Bio 115 Cellular Organelle Chart

Functions of Nucleus

- DNA is protected from enzymes in the cytosol. - Site of RNA production from DNA (transcription) - The surface has integral proteins that keep the two bilayers connected and that create nuclear pores through which molecules (such as RNA) can pass. -The site of rRNA production

Functions of Ribosomes

- Made of two pieces (or subunits): large and small

Functions of Cytosol

- The water assists in chemical reactions such as cellular metabolism. - The dissolved molecules and ions are a way for the cell to store needed items for quick retrieval.

Central Vacuole Eukaryotic Plant Cells

What is this cell? In which organelle groups is it found?

Centrioles Eukaryotic Animal Cells Eukaryotic Plant Cells

What is this cell? In which organelle groups is it found?

Chloroplasts Eukaryotic Plant Cells

What is this cell? In which organelle groups is it found?

Cytoskeleton Eukaryotic Animal Cells Eukaryotic Plant Cells

What is this cell? In which organelle groups is it found?

Cytoskeleton: Intermediate Filaments

What is this cell? In which organelle groups is it found?

Cytoskeleton: Microfilaments

What is this cell? In which organelle groups is it found?

Cytoskeleton: Microtubules Eukaryotic Animal Cells Eukaryotic Plant Cells

What is this cell? In which organelle groups is it found?

Cytosol Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Animal Cells Eukaryotic Plant Cells

What is this cell? In which organelle groups is it found?

Golgi Apparatus Eukaryotic Animal Cells Eukaryotic Plant Cells

What is this cell? In which organelle groups is it found?

Lysosome Eukaryotic Animal Cells Eukaryotic Plant Cells (ONLY SOME)

What is this cell? In which organelle groups is it found?

Mitochondria Eukaryotic Animal Cells Eukaryotic Plant Cells

What is this cell? In which organelle groups is it found?

Nucleoid Prokaryotes

What is this cell? In which organelle groups is it found?

Nucleus Eukaryotic Animal Cells Eukaryotic Plant Cells

What is this cell? In which organelle groups is it found?

Peroxisome Eukaryotic Animal Cells Eukaryotic Plant Cells

What is this cell? In which organelle groups is it found?

Ribosomes Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Animal Cells Eukaryotic Plant Cells

What is this cell? In which organelle groups is it found?

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Eukaryotic Animal Cells Eukaryotic Plant Cells

What is this cell? In which organelle groups is it found?

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Eukaryotic Animal Cells Eukaryotic Plant Cells

What is this cell? In which organelle groups is it found?

Functions of Central Vacuole

• Among its roles in plant cell function, the central vacuole stores salts, minerals, nutrients, proteins, pigments, helps in plant growth, and plays an important structural role for the plant. • The central _______, when full, provides the cell with internal support by filling in areas between the membrane and cytosol.

Functions of Lysosome

• Can change the pH on their interior to become rather acidic (~pH 5). • Enzymes within, known as acid hydrolyses, are activated upon acidic conditions. • These membranous organelles fuse with other vesicles that contain digestible material.

Functions of Cytoskeleton: Intermediate Filaments

• Cellular functions include: - Adds structural integrity to the cell nucleus - Anchors some cellular organelles (such as the nucleus) into place within the cytosol.

Functions of Cytoskeleton: Microfilaments

• Cellular functions include: - Cell division • Cleavage furrow formation - Muscle contraction - Cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells (shown at right) • Movementofcytosol around the interior of a plant cell.

Functions of Cytoskeleton: Microtubules

• Cellularfunctions include: - Cell division • Attach to chromosomes during cell division to pull DNA to opposite sides of the cell. - Mitotic spindles

Structures of Chloroplasts

• Chloroplasts have a double membrane (outer and inner) that surround the organelle. • A third type of membrane is also found in the interior that forms stacks of flattened circular membranes. • Each membrane, individually, is known as a thylakoid. • The empty space within a thylakoid is a lumen. • A stack of thylakoids (shaped like a stack of coins) is called a granum. • The fluid-filled space between the inner membrane and granum is called the stroma.

Structures of Cytoskeleton: Microfilaments

• Comprised of a twisted chain of actin protein subunits. - Only two proteins thick.

Structures of Cytoskeleton: Intermediate Filaments

• Comprised of keratin proteins arranged in a rope-like configuration

Structures of Cytoskeleton: Microtubules

• Comprisedtubulin protein dimers that align themselves in a spiral-like nature. - Microtubules are hollow like a drinking straw.

Prokaryotic Cells

• Contains organisms such as Bacteria and Archaebacteria • Most are single celled organisms • Most contain a cell wall rich in the carbohydrate peptidoglycan • Very simplistic cells with few to no major membranous compartments • DNA is found in a circular configuration

Eukaryotic Cells

• Contains organisms such as Plants, Animals, Fungi, and Protists • Can be single-celled or multicellular organisms. • Highly organized cells with multiple membranous compartments to divide cellular work in both space and time. • DNA is compacted into chromosomes and held in its own membranous compartment: the nucleus.

Functions of Peroxisome

• Many of the enzymes found within are oxidizing enzymes used for detoxification and energy synthesis in both plant and animal cells. - Detoxification of chemical substances such as drugs and alcohol occurs here. - So many enzymes with in the structure that the interior can crystalize. • The term "peroxisome" comes from the byproducts created through the oxidizing enzymes chemical reactions: hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 ).

Structures of Central Vacuole

• Many plant cells lack lysosomes, but they do have a large membranes where they store both water and enzymes used for digestion. • Large = Can take up 80% or more of the cell's volume! • Plant cells also have a cell wall that keeps the cell's shape rather ridged.

Structures of Peroxisome

• Membrane-bound organelle that is much like a lysosome in structure, but is not created by the golgi. - Contents are enzymes that are made from free-floating ribosomes and later packaged into a vesicle.

Structures of Ribosomes

• No membrane to this cellular component, but is instead made up of a combination of proteins and rRNA (ribosomal RNA) • Takes information from mRNA and assembles amino acids into a protein (translation). • Can be free-floating in the cytosol or attached to other organelles in eukaryotic cells.

Structures of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Organelle attached to the nucleus that is composed of stacks of flattened, circular membranes that are much like the outer cell membrane. - Known as "rough" because the surface of these membranes are studded with ribosomes. • These ribosomes are loosely associated with the rough ER (attach and detach often).

Structures of Golgi Apparatus

• Organelle found directly outside of the ER that is also composed of stacks of flattened, circular membranes much like the outer cell membrane.

Structures of Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Organelle found directly outside of the rough ER that is also composed of stacks of flattened, circular membranes that are much like the outer cell membrane. - Known as "smooth" because the surface of these membranes are NOT studded with ribosomes.

Structures of Lysosome

• Organelle that is a product of the golgi. - A specialized vesicle created that contains up to 40 different enzymes that all can be used for digestion of cellular material.

Structures of Nucleus

• Organellethat encapsulates the DNA of eukaryotic cells. • Surface is composed of a double-phospholipid bilayer known as the nuclear envelope. • A darkly stained region within the nucleus is known as the nucleolus.

Functions of Nucleoid

• Prokaryotic cells do NOT have a nucleus. • The circular DNA chromosome of these cells compacts with the help of some associated proteins (as shown below) and resides in a region of the cell that is known as the nucleoid.

Structures of Cytosol

• Substance that resides within the cell's plasma membrane, but outside of all other cellular organelles and/or compartments. • Jelly-like substance that contains 70% water, but that is thickened with ions, salts, and dissolved polar biomolecules (like enzymes).

Functions of Cytoskeleton

• The fibers that make up this network known as the _____________ are reviewed over the next three cards.

Functions of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

• The function of the rough ER is the synthesis and packaging of proteins for export to outside of the cell. - Ribosomes dock and release proteins into the center of the membranes known as the lumen.

Functions of Mitochondria

• The function of this organelle is to produce cellular energy (ATP). • This organelle contains its own separate, circular chromosome and its own ribosomes. • It also multiplies/reproduces separately from cell division.

Functions of Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

• The smooth ER contains enzymes for carbohydrate and lipid synthesis and/or degradation. - Molecules created in both types of ER are packaged in membrane bubbles known as vesicles and are shipped to other parts of the cell.

Structures of Nucleoid

• There is no membrane around the primary DNA, therefore this region takes on an irregular shape.

Functions of Centrioles

• These cellular structures aid in the assembly and breakdown of cytoskeletal elements. - This means they are often found at opposite poles of a cell during cellular division to direct the microtubules' attachment to chromosomes.

Functions of Golgi Apparatus

• This organelle functions in receiving vesicles, sorting the contents, and re- packaging the contents into a new vesicle to be shipped to a new location. • Two-sides the golgi: cis and trans. • cis-side (closest to the ER) receives vesicles. Because the membranes are similar to the ER, the vesicles fuse with the golgi and dump their contents inside. • These contents move through the golgi's membrane layers, or cisternae, to the opposite side. • During this process, the vesicle contents are sorted (size and chemical properties). • Once sorted, the contents are then packed into new vesicles and shipped from the trans-side of the golgi.

Structures of Mitochondria

• This organelle has two phospholipid bilayer membranes. • The outer membrane covering the exterior of the organelle is smooth. • The inner membrane is highly folded. • The folds of the inner membrane are known as cristae. • The space between the folds of the inner membrane is known as the mitochondrial matrix.

Functions of Chloroplasts

• This organelle is the site of photosynthesis in plant cells.• Like mitochondria, _____________ have a separate circular chromosome and reproduce separately from cell division.

Structures of Centrioles

• non-membranous structures composed of groups of microtubules. - Sets of three microtubules each align first, then arrange themselves into groups of nine sets (9x3 shown at bottom right). • Two centrioles will align themselves at 90o angles to create the centrosome.

Structures of Cytoskeleton

•Eukaryotic cells contain a structural framework of proteins and other fibers that: 1. Give shape and support to the cell. 2. Allow for movement of the cell to a new location, if necessary. 3. Organize movement of organelles within the cell.