BIO 110 final

which of these would be a valid scientific hypothesis? a) human history is determined by a series of supernatural events b) humans should help in the conservation c) humans are controlled by the forces beyond our understanding d) humans and bacteria share a common genetic code

d) humans and bacteria share a common genetic code

approximately 10-15% of insect species harbor bacertia that make needed nutrients available to the insects. How might you classify these bacteria? a) phytoplankton b) extremophiles c) exotoxins d) endosymbionts

d) endosymbionts

Feathers in birds appear to have first evolved for insulation but later conveyed a new advantage in helping create light aerodynamic surfaces. This switch in function is an example of a(n) ________. a) paedomorphosis b) an analogy c) an adaptation d) exaptation

d) exaptation

using the branching tree of life for bears depicted in the accompanying figure, choose from among the following bear species the one that is most distantly related to the sun bear. (with graph) a) brown bear b) sloth bear c) spectacled bear d) giant panda

d) giant panda

the natural differences in the range of wild tigers and lions is an example of ________. a) a prezygotic barrier b) a postzygotic barrier c) the impact of mutations d)sympatric speciation

a) a prezygotic barrier

examine the figure below, Globally, the largest amount of water moves from ___________. a) all the oceans to the atmosphere by evaporation b) land to the atmosphere by evaporation and transpiration c) the atmosphere to land by precipitation d) land to the oceans by surface and groundwater runoff.

a) all the oceans to the atmosphere by evaporation

of the following taxonomic levels, species found within the same _________ are the most closely related. a) family b) phylum c) order d) domain

a) family

the total collection of alleles in a population at any one time makes up that population's _________________. a) gene pool b) genotype c) heterozygote frequency d) allele frequency

a) gene pool

in this scenario, how would you best describe CO2? a) it is a baseline comparison for the GWP values of all other GHGs b) it is a GHG whose GWP value is dependent upon the GWP values of all others GHGs c) d)

a) it is a baseline comparison for the GWP values of all other GHGs

why is it INCORRECT to assume that mass extinctions carry only negative impact on the evolution of life on earth? a) mass extinctions are sometimes followed by periods of evolutionary change when other organism groups can flourish and expand in diversity and size b) mass extinctions enable scientists to better study embryonic development in two species of organisms and therefore identify possible homology c) mass extinctions enable scientist to better study paedomorphosis d) mass extinctions disprove Darwin's theory of evolution.

a) mass extinctions are sometimes followed by periods of evolutionary change when other organism groups can flourish and expand in diversity and size

the figure below shows what happens to insect populations when crops are sprayed with insecticides. this is an example of ________. (diagram used) a) natural selection b) genetic flow c) founder effect d) gene flow

a) natural selection

A hypothesis is a(n) ________. a) tentative answer to a question b) guess c) observation d) theory

a) tentative answer to a question

The figure below shows the percent of selected DNA sequences that match between a chimpanzee and other primates, these data support the hypothesis that _______. (diagram used) a) the chimpanzee's closest surviving relative is humans b) chimpanzees and gibbons are the most closely related c) orangutans are the primates least closely related to chimpanzees d) old world monkeys and gibbons are the most closely related

a) the chimpanzee's closest surviving relative is humans

science is _____________. a) the inquiry-based effort to describe and explain nature. b) the search for truth c) an organized set principles for how to behave ethically and morally d) all of the above

a) the inquiry-based effort to describe and explain nature.

After surviving a bottleneck, a population recovers to the point where it consists of as many individuals as it did prior to the bottleneck. which of the following statements is most likely to apply to this population? a) the post bottleneck population exhibits less genetic variation than the pre bottleneck population b) the bottleneck subjected the population to stabilizing selection c) the post bottleneck population has less of a chance of going extinct than did the pre bottleneck population d) the post bottleneck exhibits more genetic variation than the pre bottleneck population

a) the post bottleneck population exhibits less genetic variation than the pre bottleneck population

examine the figure below. which part of earth receives the greatest intensity of solar radiation? a) tropic of cancer and tropic of capricorn b) equator c) north poles and south poles d) all parts of the earth

a) tropic of cancer and tropic of capricorn

has a GWP over 20 times higher than CO2. however, CH4 emitted today lasts for only about a decade in the atmosphere, while the GWP of CO2 can last for thousands of years. what is a possible reason the CH4 can have such a high GWP as compare to CO2? a) the last 100 year time frame is too short of a time frame to compare CH4 and CO2. b) CH4 absorbs more energy than CO2. c) CH4 is less efficient at trapping heat of earth.

b) CH4 absorbs more energy than CO2.

food poisoning from salmonella occurs because of _______. a) an exotoxin secreted by salmonella bacteria b) an endotoxin produced by salmonella bacteria c) easy transmission between people living in close contact d)extremophile conditions

b) an endotoxin produced by salmonella bacteria

the biological species concept cannot be applied to ________. a) fungi that live on land b) bacteria that reproduce only asexually c) complex plants that have flowers d) animals that use asexual and sexual reproduction

b) bacteria that reproduce only asexually

which of the following structures can preform all the activities required for life? a) DNA molecules b) cells c) organelles d) nuclei

b) cells

which of the following would likely be the most difficult to kill if you were to can you own food? a) streptococci b) endospores c) biofilms d) staphylococci

b) endospores

the wing of a bald eagle is ________ the wing of a penguin. a) convergent with b) homologous to c) unrelated to d) analogous to

b) homologous to

an effect of deforestation has been to ___________. a) decrease the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere b) increase the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere c) increase the rate at which carbon dioxide is incorporated into organic material d) decrease the rate of carbon dioxide production through cellular respiration.

b) increase the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

in the origin of species, darwin argued that the mechanism of descent with modification was _____________. a) artificial selection b) natural selection c) inheritance of acquired characteristics d) uniformitarianism

b) natural selection

the DNA of a eukaryotic cell is found within the _________. a) archaea b) nucleus c) prokaryotic cell d) insulin

b) nucleus

what leads paleontologists to hypothesize that whales evolves from wolf-like carnivores? a) molecular analysis of whale DNA b) observations of fossil teeth c) the presence of vestigial structures in both species d) mathematical analysis using the Hardy-Weinberg formula

b) observations of fossil teeth

the first organisms to colonize land were a) plants, protists, and insects b) plants, fungi, and insects c) bacteria, plants and fungi d) protists, bacteria, and fungi

b) plants, fungi, and insects

what does "adaptation" mean in an evolutionary context? a) the way an individual's body adjusts to its environment b) the accumulation of favorable variation in over time c) the ability of organism to alter their appearance under changing environmental conditions d) all of the above

b) the accumulation of favorable variation in over time

analogous structures are evidence of __________> a) common ancestry b) divergent evolution c) stabilizing selection d) convergent evolution

d) convergent evolution

what fraction of earth's surface has been altered by human use? a) 25% b) 50% c) 75% d) 95%

c) 75%

Which prokaryotic group is most closely related to in eukaryotes? a) Bacteria b) protista c) Archaea d) Bacteria and archaea are equally closely related

c) Archaea

Which of the following prokaryotes aid digestion and cattle deer and other animals that obtain nutrition from cellulose a) Halophiles b) Dinoflagellates c) Mathanogens d) Cocci

c) Mathanogens

the production of sterile male ligers is an example of ________. a) sympatric speciation b) the founder effect c) a postzygotic barrier d) a prezygotic barrier

c) a postzygotic barrier

which of the following is a plausible reason for why it may be difficult to treat infections that arise from tooth decay? a) biofilm bacteria that cause tooth decay begin to produce endospores as a means to deter effects of antibiotics. b) binary fission in biofilm bacteria that cause tooth decay begins to decrease as the biofilm community becomes more complex, thereby producing fewer bacterial cells for antibiotics to penetrate. c) as the biofilm that causes tooth decay becomes larger, its structure makes it difficult for antibiotics to break through bacterial cell walls. d) bacteria of the biofilm that cause tooth decay form a symbiotic relationship with the antibiotics and therefore diminish antibiotic effectiveness.

c) as the biofilm that causes tooth decay becomes larger, its structure makes it difficult for antibiotics to break through bacterial cell walls.

what is the difference between discovery science and hypothesis-driven science? a) discovery science between discovery science and hypothesis-driven science does not b) discovery science is mostly about describing nature, whereas hypothesis-driven science is based on inductive reasoning c) discovery science is mostly about describing nature, whereas hypothesis-driven science tries to explain nature d) discovery science involves predictions about outcomes, wheres hypothesis-driven science involves tentative answers to specific questions.

c) discovery science is mostly about describing nature, whereas hypothesis-driven science tries to explain nature

information flow in biological systems is necessary for negative or regulative feedback to operate. which of these examples does NOT involve flow of information providing feedback? a) heat receptors send signals to promote sweating b) low blood sugar causes the liver to convert starch to sugar to be released in the blood. c) drought kills many trees. d) bacterial genes for breaking down lactose are activated in the presence of lactose.

c) drought kills many trees.

the first basic idea of evolutionary adaptation can be traced back to _______. a) ancient greeks about 2,500 years ago b) aristotle c) lamarck d) darwin

c) lamarck

examine the relationships between the elephants in the figure below. which one of the following pairs is most closely related? (diagram used) a) deinotherium and platybelodon b) barytherium and stegodon c) loxodonta africana and loxodonta cyclotis d) mammut and stegodon

c) loxodonta africana and loxodonta cyclotis

which one of the following can create new alleles? a) natural selection b) sexual reproduction c) mutation d) genetic drift

c) mutation

in the process of evolution by natural selection illustrated in the accompanying figure, which of the following is the mechanism or agent of natural selection? a) artificial selection b) selective breeding c) selective predation d) genetic drift

c) selective predation

applying the biological species concept, the sterility of ligers reveals that ___________. a) a new species called "ligers" is forming b) tigers and lions are actually the same species c) tigers and lions are separate species d)lions are probably a subspecies of tigers

c) tigers and lions are separate species

uranium-235, with a half-life of 713,000,000 years, decays to lead-207. If a rock sample is determined to have one quarter of the uranium-235 content it had when it formed, the age of the rock sample can be estimated to be approximately _____________ years old. a) 178 million b) 713 million c) 28.5 billion d) 1.4 billion

d) 1.4 billion

Examine the figure below. According to the figure, cladistic Analysis indicates that crocodiles are more closely related to ________ than to ______. a) Birds.......pterosaurs b) Snakes......birds c) Ornithischian dinisaurs...pterosaurs d) Birds...... lizards

d) Birds...... lizards

Examine the evolutionary relationship represented in the following figure. Based upon this diagram, the two most closely related species are _______. (diagram used) a) Leopards in striped skunks b) Leopards and European otters c) European otters and coyotes d) Coyotes and wolves

d) Coyotes and wolves

which of these is required for natural selection to occur? a) inheritance b) unequal reproductive success c) individual variation d) all of the above

d) all of the above

which of the following is a component of the fossil record? a) the distribution of lurid rodents in australia and asia b) the similarity of forelimbs of cats and bats c) molecular sequences d) bones of extinct whales

d) bones of extinct whales

humans are _________. a) producers b) producers and consumers c) consumers d) producers and decomposers

c) consumers

which of these results would you predict to occur if climate change results in increased warming global temperatures? a) species competition will result in slower evolution in the tropics b) the tree line (at which it is cold for trees to grow) moves toward the north and south poles. c) winter will be longer toward the poles d) land animals will suffer fewer consequences than marine animals.

b) the tree line (at which it is cold for trees to grow) moves toward the north and south poles.

which of the following would be an example of paedormorphosis? a) starfish regenerating severed limbs b) rapid evolution in a small, isolated population c) two species evolving a similar appearance d) insects that can reproduce in larval stages without reaching mature development stages

d) insects that can reproduce in larval stages without reaching mature development stages

The founder effect differs from a population bottleneck in that the founder effect a) requires a small population b) is a type of natural selection c) can occur only on an oceanic island colony d) involves the isolation of a small colony of individuals from a larger population

d) involves the isolation of a small colony of individuals from a larger population

Examining the evolutionary tree below. (diagram used) this tree tells us that the amnion is found in ___________. a) lungfishes and amphibians b) amphibians only c) mammals, lizards and snakes only d) mammals, lizards, snakes, crocodiles, and birds

d) mammals, lizards, snakes, crocodiles, and birds

Variation among pre-cells was due to _______. a) Genetic drift b) Natural selection c) the bottleneck effect d) mutation

d) mutation

What name is given to the functional compartments of a cell? a) genomes b) nuclei c) genes d) orgenelles

d) orgenelles

examine the figure below. Phytoplankton live in the _________. a) photic sone and spheric zone b) aphotic zone c) benthic zone d) photic zone

d) photic zone

in the soil, some _____ help to decompose dead organisms and other waste materials, returning vital chemical elements such as nitrogen to the environment. a) slime molds b) animals c) protozoans d) prokaryotes

d) prokaryotes

the science of naming, identifying, and classifying organisms is called a) biogeography b) systematics c) phylogeny d) taxonomy

d) taxonomy

recent scientific studies of the impact of microbiota on the amount of fat verses lean body mass (i.e., body composition) are described in your text. How do those studies illustrate the importance of microbiota communities in our bodies? a) if transferred to lean humans, intestinal microbiota of obese humans will cause obesity. b) if transferred to obese humans, intestinal microbiota in lean humans will cause exaggerated obesity c) the studies suggest that mice are an unreliable model organism to use for studies of human intestinal microbiota and obesity d) the studies suggest that intestinal microbiota may be involved in regulating our digestive processes.

d) the studies suggest that intestinal microbiota may be involved in regulating our digestive processes.