Bio 153 Exam 3

tetrapods

"4 feet" animals. all living land vertebrates and some that live in water. animals have separate digits (fingers and toes) and well-defined jointed in their limbs includes: amphibians, reptiles, bords, mammals

Phylum Nematoda

-Pseudocoelom -Distributes nutrients, O2, and CO2 throughout body -Lack specialized circulatory or respiratory organs -Limited to back-and-forth, thrashing motions -Only longitudinal muscles -Can neither crawl nor lift its body above its substrate

sea lillies

Echinodermata, Crinoidea attached to the substratum by stalks (sessile - no movement)

Mammals

Evolved in late Triassic period (200 MYA) ~5,800 species have Amniotes & Most closely related to reptiles

reptiles

Evolved ~310 to 320 MYA First vertebrates to thrive on land Dominated animal life during Mesozoic era, until decline ~65 MYA (*know this*) Amniots Able to live and reproduce on dry land ~8000 species of nonavian reptiles 1) Lepidosauria (snakes, lizards, tuatara) and 2) Archosauria(crocodylians, turtles)

- reproduce asexually - free living species may simply punch in half and regenerate the mission parts - sexual reproduction also common - hermaphrodites produce sperm and egg cells - in a mating pair, each animals fertilizes the eggs of its partner

Platyhelminthes reproduction

hermaphrodite

Porifera are ?

reptiles

Snakes, lizards (Squamates) Turtles and tortoises (Testudines) Alligators, crocodiles (Crocodylia) Tuatara(kinda look like turtle) (Sphenodontida)

bastesian mimicry

an eatable mimic resembles an unpalatable or poisonous specie. in this type of mimicry, only mimic benefits

eumatazoans

animals with true tissues

flowering plants

at the time mammals were evolving, ______ ______ became increasingly prominent (provided new types of food and habits for mammals)

symbiosis

close relationship between members of two populations

mortality

death ate

muscular foot (mollusks)

provides locomotion

exoskeleton, jointed appendages, and segmented

synapomorphies of arthropods

food goes in one opening and the wastes come out the same opening. these animals have gastrovascular cavities. ex: cnidarians and flatworms.

what does it mean if an animals has an incomplete digestive tract?

live in muscle tissue of humans and pigs. transmitted by eating undercook pork

what does the Nematoda trichinella do?

Caecilians (Gymnophiona)

"naked snake" NOT a snake Lacks limbs Strongly annulated Carnivores Internal fertilization Bullett shaped heavily ossified skull (burrowing underground) Mothers create a nutrient-rich fatty outer layer of skin for young to feed on

immigration

# of individuals moving in a population

emigration

# of individuals moving out go a population

external fertilization and release gametes into water

(mollusks) what type of reproductive system does bivalves have?

In marine mollusks - ciliated, pear shaped larva settles on seafloor, develops into adult (indirect development) In cephalopods and snails, hatchlings resemble adults(directdevelopment

(mollusks) what type of reproductive system does gastropods & cephalopods?

Platyhelminthes tapeworms

-Lacks mouth and digestive system -Hook onto host's intestines -Consist of repeated organs called proglottids (contain fertilized eggs) -Proglottids break off, leave host in feces -When intermediate host (ex. pig) swallows proglottids, eggs hatch -Larvae can migrate to host's muscles -Humans acquire tapeworm by eating infected fish, beef, or pork

free living flatoworms

-Usually predators or scavengers -Mouth opens to muscular, tube like pharynx at body midpoint -Delivers food to incomplete digestive tract -Highly branched gut -Undigested food ejected through pharynx and mouth -Nervous system can sense stimuli and coordinate movements -Planarian has ladder like arrangement of nerve cords running the length of its body -Head end features a simple brain, sensory structures that detect touch, chemicals, and light intensity

Deuterostomes

1) Cleavage (have radio cleavage) 2) Anus develops first, mouth second 3) Enterocoelic: selem forms from an out pocket of the endosperm

mantle (synapomorphies mollusks)

1.tissue that secretes calcium carbonate in most species •Hard shells in chitons, bivalves, snails (protection) •In cephalopods, shell is internal or absent •Mantle cavity - exposed to environment, plays role in gas exchange and excretion

sacroterygii (lobe finned fish)

10 species Fishes most closely related to tetrapods Include lungfishes and coelacanths Lungfishes lungs homologous to lungs in tetrapods Coelacanths -"living fossils" Originated in Devonian period Oldest lineage of vertebrates with jaws

mollusks: bivalves

2 part hinged shells. and they are filter feeders and keep the water clean. ex: oysters, clams, scallops, mussels

fishes

2-chambered heart (1 atrium, 1 ventricle)

Amphibians, most nonavian reptiles

3 chambered heart 2 atria, 1 ventricle)

chordata: Tunicates

3,000 species Sessile marine filter feeders Name from tunic (which is a protective, flexible body covering) Free-swimming tunicate larva resembles tadpole Adults only retain pharyngeal slits Some invasive tunicate are major nuisance in coastal areas Smother shellfish that are economically and environmentally important

Crocodiles, birds, mammals

4 chambers 2 atria, 2 ventricles)

chitons, bivalves, gastropods, cephalopods

4 largest classes of mollusks

Trochophore

A specialized type of free-living larva found in lophotrochozoans. They are common lophotrochozoans. Lost in all terrestrial group

lizards

All squamates excluding snakes. Elongate body with distinct head/neck 4 well-developed limbs and long tail. External tympanum or ear opening present Moveable eye lids

amniotic egg of chordata

Allow animals to breed or reproduce on land Contains several membranes Amnion, chorion, and allantois: cushion embryo, provide for gas exchange, store metabolic wastes Yolk inside nourishes developing embryo Reptile eggs: leathery or hard outer layer (embryo doesn't dry out bc of this) Internal membranes of amniotic egg homologous to protective structures that surround fetus in uterus of mammals

gastrula

An embryonic stage in animal development encompassing the formation of three layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.

Frogs and Toads (Anura)

Anura = "without tail" Robust tail-less bodies Head and neck continuous Four well-developed limbs Large hind limbs, modified pelvic girdle & limb bones à all attributated to helping jump

Salamanders & Newts (Caudata)

Caudata = "having tail" Cylindrical body, long tail Always live near water Free swimming larva Distinct head and neck Carnivores Four well developed limbs Usually internal fertilization Males deposit sperm packet near female, she takes packet into body, lays fertilized eggs in water

feather stars

Class Crinoidea; crawl using their long, flexible arms (free living)

CROCODILES, ALLIGATORS (CROCODYLIA)

Crocodylia = "lizard" Large, elongate head and body 4 well developed, relatively small limbs Long muscular tail (to swim) Skin lined with ostoderms (bony plates)

Human Destruction of wetlands and forests Chytrid fungus infection Collection for pet trade Invasive species Road mortality Porous skin, vulnerable to pollution (useful as indicators of equality)

Declines in amphibian populations worldwide?

cells are near enough to body surface to exchange gases directly with environment

Describe the Platyhelminthes cells

polyphyletic

Does not contain most recent common ancestor of all its members

SNAKES (SERPENTES)

Elongate and limbless lizards (highly modified) No external ear drum or opening No moveable eye lids Mostly nonvenomous Only 7 of 49 species in LA are venomous

Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)

Fan shaped fins, consist of slender, bony spines ("rays") supporting thin, flexible webs of skin Include: eels, minnows, catfish, trout, tuna, salmon Most of the fish diversity

Segmented backbone, with multiple muscle attachment points = expanded range of motion Jaws = increase feeding opportunities More complex brain = could develop hunting strategies or plan escape routes 2 adaptations enabled vertebrates to thrive on land originated in fishes: lungs and limbs

Fishes changed course of vertebrate evolution!

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Flatworms Platy "form" Helminth "worm" include: free living flatworm, parasitic flukes, and tapeworms

Chordata: Notochord

Flexible rod, extends along chordate's back. In most vertebrates, notochord doesn't persist in adulthood, replaced by backbone that surrounds spinal cord

1. fluke infects human through skin 2. fluke matures in veins surrounding intestines or bladder 3. eggs are passed with feces or urine 4. egg hatches into swimming larva 5. larvae infect intermediate host 6. larvae leave intermediate host

Fluke life cycle

amphibians

Frogs, toads (Anura) Salamanders, newts (Caudata) Caecelians- worm like (Gymnophiona)

amphibian

Greek for "double life" Ability to live on land and freshwater Important for ecosystems Control algae and insect populations Toxins in amphibian skin serve as possible pain killing drugs

chordata: pharyngeal slits

In most embryos, slits or pouches form in pharynx. Multiple functions. Invertebrates use for feeding. (Strain food particles out of water) Vertebrates: pouches develop into gills (for animals with gills), or middle air cavity (ex for humans) , or other structures

bony fish (chordate)

Include 96% of fish species w/ >29,000 species. Skeleton of bone. Have a gill cover (operculum) Most possess a swimbladder (help adjust buoyancy) Other possess "lung-like" swimbladder Include: Actinopterygii (ray finned fishes) and Sarcopterygii(lobe finned fishes)

Egg Laying Monotremes

Include: duck-billed platypus and echidna Distinctive anatomy: urinary, digestive, and reproductive tracts share a single (mono) opening to outside of body Reptiles have a similar anatomy Amniotic eggs reveal another link to reptiles Helpless young hatches & crawls along mother until it reaches milk scerting pores in skin After a few months of suckling, offspring leaves safety of mother's burrow and begins hunting its own food

echinoderm skeleton

Interlocking calcium carbonate plates and spines. Enclosed by the epidermis (helps them create their internal skeleton called an endoskeleton)

regeneration

Many species autotomize (aka dettach a body part), leaving predators with a nutritious souvenir while they escape (lizards can do this too) Most species can regenerate from fragments that include the central dics

= there is a better separation of O2 rich blood from O2 poor blood. This means a Greater efficiency for blood to deliver O2

More heart chambers =

placental mammals

Most diverse group of mammals. their young develop inside female's uterus Placenta connects maternal and fetal circulatory systems Placenta nourishes and removes wastes from developing offspring

chordata: postanal tail

Muscular tail extends past anus in all chordate embryos. In humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas, body absorbs most of tail before birth, so that the tailbone remains as a vestige in the body. In fishes, salamanders, lizards, cats, and many other species, adults retain the post anal tail

commensalism

One species benefits and the other neither is harmed nor benefits

Chordata: Dorsal hollow nerve cord

Parallel to notocard. In many, nerve cord develops into the spinal cord. Enlarges at head end, forming a brain

biotic (living organisms)

Plants, animals, bacteria microbes, etc. Food chain — predators & prey Competition - same resources Symbioses - close relationship btw species

trapping and partially digesting food particles amoebocytes: cells that help digestive food and distribute nutrients to other cells

Porifera have collar cells which help with ______ & amoebocytes _____

Sperm released into water, retains eggs Sperm from nearby sponges enter body through pores After fertilization, zygote develops into blastula Released and drifts before settling into a new habitat Some sponges also reproduce asexually by budding or fragmentation

Porifera reproduction

chordata: lancelets

Resemble small, eyeless fishes with translucent bodies Live in shallow seas, tail buried in sediment Mouth extend into water Gas exchange occurs directly across the skin

amniotes egg

Shelled egg with 4 extra embryonic membranes (chorion, amnion, allantois, yolk sac). Allows vertebrates to reproduce on land Internal fertilization with a male intromittant organ (variable & lost in some clades)

TUATARA (SPHENODONTIDA)

Sister to squamates Ancient lineage of lizard-like reptile (not lizards) Stout bodies, 4 well developed limbs Large head with chisel-beaked upper jaw No tympanum (no external ear) No copulatory organ (meaning males don't have penis) Only 2 species restricted to a few small islets off of new Zealand

cnidocytes

Special stinging structures on cnidarians that look like small harpoons. they also help with senes, garb things and paralyze prey

abiotic (nonbiological)

Temperature, water, sunlight, soil, wind Catastrophic events like fire or flood

TESTUDINES: TURTLES & TORTOISES

Testudines = "tortoises" (fully land animals) Turtles - fully or semi aquatic Encased by upper and lower hard boney shell Shell plates fused to vertebrae and ribs Four well developed limbs Largest turtle: Leatherback sea trule (1.8 - 2m or 6 ft )

reptiles

Tough, keratin scales that reduces waterloss from skin Kidneys excrete only small amounts of water internal fertilization & amniotic eggs. Greater lung capacity, more efficient circulation

flattened body & no coelom

Two traits of Platyhelminthes

madreporite

Water enters ___________ to ring canal, then to radial canal extending into arm to allow for the water vascular system to extend to each arm so the epodea can move around

species evenness

abundance of species

1. space for more complex and to develop. they can move independently from body well. room for enlargement 2. fluid protects organs from damage 3. buffers against temperature change 4. respiration, circulation, excretion 5. hydrostatic skeleton (fluid atmosphere) , muscles push against fluid animals move

advantages of coelom ?

cohort

all members of a population born at the same time (ex. you grade level)

population

all organisms within an area belonging to the same species

community ecology

all population of organism interacting in a particular area or habitat. 2 or species existing and interacting in same area

community

all populations interacting at the same locale

clade

an ancestor and its evolutionary descendants (trees can contain several nested clades)

direct development ex: human

an animals has no larval stage, and a juvenile resembles an adult.

hermaphrodite

an organism that has both male and female reproductive organs

endotherms

animals are able to maintain body temp. using heat generated from own metabolism Requires enormous amount of energy for our body to do this Ex. Birds and mammals

ectotherms

animals body temp fluctuates with environment. lack internal mechanisms to keep temp within narrow range. many behaviors such as basking in sun or burrowing into ground, help adjust temperature. ex. invertebrates, fishes, most amphibians and most Donavan reptiles

Echinoderms and chordates

animals that are deuterostomes w/ true coeloms

indirect development ex: butterflies and frogs

animals that have to pass through larval stages

molluscs, annelids, and arthropods

animals the are protostomes & true coeloms

eumatazoans

animals with true tissues; multiple tissues types interact and form organs such as brain, heart, kidney, etc. They work together to distribute blood, dispose wastes, etc.

-Lack specialized respiratory system -Exchange gases by diffusion across the body wall (some polychaetes have gills) -Gas exchange can occur only across a moist surface -Leeches and polychaetes live in water -Earthworms are vulnerable to drying out -Leeches and earthworms are hermaphrodites -Two individuals copulate, each discharging sperm for the other's eggs -After fertilization, secrete fluid to form protective "cocoon" into which they lays eggs

annelida characteristics

fish

aquatic chordata vertebrates with jaws, gills and fins. the most diverse and abundant vertebrates with >30,000 species. they play important roles by grazing on algae, scavenge on dead organic matter, and prey on animals. 2 main groups/clades: -cartilaginous fishes - bony fishes

phylum chordata

around 60,000 species. their common ancestor unknown but most likely an aquatic invertebrate. Vertebrates are ONLY found in this phylum (but not everyone is a vertebrate) also has an internal skeleton that includes a protective, flexible, segmented backbone

radial symmetry

arranged around a central axis (ex: jellyfishes, hydras, adult sea stars)

- originated from aquatic habitats -1st were either fully or at least semi aquatic -changed from aquatic to terrestrial involved substantial changes to morphology, anatomy, etc....

big pictures points of tetrapods

asymmetrical, radial symmetry, bilateral symmetry

body symmetry within Animalia kingdom

natality

brith rate

(echinodermata) class ophiuroidea

brittle stars arm sharply demarcated from body disc tube feet without sucks not used in locomotion arms protected by spine some species are suspension-feeders, others are scavengers or predators

pseudocoelom

cavity lined partly with mesoderm and with endoderm

ossicles in arms oral (back) surface bears 5 pairs of bursal sacs. sacs lines with cilia help with: excretion & gas exchange mouth and amus on ORAL (face up) surface q

characteristics of class Crinoidea

•Lack arms •Oral-aboral axis is greatly extended •Endoskeleton reduced to a few ossicles scattered over the surface (soft bodied) •Some species crawl along the substrate using podia; others have peristaltic locomotion via muscle contractions

characteristics of class Holothuroidea

-they live in soil or sediments of aquatic ecosystems - can survive extreme heat, cold, or drying -state of suspended animation and life resumes when favorable -Eat bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, insect larvae, or decomposing organic matter -Playing essential roles in nutrient cycling -Can also parasitize plants -Spearlike mouthparts to pierce roots or shoots -Suck out contents, reduce yields of crops such as cotton and soybeans

characteristics of nematodas

crinoids asteroids ophiuroids echinoids holothuroids

classes with the phylum echinodermata

medusa ex: jellyfish

cnidarian where tentacles dangle downward from a free swimming bell. gastrovascular cavity

ecosystem

community of populations, biotic, and abiotic components

type 2 survivorship curves

constant rate of mortality over life span, intermediate survivorship. produce moderate number of offspring, take care of them through infancy

monophyletic

contain an ancestor and all of its decent species (= a clade)

paraphyletic

contains common ancestor and some but not all of its descendent species

visceral mass (mollusks)

contains digestive, circulatory, excretory, and reproductive organs

Class: Cephalopod Well known for "flashing" colors Displayed during fighting, catching prey, evading predators, mating Masters of camouflage Can also eject ink Importance to humans: Source of food and ink Cuttlebone - used as a dietary supplement providing calcium for pets

cuttlefish

bite, sting, pinch, make noises, emit foul odors or toxins, camouflage, mimic things, jump, run, roll into a ball, dig into soil, or fly away

defenses of arthropods

discharge sticky threads to ensnare their enemies some mutilate their own bodies -- they violently contract muscles and expel some internal organs out of their anus to deter predators missing body parts regenerate quickly

defenses of class Holothuroidea

Not only include feet and legs, also antennae, copulatory organs, ornaments, weapons, and mouthparts. Many modifications to mouthparts in these Eat almost everything (dead organic matter, plant parts, other animals)

describe the appendages of arthropods

digestive - complete nervous - circumoral nerve ring (radial) & Nerve networks connected to a central ring-like series of nerve ganglia muscular - •Circular and longitudinal muscles

describe the digestive, nervous, and musculature systems of echinodermata

on the outside of animals rigid outside covering. made of chitin protein and calcium which keeps animals from drying out. protects and supports body. Thin, flexible areas create movable joints between body segments and within appendages

describe the exoskeleton of an arthropods

soft, unsegmented animals. mollusk means soft in nation and they are the second largest phylum after arthpoda

describe the mollusks

1. cleavage: has radial cleavage and the daughter cells sit directly on top of the previous cells 2. anus is the 1st opening appears near the blastopore 3. mesoderm begins as out pockets from the gut and enlarge to form coelom

deuterostomes

survivorship curves

different species have different life expectancies

segmentation

division into repeated subunits. some are very obvious and some are not

no (no kidneys)

do echinodermata have any excretory organs?

anus

during gastrula stage of development for echinoderms, first indentation is _______

•Calcium plates/ spines embedded in skin •For protection •Distinctive sets of organs protruding from their skin: •Tube feet (podia) •Spines coming out of their bodies

echinoderm = spiny skinned

•5 body regions or arms •Radial symmetry is secondary -Larvae bilaterally symmetrical -Undergo metamorphosis to become radially symmetrical adults

echinodermata "Adults are pentaradially symmetrica"

•No freshwater or terrestrial forms exist •7,000 species

echinodermata "all are marine animals"

internal skeletons. calcareous ossicles. spine or spicules

echinodermata are the first phylum with _______ _______. they have dermal _______ __________. some have _______ OR ______.

All are marine animals Echinoderm = spiny skinned Adults are pentaradially symmetrical Water-vascular system

echinodermata characteristics

no special system. use water vascular system and coelom

echinodermata circulatory system

two part stomach 1st stomach - cardiac stomach extends through the mouth and secretes digestive enezymes. digestion completes in pyloric stomach (2) then food leaves through anus

echinodermata digestive system

tube feet and/or arms

echinodermata locomotion by

aboral - madreporite & anus oral - ambulacrum & mouth

echinodermata pentaradial symmetry aboral & oral side ?

•Sexes usually are seperate •Usually no sexual dimorphism, meaning there is no difference btw sexes •Fertilization usually in sea (external fertilization) •Sometimes they undergo Asexual by regeneration. Can be known as fragmentation

echinodermata reproduction

ampullae/ ambulacral grooves

echinodermata water vas system: •All along length of canals are lateral canals that terminate in bulb-like structures called __________ equipped with tube feet •Tube feet line grooves on the oral surface - _____________

aboral surface

echinodermata water vascular system is on the __________ surface, the opening of water vascular system madreporite.

Water-vascular system: •They have water filled canals branching from a ring that encircles the gut •Canals lead to podia (tubed feet) sucker-like appendages •Use water vascular system for Movement and resperation •Tube feet extend/retract by hydraulic pressure

echinodermata water vascular system:

bilateral (larvae) & radio (adult)

echinoderms are invertebrates with ________ symmetry as larvae and _______ symmetry as adults.

ecological niche

ecological roll of an organism. depends not only on where it lives but also on what it does. By analogy, the habitat is the organism's "address", and the niche is its "profession", biologically speaking.

thermoregulation

ectotherms and endotherms

Animalia Kingdom

eukarya. 37 phyla 1.3 million species arose 570 mya Cambrian period animal life began in water

origin of tetrapods

evolved in shallow waters inhabiting fishes. they made the transition from aquatic to terrestrial life

food passes in one direction from mouth to anus. food processed in specialized compartments. increases efficiency of nutrients extracted from food and increases nutrients available for hunting, defenses, and reproduction

explain what a complete digestive tract is

five calcium carbonate teeth, fleshy, tongue-like structure within

explain what the Aristotle lantern is?

Gymnophiona Caudata Anura

extant amphibians are represent by three orders

body cavity aka Coelom

fluid filled body cavity, forms in mesoderm. only find this in animals with 3 germ layers. ex: earthworm, snails, insect, sea stars

organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

hierarchical ecological levels

type 3 survivorship curves

high death rate for very young. survival are is good once mature. may produce hundreds to millions of young with little to no care

Land offered space, shelter, food, plentiful O2 Lungs improved Circulatory systems more complex and powerful Skeleton denser Acute hearing and sight Tear glands, eye lids keep eyes moist Retain a strong link to water

how did amphibians become the first tetrapods?

-Earthworms aerate and fertilize soil -Used as fishing bait or soil conditioners -Blood-thinning chemical from leeches can stimulate circulation in surgically reattached digits and ears -Leeches can remove excess blood that accumulates after damage to nervous system

how do humans benefit from annelids?

Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish)

include sharks, skates and rays.Most acient clade of fishes w/ 800 species. Their skeleton are made of cartilage, so not extremely boney.Lack gill covers of bony fish (5-7 gill slits). No swimbladder.Skin covered by placoid scales

Phylum Echinodermata

includes some of the most colorful and distinctive sea animals. can be found in tide pools & beaches. Ex: sea urchin, sea stars, sea cucumbers, sand dollars

gastrovascular cavity

incomplete digestive tract. secretes enzymes and distributes nutrients throughout animal

Earthworm (Annelida)

ingest soil and digest organic matter. Eliminate indigestible particles as castings. Each segments of the body parts a few bristles and provide traction while burrowing through soil.

endoderm

inner layer

less obvious

insects and vertebrates also have segmented bodies, but ________ _______

endoparasites & ectoparasites

inside / outside

pinworms and hookworms

intestinal parasites phylum nematoda

agnathans

jawless fish with cranium. Long, slender bodies with gills Specialized sense organs clustered near head end ~70 species of hagfishes ~38 species of lampreys ex. hagfish and lampreys

Development of hinged jaws from gill supports greatly expanded ways vertebrates could feed **evolutionary event** In many vertebrates, jaw includes teeth or a beak. Enhance the ability to grasp prey or gather food items

jaws in phylum chordata

notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, post-anal tail

key features of phylum chordata

asymmetrical

lack symmetry (ex. sponges)

To reproduce, males and females release gametes into water at the same time (ex of external fertilization) Larvae, like adults, resemble tiny fish They clearly all 4 major chordate characteristics, as well as inklings of organ systems that appear in vertebrates

lancelets reproduction

Tetrapods: "four legs" vertebrates with two pairs of limbs Enable animals to walk on land Includes: amphibians, reptiles (including birds), mammals Some have <4 limbs (ex. Snake which is still a tetrapod) Limbs of whales, dolphins, and sea lions are modified into flipers or too small to project from body Anatomical and molecular evidence link all of these animals to tetrapod ancestors

limbs of chordata

species composition

list of various species in community (list of all plants in area)

Spines (porky pine) Tough epidermis poisoness chemicals Camoflamgue Bright coloration Flocking behavior - gather together

list prey mechanisms

marsupials

live bearing mammals ex. kangaroos, opossums, wombats Give birth to tiny, immature young around 4-5 weeks after conception. their babies crawl from mother's vagina to a marsupium, or pouch Suckle milk and continue developing

rapid diversification

loss of many reptiles paved way for _______ _______ of large mammals

Most fishes have gills, absorb O2 from water and release CO2 Most air-breathing vertebrates have internal saclike lungs for respiration Lungs homologous to swim batters of bony fishes Both arose from outgrowths of esophagus Allowed fishes to gulp air in shallow water Developed into air-breathing lungs in ancestors of terrestrial vertebrates

lungs in phylum chordata

egg laying monotremes and live bearing mammals (marsupials and placental mammals)

mammals are subclassed into 2 divisions

1.Mammals have 3 middle ear bones. Reptiles have 1 or 2 2.Mammal lower jaw consists of 1 bone. Reptiles have several 3.Mammals have 4 different teeth types: molars, premolars, canines, and incisors. Reptile teeth more uniform in size and shape 4.Mammals are endotherms Non avian reptiles are ectotherms 5.Like birds, mammals have a 4 chambered heart 6.Mammalian brain very well developed. Enabled them to learn how to learn, remember things, plan, better respond to stimuli 7.Only mammals have dome-shaped, muscular diaphragm (draws air into the lungs)

mammals vs reptiles

tonguelike strap with teeth made of chinton ex. chitons, snails, slugs scrape algae off rocks or tear apart vegetation

many mollusks have a radula which is?

mollusks: chitons

marine animals with 8 flat shells that overlap like shingle. they eat algae, diatoms, barnacles, and sometimes bacteria. also scrape rocky substrate with well developed radulae

polychaetes (annelida)

marine segmented worms. most have pairs of fleshy, paddle like appendages used for locomotion. name comes from the many bristles (chateau) in each appendage

arthropods

means "joined foot"; 1 million species and is extremely diverse. thrive in all habitats (land, air, oceans, freshwater)

Large brain, highly developed eyes, excellent sense of touch Organs work together to coordinate movement Reproduce color and texture of surroundings Problem solving abilities

mollusks octopuses nervous systems much more complex

contain sensory cells, detect odors and eyespots detect lights

mollusks snails nervous system

humans & animals

most familiar nematodes infect

leeches (annelida)

most live in fresh water and no bristles. some suck blood of vertebrates (including humans). But most eat small animals such as arthropods, snails, or other annelids. Each end has a sucker to attach itself to a surface or to its prey

small

most mammals were ______ until after mass extinction 65 mYA

-Mosquitoes, flies, fleas, and ticks transmit infectious diseasesas they consume human blood -Bees and scorpions can sting us -Termites chew wood in our homes

negative ways arthropods intersect with humans

Prochordates Invertebrate Chordates

nortacord persists throughout life Its NEVER replaced by a vertebral column! 1.Sea Squirts/Tunicates (Subphylum Urochordata) 2.Lancelets (Subphylum Cephalochordata)

mimicry

one species resembles another that possesses an anti predator defense

bilateral symmetry

only one plane, divide animal into mirror images (ex: crayfish, worms, humans) Correlated with cephalization, sensory organs concentrated. brain in animal's head, more complex sense of organs, increase ability to evaluate and respond to environment, elongated body form with paired appendages and organ on either side of body & no options for locomotion

mullein mimicry

organisms with toxin substance mimic each other. both the mimics benefit

brain and ventral nerve cord. they are active, fast, and sensitive to environments. Eyes, bristles, antennae (sensory structures) detect light, sound, touch, vibrations, air currents, and chemical signals Help find food, identify mates, escape predation

other characteristics of arthropods

ectoderm

outer tissue layer

Platyhelminthes tapeworms

parasites with a tough outer layer portects against host's digestive enzymes and immune system. they usually have multiple hosts and produce high numbers of offspring. They is a maximize chance a few will encounter a suitable host

leucochloridium

parasitic worm found in snail eyes

cordatas (molecular evidence, such as ribosomal RNA sequences, helps to confirm the close relationship the 2 phyla have)

phyla echinoderms are most closely related to who?

sponges. "pore-bearer". cells don't interact ti form tissues. no true tissues & aysmmetrical (synap)

phylum: Porifera

segmented worms & annulus "little ring" main classes: earthworms, leeches, polychaetes Shared features: segmentation, saddle like thickening near head end, coelom, secretes a protective "cocoon" for fertilized eggs when the animals reproduces

phylum: annelida

greek "nettle". radial symmetry, stinging cells and 2 germ layers (synapa) most marine, some live in freshwater ex: jellyfish, hydra, coral, sea anemones

phylum: cnidaria

-Some industries rely on arthropods -Beeswax and honey -Silk from silk worms for clothes -Food such as shrimp, crabs, lobsters, crawfishes Insects pollinate many plants -Spiders eat craw pests

positive ways arthropods intersect with humans

predation

presence of predators can decrease prey densities and vice versa

they have a very close relationship. predators increase with prey decrease and vice versa

prey - predator relationship

survivorship

probability of newborn individuals of a cohort surviving to certain ages ex. survivorship curves

type 1 survivorship curves

produce few offspring (1-2) and take good care of them until adulthood. assures survival to maturity

R-strategist (opportunistic life history)

produce large numbers of offspring and small in body size. they mature early and have little to no parental care. density indenpendent controls and good dispersers and colonizers

1. cleavage: split in a spiral cleavage s the daughter cells can sit in the grooves at Angles 2. mouth is the 1st opening near the blastopore 3. mesoderm is first solid masses that split to form the coelom

protostome

mutualism

relationship where both members benefit. Help organisms obtain food or avoid predation. doesn't need to be equally beneficial to both species.

-Most species have separate sexes -In aquatic arthropods, both external and internal fertilization -On land, internal fertilization Males commonly produces waterproof packet of sperrm females take sperm packet into body -Courtship rituals may involve canabolism (spiders, prayers mantus) -In most species females lay eggs. Some (mites, scorpions) bear live young -Ants and bees tend their young -In most arthropods, parental care is minimal

reproduction of arthropods

In most land arthropods, body wall perforated with holes (spiracles) Open into a series of branching tubes called tracheae Transport O2 and CO2 directly to and from Spiders and scorpions have stacked folds of tissue called book lungs (large surface area for gas exchange) Aquatic arthropods have extensively branched gills

respiratory system of arthropods

phylum Nematoda (Nema "Thread")

roundworms. unsegmented, cylindrical worms Pseudocoelom >80,000 species Hard to see with naked eye Very abundant (land, freshman, oceans) Small scoop of mud can yield thousands of _____.

(echinodermata) class Crinoidea

sea Lillies/feather stars approx. 600 living species show very conservative evolution -Fossilized sea lilies from 500 million years ago could pass for modern members of the class bc of their evolution

(echinodermata) class Holothuroidea

sea cucumbers look different from other echinoderms; they have no spine, little/no hard endoskeleton. & oral-aboral axis is enlogated BUT have 5 rows of tub feet and most are immobile. circle of oral tentacles around mouth respiration occurs through gill in their anus

(Echinodermata) class Asteroidea

sea stars their arms are not sharply distant from central disc ambulacral grooves open, tube feet with sucks mouth on oral or under side predators, scavenger eats

(echinodermata) class Echinoidea

sea urchins and sand dollars skeleton rigid meaning plate fused NO arms; 5 rows of tube feet for locomotion spines movable urchins roughly spherical where as sand dollars are flattened disk body is enclosed in a shall and body surface is usually covered with moveable spine

algae off rocks / Aristotle's lanterns

sea urchins generally feed by scraping via a complex chewing apparatus called _______

Phylum Porifera (sponges)

secrete skeletal components are protein fibers and spicules (made up of silica or calcium carbonate). these are hard and glass like. they also secrete toxic chemicals

flexibility and potential for development of specialized body parts (ex: antennae, wings or legs)

segmentation is important for increased

segments do not all function alike. there are 3 major regions: head, thorax and abdomen. the segments develop specialized functions (feeding, walking, or flying)

segmentation of arthropods

polyp ex: hydras, corals, sea anemones

sessile cnidarian (doesn't move), stalk holds the tentacles upward. gastrovascular cavity

mantle, muscular foot, and visceral mass

shared features (synapomorphies) of mollusks

organism

single, individual of a species (small)

K-strategists (equilibrou life history)

small number of offspring and large body size. they have late maturity, significant parental care. density dependent controls. specialists

species diversity

species richness + species evenness

parazoans

sponges; simplest of animals (lack true tissues). specialized cell types cells don't interact to provide specific functions

herpetology

study of reptiles and amphibians "her1ps"

parasitism, commensalism, mutualism

symbiotic relationships

vertebrae, jaws, lungs, limbs, aminion eggs

synapomorphies of chordata

species richness

the number of species in a given area

ecology

the study of distribution and abundance of organisms and their interactions with the environment

mollusk: cephalopods

they have a "head foot" and arms are connected to the head. are marine animals and contain the largest know invertebrate ex: octopuses, squids, nautiluses

mollusks: gastropods

they have a "stomach foot" & name comes from broad flat foot on which they crawl. ex: snails, slugs, sea slugs, limpets

mesoderm

third germ layer, between ectoderm and endoderm

ecdysis (drawback)

to grow, an animals must molt and secrete a bigger one. animal is vulnerable when new exoskeleton is still soft

sister taxa

two species (or higher taxa) that are each other's closest relative. Descend from a common node (means they share same most recent common ancestor)

polyp and medusa

types body forms of Cnidaria

flukes & tapeworm

types of Platyhelminthes

Dorsal hollow nerve cord Gill slits Post-anal tail Vertebrae (replaces notacord)

vertebrates characteristics

aposematic coloration

warning coloration. unpalatable - tase bad or toxic chemicals

nematodes that infect the hearts, lungs, and blood vessels of dogs and cats

what are heart worms?

diverse effects on human life, health, environmental quality. We eat clams, mussels, oysters, snails, squids, octopuses Pearls from oysters Shells of bivalves Bivalves can become posinos (if they accumulate pollutants, toxins)

what are mollusks important to humans?

mammary glands and skin is keratin-rick and waterproof, produces hair.

what are the distinguishing characteristics of mammals?

-On land, snails are garden pests bc they eat crops -In water, some host parasitic worms (ex. flukes in snails) -Venom of cone snail can kill humans -Invasive zebra mussels disrupted aquatic ecosystems in Central US

what are the importance mollusks to humans ?

water enters and leaves body through pores. cells help pull water in and push out ex: sponges

what does it mean if an animal completely lacks a digestive track?

Eggs lack protective cell and membranes Larvae respire through external gills Adults have lungs but not very efficient (they ab Instead their think skin provides a surface for gas exchange (must remain moist this is why they always have to stay near water)

what is amphibians link water?

eukaryotic, multicellular, lack cell wall, heterotrophs, stores carbohydrates as glycogen, develop from blastula, and extracellular matrix

what is an animal?

dermal brachae, tube feet, or respiratory tree

what is respiration by in echinodermata?

immigration, emigration, mortality, natality

what regulated population size

open circulatory system. tubelike heart propels circulating fluid in space surrounding most organs

what type of circulatory system do arthropods have?

complete digestive tract. two opening digestive tract (mouth to anus) & improves nutrition extraction from food

what type of digestive tract do mollusks and explain?

parasitism

when on organism derives nourishment from another organism (a host). it can live on or in the host causing the host some harm. many use host as habitat and mode of transmission

habitat

where an organism lives, and is able to survive and reproduce

Nematodes (they both molt as they grow aka ecdysis)

which phylum is most closely related to arthropods?

arthropods bc both nematodes and arthropods shed and replace their tough external covering several times during development

who is the closest relative to phylum Nematoda?

ØSalvary glands ØKeratinization and thicken of epidermis(skin) ØInternal fertilization, direct development, amniotic egg

•Ability to eat dry food--> •Skin that resists desiccation and abrasion--> •Ability to reproduce on dry land-->

ØLungs ØFins to limbs ØStronger limbs, limb girdles, and vertebral columns ØModification of eyes, ears, olfactory organs, etc.

•Ability to respire in air --> •Ability to move on land --> •Body able to support its own weight--> •Sense organs that function in air and not in water -->

chordates - Tiktaalik "fishpod"

•~375 Mya •Fish in shallow waters •Some tetrapod like traits: -Flat head & dorsal eyes -Mobile neck (no! aprecalum aka gill cover) -Robust pectoral & pelvic girdle -Fins with bones (inc. some wrist!) (lift body off substrate, short forays on land) •Some fishier traits: -Fins with rays, scales