BIO 152 Final

A toxin that binds specifically to voltage-gated sodium channels in axons would be expected to _____. A. prevent the depolarization phase of the action potential B. increase the release of neurotransmitter molecules C. prevent graded potentials D. prevent the hyperpolarization phase of the action potential E. have most of its effects on the dendritic region of a neuron

A

Action potentials are only propagated "downstream" (away from the cell body) because A. sodium channels upstream are refractory to action potentials. B. potassium channels upstream are refractory to action potentials. C. sodium ions only move upstream along the inside of the cell membrane. D. sodium ions only move downstream along the inside of the cell membrane.

A

An important feature of the veins is the presence of a. one-way valves b. walls containing smooth muscles c. a very thin layer of cells between it and the tissue d. the ability to dialate and constrict to adjust where blood is flowing e. Lymph nodes

A

Animal design: You're designing a land-dwelling herbivore that will be about the size of a grain of rice to live on a fictional planet. There will not be much food on your planet, so you want your juvenile to occupy a different ecological niche than the adult. What feature should you include? a. Complete metamorphosis b. Vivipary c. Amniotic egg d. Milk glands

A

In plants, which of the following are produced by meiosis? A. haploid spores B. haploid gametes C. haploid sporophytes D. diploid spores E. diploid gametes

A

Insulin Coma Therapy is a now-discredited treatment that sought to cure psychiatric diseases by injecting insulin at a high enough dosage to induce a coma in the patient. What effect would this large injection of insulin have on the body? a. Lower blood sugar. b. Speed up sugar digestion c. Slow down sugar digestion d. Raise blood sugar

A

Raises the amount of glucose in the blood a. Glucocorticoids b. Insulin c. Both

A

The digestive system of this organism must be extremely efficient to get the most nutrients out of the little food it does eat. What feature will you put in the digestive system for this organism? a. Villi and microvilli b. Small surface area c. Blind gut d. All of the above

A

The left atrium beats at approximately the same time as the a. Right atrium b. Left ventricle c. QRS complex d. Highest blood pressure in the aorta

A

The point of connection between two communicating neurons is called the _____. A. synapse B. dendrite C. cell body D. axon hillock E. glia

A

The pulmonary vein a. Carries oxygenated blood back to the heart b. Carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart c. Carries oxygenated blood away from the heart d. Carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart

A

The vast majority of plants are a. Homosporous b. Angiosperms c. Gymnosperms d. Non-vascular

A

What behavior is observed if the voltage across a neuronal membrane is set to -20 mV? A. The sodium channel opens, and Na+ ions flow in. B. The potassium channel opens, and K+ ions flow in. C. The sodium channel opens, and Na+ ions flow out. D. The voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels both remain closed.

A

Which nitrogenous waste requires hardly any water for its excretion? A. uric acid B. ammonia C. amino acids D. urea E. nitrogen gas

A

Which of the following terms includes all of the others in the list? a. vascular plant b. fern c. seed plant d. angiosperm e. gymnosperm

A

Which term describes an electrical signal generated by neurons? A. Action potential. B. Membrane potential. C. Resting potential. D. Equilibrium potential.

A

You add labeled H20 to the soil. The rate of the uptake of this water into the plant is most directly related to the amount of a. Transpiration b. Overall ATP produced in the plant c. Sucrose / H+ cotransport d. Na+ / K+ / ATPase pumping e. H+ / ATPase pumping

A

How is most carbon dioxide transported from tissues to the lungs? A. As bicarbonate ions (HCO3−). B. As carbonic acid. C. As carbon dioxide gas. D. As protons (H+).

A.

A plant seedling bends toward sunlight because _____. A. auxin is destroyed more quickly on the dark side of the stem B. auxin is found in greatest abundance on the dark side of the stem C. auxin migrates to the lower part of the stem due to gravity D. there is more auxin on the light side of the stem E. gibberellins produced at the stem tip cause phototropism

B

An decrease from pH 7.4 to pH 7.2 causes hemoglobin to _____. A. increase its binding of H+ B. give up more of its oxygen molecules C. bind more oxygen molecules D. release all bound carbon dioxide molecules E. denature

B

As tulip bulbs come out of dormancy and poke their first leaves out of the soil in the spring, the source of most of the plant's sucrose is a. The leaves b. The bulb c. The flower d. The phloem

B

Celery stalks that are immersed in fresh water for several hours become stiff. Similar stalks left in a 0.15 M salt solution become limp. From this we can deduce that the fresh water_____. A. and the salt solution are both hypotonic to the cells of the celery stalks B. is hypotonic and the salt solution is hypertonic to the cells of the celery stalks C. and the salt solution are both hypertonic to the cells of the celery stalks D. is isotonic and the salt solution is hypertonic to the cells of the celery stalks E. is hypertonic and the salt solution is hypotonic to the cells of the celery stalks

B

Gymnosperms and angiosperms have the following in common except: a) seeds. b) ovaries. c) ovules. d) vascular tissue. e) pollen.

B

If the activity of the sodium-potassium pump was completely stopped, what would happen to the neuron's membrane potential? A. immediate loss of resting potential B. slow decrease of resting potential C. immediate loss of action potentials D. no effect

B

In a resting potential, an example of a cation that is more abundant as a solute in the cytosol of a neuron than it is in the interstitial fluid outside the neuron is _____. A. HCO3- B. K+ C. Cl- D. Ca++ E. Na+

B

In the blood, CO2 is mainly transported a. Dissolved in plasma b. As bicarbonate ions c. Bound to hemoglobin d. As a complex with fibrinogen e. In gaseous form

B

Mycorrhizae are fungi that a. Fix nitrogen in plant roots b. Help plant roots take in more nutrients and water c. Are the closest known relatives to land plants d. Produce leghemoglobin in roots

B

Phloem transport of sucrose is often described as going from source to sink. Which of the following is most likely to function as a source? A. a shoot tip in late fall B. a bulb in early spring C. a growing root in late summer D. a growing leaf in early spring

B

Plant experiments: You are growing plants in an airtight greenhouse that is provided with soil, water, and all the symbiotic organisms a plant needs. You radioactively label a small amount of nitrogen gas. Where does the radioactivity first show up as a solid in the plant? a. Leaves b. Root c. Flower d. Xylem in stem e. Phloem in stem

B

Provides a separate store of food for the embryo a. Bryophyte spore b. Reptile egg c. Both

B

Three equal chambers, A, B, and C are filled with water. Varying levels of solutes (represented by dots) are added to each chamber. Between each is a semiperimable membrane that allows water but not solute to pass through. Which chamber gains the greatest volume of water? a. A b. B c. C d. Both A and C equally e. Both A and B equally

B

Uses an osmotic difference to move solute a. Descending arm of the loop of Henle b. Pressure-flow in phloem transport c. Both

B

What do all deuterostomes have in common? A. Embryos have pharyngeal pouches that may or may not form gill slits. B. The pore (blastopore) formed during gastrulation becomes the anus. C. All have a spinal column. D. Adults are bilaterally symmetrical. E. All have specialized head and tail regions.

B

What flower structure becomes a seed after pollination? a. Ovary b. Ovule c. Anther d. Stigma e. Petal

B

What would be the consequences if we were to reverse the direction of water flow over the gills of a fish, moving water inward past the operculum, past the gills, the out the mouth? This reversal of water flow would _____. A. change the exchange of gases in the body from carbon dioxide out and oxygebn in to carbon dioxide in and oxygen out B. reduce efficiency of gas exchange C. increase the efficiency of gas exchange

B

When auxin acts upon a cell to elongate the cell wall, which of these must first happen? a. Cellulose must be added to the cell b. Expansin enzymes must be activated by H+ c. The plasma membrane must be broken up d. Sucrose must be exported to the surface of the cell wall

B

Where are proteins digested? a. Mouth and stomach b. Stomach and small intestine c. Stomach and large intestine d. Small intestine and large intestine

B

Where would you find the male gametophyte of a seed plant? a. Seed b. Pollen c. Flower petals d. Ovule e. The whole plant, except for the flower

B

Which channel is mainly responsible for the resting potential of a neuron? A. Voltage-gated potassium channel. B. Potassium leak channel. C. Chloride leak channel. D. Voltage-gated sodium channel.

B

Which feature is common to gills, lungs, and tracheae? A. Delivering oxygen directly to cells without a circulatory system B. Large surface area C. Countercurrent exchange mechanism D. Dead space

B

Which lung structure is a tiny sac that functions as an interface between air and blood? A. Capillary. B. Alveolus. C. Diaphragm. D. Epithelium.

B

Which of the following best describes a typical countercurrent heat exchanger? A. Cool venous blood is heated by warm arterial blood, allowing heat to dissipate more easily to the environment. B. Cool venous blood is heated by warm arterial blood, allowing heat to be conserved in the body's core. C. Cool arterial blood is heated by warm venous blood, allowing heat to be conserved in the body's core. D. Cool arterial blood is heated by warm venous blood, allowing heat to dissipate more easily to the environment.

B

Which of these are amniotes? A. amphibians B. turtles C. fishes D. lungfish

B

Which of these features distinguishes gymnosperms from angiosperms? a. Gymnosperms do not have pollen; angiosperms do b. Gymnosperms do not have flowers; angiosperms do c. Gymnosperms do not have xylem; angiosperms do d. Gymnosperms have flagellated sperm; angiosperms do not e. Gymnosperms have phloem; angiosperms do not

B

Which of these functions does not require a protein or proteins imbedded in the membrane to function? a. Action potential in a neuron b. Export of oxygen from red blood cells c. Import of cations into the root d. Active transport of sucrose into the phloem

B

While observing red blood cells underneath the microscope, you add a stain. The cells swell up and burst. What do you need to change about the stain to make sure this doesn't happen again? a. Add water to make the stain isotonic b. Add salts to make the stain isotonic c. Add an acid to reduce the pH d. Add a base increase the pH

B

You are in a hyperbaric chamber in which the concentration of oxygen is higher than normal, but CO2 concentrations are the same. What effect would this have on gas exchange? a. Less O2 would diffuse from alveoli into the blood b. More O2 would diffuse from the alveoli into the blood c. Less CO2 would diffuse from the blood to alveoli d. More CO2 would diffuse from the blood to the alveoli e. Both B and D

B

Which barrier(s) must O2 and CO2 cross to pass between air and blood inside lungs? A. diaphragm B. epithelial cells C. extracellular fluid D. capillary wall

B, C, D

A terrestrial animal species is discovered with the following larval characteristics: exoskeleton, system of tubes for gas exchange, and modified segmentation. A knowledgeable zoologist should predict that the adults of this species would also feature _____. A. eight legs B. a sessile lifestyle C. an open circulatory system D. parapodia E. two pairs of antennae

C

Based on embryonic similarities, humans are most closely related to a. Mollusks b. Insects c. Echinoderms d. Annelids e. Cnidarians

C

Fruit is most important in facilitating _____. A. fertilization B. pollination C. seed dispersal D. spore production

C

Has specialized tissues for transporting nutrients and sugar throughout the body a. Fern b. Fish c. Both

C

In blood pressure homeostasis, baroreceptors transduce the pressure of blood vessels into a neural signal. This signal travels to the brainstem, which decides if the pressure is too high or low. The brainstem sends a signal along the vagus nerve to the heart, adjusting the heart rate and strength of contraction. What is the integrator? a. The heart b. The baroreceptor c. The brainstem d. The vagus nerve e. The blood pressure

C

In plant cells in the stem, the H+/ATPase pump is activated by auxin. What does this cause? a. Cell division b. Lateral branching c. Sucrose cotransported into the cell d. All of the above

C

Once it eats the food, your organism must distribute energy to parts of the body away from the gut. Your organism is slow moving and you'd like to minimize excess organs. What type of circulatory should it have? a. Closed circulatory system with a single loop b. Closed circulatory system with a double loop c. Open circulatory system d. No circulatory system

C

One difference between a mammalian respiratory system and an amphibian respiratory system is that a. Mammals breathe through both skin and lungs; amphibians use only lungs b. Mammals use countercurrent flow of air and blood to absorb oxygen better than amphibians can c. Mammals breathe by negative pressure ventilation; amphibians use positive pressure ventilation d. Mammals have a bidirectional airflow that prevents all air from reaching the site of gas exchange; amphibians have a one-way airflow that allows all air to reach the gas exchange surface in the lungs

C

Requires a Na/K/ATPase pump a. Shark rectal gland b. Neuron c. Both

C

Resting neurons are most permeable to which of the following ions? A. Na+ B. O-- C. K+ D. Cl--

C

Root hairs absorb nutrients from soil against the nutrient concentration gradient. To achieve this, root hairs use _____. A. direct diffusion B. facilitated diffusion C. proton pumps D. osmosis

C

Tetrapods evolved directly from a. Sharks b. Ray-finned fish c. Lobe-finned fish d. Hagfish e. Lancelets

C

The first land plants were a. Gymnosperms b. Ginkgos c. Bryophytes d. Seedless vascular plants e. Angiosperms

C

The hemocyanin of arthropods and molluscs differs from the hemoglobin of mammals in that _____. A. the protein of hemocyanin is not bound to metal B. hemocyanin includes cyanic acid C. hemocyanin has protein coupled to copper rather than to iron D. the oxygen dissociation curve for hemocyanin is linear E. hemocyanin carries appreciably more carbon dioxide

C

The organism you're designing must be efficient with the energy it does obtain. What additional feature would you give it? a. Operculum b. Endotherm c. Ectotherm d. Sweat glands

C

The oxygen content of water increases linearly with an increase in oxygen partial pressure, while the oxygen content of blood increases in a sigmoidal (S-shaped) fashion. Why? A. Carbonic anhydrase contributes to carbon dioxide release in blood, but not water. B. The Bohr shift is stronger in water than in blood. C. Hemoglobin shows cooperative oxygen binding. D. Oxygen is transported equally by hemoglobin and blood plasma.

C

Uses a countercurrent exchange system a. Nephron osmolarity b. Fish gills c. Both

C

Water potential in plants consists mainly of _____. A. solute potential only B. pressure potential and membrane potential C. pressure potential and solute potential D. solute potential and membrane potential E. solute potential and osmotic potential

C

When the mammalian brain compares the actual temperature of the body to the preferred temperature of the body, which general component is being used? A. sensor B. effector C. integrator

C

Which molecule would you LEAST likely find the radioactive nitrogen incorporated into? a. DNA b. Proteins c. Sucrose d. Chlorophyll

C

Which of the following characteristics evolved independently in mammals and birds? A. amniotic eggs B. jaws C. endothermy D. bilateral symmetry E. bone

C

Which of the following statements about the oxygen-hemoglobin interaction is true? A. The oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is exponential, which means that hemoglobin can respond quickly to small changes in oxygen demand. B. The binding of one oxygen molecule to hemoglobin stimulates the unloading of the oxygen molecules that are already bound. C. The binding of one oxygen molecule to hemoglobin stimulates the binding of other oxygen molecules. D. Each hemoglobin molecule can bind one oxygen molecule.

C

Which of these functions benefits by having a SMALLER surface area? a. Water uptake in the root b. Gas exchange in the lungs c. Reduction of heat loss in a cold-adapted animal d. Nutrient absorption in the small intestine

C

Which of these is an example of positive feedback? a. Blood pH regulation b. Homeothermy c. Depolarization in an action potential d. Osmoregulation

C

Which term describes the difference in electrical charge across a membrane? A. Electrical current. B. Resting potential. C. Membrane potential. D. Electrical potential.

C

After the depolarization phase of an action potential, the resting potential is restored by _____. A. a decrease in the membrane's permeability to potassium and chloride ions B. the opening of sodium activation gates C. a brief inhibition of the sodium-potassium pump D. the opening of voltage-gated potassium channels and the closing of sodium channels E. the opening of more voltage-gated sodium channels

D

An adult oak tree is a a. Bryophyte b. Epiphyte c. Gametophyte d. Sporophyte

D

Animals that have body temperatures that are maintained over a very narrow range are called a. Endotherms b. Ectotherms c. Poikilotherms d. Homeotherms e. Heterotherms

D

At resting potential, the inside and outside of a neuron differ in _____. A. potassium ion concentration B. sodium ion concentration C. charge D. All of the above are correct.

D

In some cells, activation of a hormone receptor causes an increase in Ca+ levels, which causes an activation of an enzyme that produces nitric oxide. Nitric oxide then activates another enzyme in the same cell that makes cyclic GMP. In this example, nitric oxide could be considered a/an a. Endocrine hormone b. Kinase c. Phosphatase d. Second messenger e. Receptor

D

In the male reproductive system (which we haven't talked about), the hypothalamus releases GnRH, which stimulates the release of LH and FSH from the pituitary gland. Together, these lead to the release of testosterone. Testosterone inhibits the release of both GnRH and FSH/LH. This is an example of a. Osmoregulation b. Conformation c. Phosphorylation cascade d. Negative feedback e. Positive feedback

D

Opening all of the sodium channels on an otherwise typical neuron, with all other ion channels closed (which is an admittedly artificial setting), should move its membrane potential to _____. A. -90 mV B. 0 mV C. +30 mV D. +62 mV E. -70 mV

D

The amniotes include all EXCEPT the a. Birds b. Mammals c. Reptiles d. Amphibians e. Dinosaurs

D

The most direct ancestors of land plants were probably _____. A. kelp (brown alga) that formed large beds near the shorelines B. photosynthesizing prokaryotes (cyanobacteria) C. liverworts and mosses D. green algae

D

To maintain homeostasis freshwater fish must _____. A. consume large quantities of water B. take in electrolytes through simple diffusion C. excrete large quantities of electrolytes D. excrete large quantities of water

D

What drives the flow of water through the xylem? A. passive transport by the endodermis B. active transport by tracheid and vessel elements C. the number of companion cells in the phloem D. the evaporation of water from the leaves E. active transport by sieve-tube elements

D

What feature do all ecdysozoans have in common? a. Six legs b. Notochord c. Wings d. Exoskeleton e. Ciliated larvae

D

Which channel maintains the concentration gradients of ions across a neuronal membrane? A. The sodium leak channel allowing Na+ ions out. B. The sodium-potassium pump moving Na+ ions in and K+ ions out. C. The potassium leak channel allowing K+ ions out. D. The sodium-potassium pump moving Na+ ions out and K+ ions in.

D

You are also designing the urinary system for this organism. You know that water will be much more abundant than food on your fictional planet. What nitrogenous waste should your animal produce? a. Nitrates b. Uric acid c. Urea d. Ammonia

D

You next radioactively label some CO2. Where would you LEAST likely find it within an hour of labeling? a. Leaves b. Root c. Flower d. Xylem in stem e. Phloem in stem

D

A significant increase in the amount of interstitial fluid surrounding the capillary beds of a human's lungs will cause _____. A. a decrease in the amount of work needed for effective ventilation of the lungs B. an increase of pressure that would cause the capillary beds to burst C. an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide moving from the blood to the lungs D. an increase in the amount of oxygen moving from the lungs into the blood E. a decrease in the amount of oxygen moving from the lungs into the blood

E

Ferns possess all of the following EXCEPT: a) embryos. b) cuticles. c) leaves. d) roots. e) seeds.

E

In mammals, rate of heat loss is regulated by a. The amount of blood flow to the surface of the skin b. The presence of fur or hair c. The level of perspiration d. Behavioral adaptations e. All of the above

E

In terms of their adaptation to living on land, how are reptiles similar to the seed plants? a) Reptiles eat plants. b) Both reptiles and seed plants have been able to become completely independent of water. c) Seed plants and reptiles have developed structures such as cuticles and impermeable skin in order to minimize desiccation. d) Reptiles and plants have developed structures that house and protect their embryos from the surrounding environment. e) Both c) and d) are correct.

E

Movement of phloem sap from a source to a sink _____. A. depends on active transport of water into sieve- tube elements at the source B. occurs through the apoplast of sieve-tube elements C. depends on tension, or negative pressure potential D. results mainly from diffusion of sugars into companion cells E. depends upon active transport of sugars into the sieve-tube elements

E

Plants possess a life cycle that involves alteration of two generations: the gametophyte and the a. Bryophyte b. Lycophyte c. Pteridophyte d. Lignophyte e. Sporophyte

E

The absorption of fats differs from that of carbohydrates in that _____. A. fat absorption primarily occurs in the stomach, whereas carbohydrates are absorbed from the small intestine B. carbohydrates need to be emulsified before they can be digested, whereas fats do not C. fats, but not carbohydrates, are digested by bacteria before absorption D. the processing of fats does not require any digestive enzymes, whereas the processing of carbohydrates does E. most absorbed fat first enters the lymphatic system, whereas carbohydrates directly enter the blood

E

You find an organism that looks like a worm. Being a successful graduate of BIO152, you know that many phyla of animals have members that look like worms. How can you know it is NOT a chordate? a. It has a complete gut b. It has bilateral symmetry c. It has gills d. Its anus develops before its mouth e. Its mouth develops before its anus

E

True or false? The driving force for the unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin into tissues is the difference in PCO2 levels between the blood and body tissues.

False

True or false? The potential energy of a membrane potential comes solely from the difference in electrical charge across the membrane.

False

True or false? The pressure inside the human chest cavity is always positive, so the lungs stay relatively inflated even upon exhalation.

False

True or false? The lungs of humans form from the embryonic foregut.

True