match the following definition with the most appropriate term --> Tiny sample is more diverse than all the rest of local environment

Hot springs microbiome

How did the great oxidation event affect life?

Anaerobic life largely went extinct

Match the following term with the most appropriate definition --> Bacteriostatic

Antibiotics that that inhibit growth

What scientist first recorded observations of microbes?

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (Dutch)

Match the following definition with the most appropriate term --> Shares characteristics with both cows and meat-eating predators

Whale microbiome

What is antibiotic resistance?

When bacteria have the ability to defeat the drugs designed to kill them.

The human microbiome contains how many genes?

Over 2 Million genes

Use definition to figure out the term --> The variable being experimentally manipulated

independent variable

Use definition to figure out the term --> experimental conditions applied

treatments

Match the following functions with the most appropriate microbiome --> Digest indigestible starches

Gut Microbiome

Match the following definition with the most appropriate term --> Contributes to human health

Human Microbiome

True or False: The HMP, or human microbiome project, was an initiative funded by the NIH (national institutes of health) to identify the complete human genome.

False

True or False: The mushrooms we eat are considered microbial eukaryotes?

False

Use definition to figure out the term --> the variable being tested

dependent variable

Miasma theory is defined as...

Particles of rotting matter are released into the air, especially at night, by refuse and decomposing bodies, which can cause disease.

A cyanobacterium obtains its energy from what?

Photosynthesis

Match each definition with the most appropriate term --> Term to describe the next highest level of taxonomic classification under the kingdom name

Phylum

Match each definition with the most appropriate term --> Oral microbiota form community on teeth that is commonly known as __________.

Plaque

Match the following functions with the most appropriate microbiome --> Fights off infectious pathogens

Respiratory microbiome

Match the following definition with the most appropriate term --> Essential energy source for our intestinal cells

Short chain fatty acids

What important product is produced when microbiota digest resistant starch?

Short chain fatty acids

Match the following functions with the most appropriate microbiome --> Commonly filled with Staphylococcus epidermis

Skin microbiome

Match each definition with the most appropriate term --> Term to describe the second name given in a binomial, such as Staphylococcus epidermis

Species

What genus is Staphylococcus aureus a member of?

Staphylococcus

Match each definition with the most appropriate term --> Term to describe a subgroup within a bacteria species, such as E. coli O157:H7?

Strain

Match each term with the most appropriate definition --> Archaea

The closest relative to members of the eukaryote domain