Bio 105 Midterm Study guide
The lung microbiome influences health through WHICH of the following mechanisms? Choose ALL that apply. 1. Activates immune cells 2. Prevents infection 3. Limits oxygen transfer 4. Permits most other microbes to grow in the lungs 5. Immunity development
1. Activates immune cells 2. Prevents infection 5. Immunity development
What is a Helicobacter pylori that is a member of the gastric microbiome.
1. Can bore into the stomach lining and cause inflammation. 2. It is able to neutralize stomach acids. 3. It can survive in gastric juices.
One of the primary functions of the vaginal microbiome for the host is protective. Identify each of the major ways in which this microbiome accomplishes the protection.
1. Producing lactic acid 2. Attaching to epithelial cells to prevent pathogen access 3. Producing antimicrobials
The human microbiome is composed of ____ , which are single-celled microorganisms that include ____ and the newly identified _____ , and the _____ , which include single celled _____ and microscopic ____ .
1. Prokaryotes 2. Bacteria 3. Archaea 4. Eukaryotes 5. Protists 6. Fungi
Approximately when do we think life emerged on this planet?
4 billion years ago
Humans have about 22,000 genes. How many genes do an average human's microbiota have?
9 Million
Define the term microbiome?
A community of microorganisms that exists in a particular environment.
Match the following term with the most appropriate definition --> Antibiotic
Any substance that inhibits the growth of or kills a bacterial cell.
Name the 4 main microbes
Archaea, Bacteria, Protists, & Virus
What makes up most of the cellular diversity in our microbiome?
Bacteria
How did cyanobacteria transform Earth's atmosphere?
By producing oxygen
What did Margulis discover?
Came up with the endosymbiosis theory for the origin of eukaryote cells
Match each definition with the most appropriate term --> When a health microbiome is able to inhibit the growth of pathogens, it is called _____________.
Colonization resistance
What is DNA?
Consist of many linked nucleotides.
What is a protein?
Consists of Chains of amino acids.
What is a lipid?
Consists of Fatty acids & are insoluble in water.
What is a carbohydrate?
Consists of Sugar, starch, & cellulose.
What did Flemming discover?
Discovered penicillin
What did Pasteur discover?
Disproved spontaneous generation with a swan-necked flask
Match each definition with the most appropriate term --> Term to describe the highest level of taxonomic classification
Domain
Match each definition with the most appropriate term --> Antibiotics, lifestyle changes, and illness may cause a state of imbalance in the gut microbiota called ______.
Dysbiosis
Which of the following are not considered critical in evaluating the factual nature of a news source. Relevance Authority Currency Purpose Impact Accuracy
Impact
An antibiotic is any substance that...
Inhibits the growth of or kills a bacterium.
Match each definition with the most appropriate term --> Porphymonas gingivalis is known as a __________________, which means it has a disproportionately large impact on the development of cavities.
Keystone Species
What part of the GI tract has the highest density of microbiota? The lowest?
Large intestine; stomach
The protocell was formed from which of the following materials?
Lipids
Match the following definition with the most appropriate term --> The major outer surface membrane components in bacteria
Lipopolysaccharides
The development of anaerobic culturing techniques was critical because
Many of the microbes we wish to study do not grow in the presence of oxygen
Match each term with the most appropriate definition --> Eukaryote
Members of a domain in which all cells have nuclei
Match the following definition with the most appropriate term --> Chemical compounds that play a critical role in microbial metabolism
Metabolites
Match the following term with the most appropriate definition --> Antibiotic resistance
Mutations that render bacteria insensitive to antibiotics
What is the term used to describe the average microbiome of individuals who don't have an obvious disease?
Normal microbiome
Match each term with the most appropriate definition --> Virus
Not a member of any of the three domains
Identify 2 characteristics of eukaryotic cells not found in prokaryotic cells.
Nucleus & mitochondria
Which is not a role skin microbiota play in maintaining human health?
Nutrient production
Match each term with the most appropriate definition --> Bacteria
One of the three domains of life
Match the following functions with the most appropriate microbiome --> Can cause dental disease
Oral microbiome
Fecal microbiota transfer involves...?
The transfer of a healthy person's gut microbiome into an individual with a gut related illness.
Why are experimental controls important?
To ensure that your experimental treatment causes any differences observed, and not other factors.
True or False: Fermentation is the chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms, typically involving effervescence (production of ETOH) and the giving off of heat.
True
True or False: Lactobacillus levels are regulated by levels of estrogen produced by the host.
True
True or False: Does an Autotroph make its own Food?
True
True or False: Greek philosophers believed that some life forms arose spontaneously from non-living matter, particularly in decaying matter.
True
True or False: The golden age of antibiotics refers to the period from 1928 to 1986 when our current supply of antibiotics were relatively quickly discovered and developed into therapeutic drugs.
True
True or False: The human microbiome is the cause of both increased health and, sometimes, disease.
True
What did Woese discover?
Used rRNA to create the Great Tree of Life
Match the following term with the most appropriate definition --> Antiseptic
Used to sterilize surfaces of living tissue and include hydrogen peroxide and rubbing alcohol.
Use definition to figure out the term --> predicts what will happen when dependent variables are changed
hypothesis
Use definition to figure out the term --> repeating the experiment until you have a robust dataset
replication
Use definition to figure out the term --> Anything in an experiment that is changed
variables
True or False: The abundance and composition of microbiota on the skin is the same throughout all locations on the body.
False
True or False: A stable microbiome does not change over time.
False
True or False: Was LUCA was the very first life form?
False
Match the following definition with the most appropriate term --> Is actually home to numerous microbiomes
Forest microbiome
Who explored the origin of maggots in meat with an experiment?
Francesco Redi
Match each definition with the most appropriate term --> Term to describe the first name given in a binomial, such as Staphylococcus aureus
Genus
The colorful rings bordering hots springs at Yellowstone National Park are PRIMARILY the result of what?
Gradients of different microbes
How is the gut able to host a high concentration of microbiota?
High surface area
What is the term used to describe an ecological-unit of a host and the species living on or in the host, such as the human microbiome?
Holobiont
Gut microbiota help us maintain a stable state known as ______ by digesting indigestible components of food, producing vitamins, preventing pathogen colonization, training the immune system, and more.
Homeostasis
Match the following definition with the most appropriate term --> Tiny sample is more diverse than all the rest of local environment
Hot springs microbiome
How did the great oxidation event affect life?
Anaerobic life largely went extinct
Match the following term with the most appropriate definition --> Bacteriostatic
Antibiotics that that inhibit growth
What scientist first recorded observations of microbes?
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (Dutch)
Match the following definition with the most appropriate term --> Shares characteristics with both cows and meat-eating predators
Whale microbiome
What is antibiotic resistance?
When bacteria have the ability to defeat the drugs designed to kill them.
The human microbiome contains how many genes?
Over 2 Million genes
Use definition to figure out the term --> The variable being experimentally manipulated
independent variable
Use definition to figure out the term --> experimental conditions applied
treatments
Match the following functions with the most appropriate microbiome --> Digest indigestible starches
Gut Microbiome
Match the following definition with the most appropriate term --> Contributes to human health
Human Microbiome
True or False: The HMP, or human microbiome project, was an initiative funded by the NIH (national institutes of health) to identify the complete human genome.
False
True or False: The mushrooms we eat are considered microbial eukaryotes?
False
Use definition to figure out the term --> the variable being tested
dependent variable
Miasma theory is defined as...
Particles of rotting matter are released into the air, especially at night, by refuse and decomposing bodies, which can cause disease.
A cyanobacterium obtains its energy from what?
Photosynthesis
Match each definition with the most appropriate term --> Term to describe the next highest level of taxonomic classification under the kingdom name
Phylum
Match each definition with the most appropriate term --> Oral microbiota form community on teeth that is commonly known as __________.
Plaque
Match the following functions with the most appropriate microbiome --> Fights off infectious pathogens
Respiratory microbiome
Match the following definition with the most appropriate term --> Essential energy source for our intestinal cells
Short chain fatty acids
What important product is produced when microbiota digest resistant starch?
Short chain fatty acids
Match the following functions with the most appropriate microbiome --> Commonly filled with Staphylococcus epidermis
Skin microbiome
Match each definition with the most appropriate term --> Term to describe the second name given in a binomial, such as Staphylococcus epidermis
Species
What genus is Staphylococcus aureus a member of?
Staphylococcus
Match each definition with the most appropriate term --> Term to describe a subgroup within a bacteria species, such as E. coli O157:H7?
Strain
Match each term with the most appropriate definition --> Archaea
The closest relative to members of the eukaryote domain