bio 168 ch 6-8
osteoclasts
resorption of bone
Place the following events in the correct order.
1- Chondroblasts produce a cartilage model that is surrounded by a perichondrium. 2- The perichondrium of the diaphysis becomes the periosteum, and a bony collar is produced. 3- Chondrocytes hypertrophy, die, and calcified cartilage forms. 4- A primary ossification center forms as blood vessels and osteoblasts invade. 5- Osteoblasts lay down bone matrix, forming spongy bone in the primary ossification center. 6- Secondary ossification centers form in the epiphyses of long bones. 7- The cartilage model is almost completely ossified; the remaining cartilage becomes the epiphyseal plate and articular cartilage. 8- The epiphyseal plate becomes the epiphyseal line, and all cartilage (except articular) has become bone.
Put the steps of bone repair in the correct order.
1- Fracture of the bone, damage to blood vessels and surrounding periosteum 2- A localized mass of blood called a hematoma is formed. 3- An internal callus forms between the ends of the bones and an external callus forms a collar around the break. 4- Fibers and cartilage of the calluses are replaced by spongy bone. 5- Woven bone is replaced by compact bone.
Put the following events in the correct order
1- Some mesenchymal cells in the membrane become ostechondral progenitor cells. 2- Osteochondral progenitor cells become osteoblasts. 3- Osteoblasts produce bone matrix that surrounds collagen fibers, and some become osteocytes within the new matrix. 4- Trabeculae develop. 5- Osteoblasts form a ring on the outer surface of the trabeculae. 6- Trabeculae increase in size. 7- Spongy bone forms as trabeculae join together. 8- Red bone marrow appears in the spaces of the spongy bone. 9- Osteoblasts from the periosteum lay down bone matrix to form an outer surface of compact bone.
lace the labels in the numbered boxes so as to accurately reflect the sequence of events of intramembranous ossification.
1- mesenchymal cells become osteochondral progenitor cells 2- osteochondral progenitor cells become osteoblasts. 3- osteoblasts lay down bone matrix around existing collagen fibers 4- osteoblasts become osteocytes as they become surrounded by bony matrix. 5- trabeculae of woven bone and periosteum form 6- woven bone is converted to lamellar bone
rotation
A movement in which a bone spins on its longitudinal axis
circumduction
A movement in which one end of an appendage remains fairly stationary while the other end makes a circular motion
pronation
A movement of the forearm that turns the palm posteriorly or downward is called ________.
flexion
A movement that decreases the angle of a joint anterior to the coronal, or frontal, plane
inversion
A movement that tips the soles medially
supination
A movement that turns the palm to face anteriorly or upward
eversion
A movement that turns the soles laterally
retraction
A posterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane is called ________.
protraction
An example of _________ is sliding the mandible forward.
Place a single word into each sentence to make it correct. Not all terms will be used.
Any break in a bone is called a fracture, and repair is done in stages by the body. A hematoma will form and will turn into granulation tissue at the site of injury. Depositions of collagen and fibrocartilage will form a mass of tissue connecting the broken ends called an internal callus. Cells called osteoblasts deposit a temporary bony collar around the fracture while ossification occurs. The process finishes with bone remodeling, wherein woven bone is replaced by compact bone.
condylar (ellipsoid)
Biaxial joint that exhibits an oval convex surface on one bone that fits into a complementary-shaped depression on the other
saddle
Biaxial joint where both bones are concave in one direction and convex in the other
Outer Perichondrium
Blood vessels and nerves penetrate. No blood vessels in cartilage itself
Select all that are components of the skeletal system.
Bones Cartilage Ligaments Tendons
Ossified bone
Calcified cartilage is replaced by osseous tissue.
How would the urinary system contribute to osteoporosis?
Calcium ions released from the bones are excreted.
PTH
Causes RANKL to be produced Secreted by the parathyroid glands Stimulates an increase in the number of osteoclasts Secreted when blood calcium levels are too low
Zone of proliferation
Chondrocytes divide and form columns resembling stacks of plates or coins
Zone of hypertrophy
Chondrocytes mature and enlarge
A bone fracture that does not perforate the skin is a _________.
Closed fracture
How does the endocrine system affect osteoporosis?
Decreased estrogen levels
Osteoarthritis
Degenerative disorder of joints
Complete each sentence by dragging the proper word or phrase into the appropriate position.
Elongation of bones through endochondral ossification requires the zone of resting cartilage where normal hyaline cartilage persists near the epiphysis. The zone of cell proliferation is marked by an expansive production of chondrocytes that align in rows in order to replenish those undergoing calcification. The next layer is the zone of hypertrophy where the existing, columnar chondrocytes mature and enlarge and thus force the separations between lacunae to become very thin. Hypertrophied chondrocytes lie within a region containing calcified cartilage matrix in the zone of calcification. The osteoblasts lay down new bone matrix by appositional growth.
Bilateral synostosis of the coronal suture:
Expanded posterior cranium and expanded anterior cranium
Rheumatoid arthritis
Inflammation of a joint due to autoimmune condition
Bursitis
Inflammation of fluid-filled sacs associated with a joint
Match the bone matrix component or function with the appropriate classification.
Inorganic material: Provides weight bearing strength and Hydroxyapatite Organic material: Proteoglycans, Provides flexibility, and Collagen
plane (gliding)
Joint in which adjacent bones slide over each other and have relatively limited movement
How does the muscular system affect osteoporosis?
Lack of exercise reduces muscle stress on bone.
How might the integumentary system contribute to osteoporosis?
Lack of exposure to sunlight reduces vitamin D production.
Unilateral synostosis of the left coronal suture:
Lateral expansion of the right cranium
Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.
Mechanical stress occurs in the form of weight-bearing movement and exercise, and it is required for normal bone remodeling. Stress is detected by osteocytes and communicated to osteoblasts. These cells then increase synthesis of osteoid, and this is followed by deposition of mineral salts. Bone strength increases over a period of time in response to mechanical stress.
pivot
Monaxial joint in which a bone spins on its longitudinal axis
Lateral excursion
Moves mandible to either the right or left
ball-and-socket
Multiaxial joint
Synostosis of the metopic suture:
Narrowed forehead and expanded posterior cranium
Zone of resting cartilage
Nearest to the epiphysis; contains randomly arranged chondrocytes that do not divide rapidly
A patient a hospital with a broken femur. A piece of the bone is protruding from the skin, and the femur was shattered into many fragments, none of which line up in their original position. Select all that describe this type of fracture.
Open Displaced Comminuted
Select all that are functions of the skeletal system.
Production of blood cells and platelets Protection of internal organs Storage of minerals
Medial excursion
Returns the mandible to the midline position
calcitonin
Secreted when blood calcium levels are too high Inhibits osteoclast activity Secreted by the thyroid gland
Imagine observing a cross section through the diaphysis of a long bone. Place the following terms in order moving from superficial to deep.
Superficial: Periosteum- compact bone- spongy bone- endosteum- medullary cavity: deep
Patients may exhibit easily fractured bones, especially ______ puberty, a tendency to develop spinal curvature, and ________ joints.
before loose
Sprain
Torn or overstretched tendons or ligaments
True or False? As weight is transferred through the arch system of the foot, some of the ligaments are stretched; when weight is removed from the foot, the ligaments recoil.
True
Which one of the above is most likely to result in strabismus?
Unilateral synostosis of the left coronal suture
Zone of calcification
Very thin zone that contains enlarged chondrocytes and hardening cartilage matrix
A movement of a body part directed away from the midline of the body
abduction
Movement of a body part directed towards the midline of the body
adduction
Drag each label to the appropriate joint it describes. Labels may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
ankle- synovial, hinge toes- synovial, hinge between ankle and toes- synovial, plane
In _______ joints, a rounded bone surface of one bone fits inside a cuplike depression of the other bone.
ball-and-socket
Increased stability of the shoulder
ball-and-socket replaced by hinge
interstitial lamellae
between osteons, remnants of osteons replaced through remodeling
Contained within the spongy sections of bones, marrow is responsible for ________________________.
blood formation
osteons
blood vessel-filled central canal concentric lamellae of bone surround central canal lacunae and canaliculi contain osteocytes and fluid
components of the skeletal system
bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments
canaliculi
canals occupied by osteocyte cell processes.
osteon or haversian system
central canal, contents, associated concentric lamellae and osteocytes
interstitial
chondrocytes within the tissue divide and add more matrix between the cells
A motion in which one end of an appendage is stationary while the other makes a circular motion is called ________.
circumduction
The most common defect in osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) results from a mutation in the ____________ gene that leads to ______ collagen production.
collagen I less
matrix
collagen fibers for strength, proteoglycans for resiliency
woven bone
collagen fibers randomly orientated. formed: during fetal development and during fracture repair
lamellae
concentric, circumferential, interstitial
Inability to abduct or adduct fingers
condyloid replaced by hinge
articular cartilage
covers bone at joints; has no perichondrium
Place the labels under the category that most likely represents the outcome of the injury described.
decrease active range; passive range unaffected: injury to a nerve controlling a muscle around a joint. increase both passive and active ranges: stretching ligaments on the sides of a joint capsule. decrease both active and passive ranges: pressure from tissue swelling around a joint, and disuse of a joint.
More severe types of OI are due to a ______ in the collagen protein rather than a change in the amount produced.
defect
The combination of continual addition of new bone tissue (bone ____________) and removal of old bone tissue (bone ________________) is called bone ___________. This ongoing process occurs at both the ______________ (outer) and ___________ (inner) surfaces of a bone. Bone replacement is accomplished by the coordination of osteocytes and osteoclasts in a __________________________________ The relative activities of these cells are influenced by two primary factors: hormones and ___________ to the bone.
deposition reabsorption remodeling periosteal endosteal basic multicellular unit mechanical stress
Movement raising a body part in an inferior direction
depression
osteoclasts:
derived from monocytes (which are formed from stem cells in red bone marrow). multinucleated and probably arise from fusion of a number of cells.
perichondrium
double-layered C.T. sheath. Covers cartilage except at articulations.
Minerals can be stored in the skeleton which acts as a reservoir, storing or releasing minerals as needed to maintain _______________ throughout the body.
electrolyte balance
Movement raising a body part in a superior direction
elevation
In _______ joints, an oval-shaped surface of one bone articulates with an oval depression in another bone.
ellipsoid
osteoclasts release
enzymes that digest the bone
A movement that decreases the angle of a joint posterior to the coronal, or frontal, plane
extension
chondroblasts
form matrix
ossification
formation of bone by osteoblasts. osteoblasts communicate through gap functions. cells surround themselves by matrix.
osteoblast
formation of bone through ossification or osteogenesis collagen produced by E.R. and golgi. Released by exocytosis. Precursors of hydroxyapetite stored in vesicles, then released by exocytosis.
Excessive and insufficient growth at the epiphyseal plate lead to _______________ and ____________, respectively.
gigantism dwarfism
Decreased tooth stability and resilience
gomphoses replaced by pivot
A bone fracture generally found in children that is incomplete is a _________.
greenstick fracture
A bone fracture in which the two bone sections do not separate is a _________.
hairline fracture
In _______ joints, a convex cylinder of one bone fits in a concave depression of the other bone.
hinge
Monaxial joint, moving freely in one plane with very little movement in any other
hinge
Knee capable of adduction or abduction
hinge replaced by condyloid
cartilage
hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
Extension of a joint beyond its normal range of motion
hyperextension
trabeculae
interconnecting rods or plates of bone. like scaffolding. spaces filled with marrow. covered with endosteum. oriented along stress lines.
osteocytes
mature bone cells.
lamellar bone
mature bone in sheets called lamellae. Fibers are oriented in one direction in each layer, but in different directions in different layers for strength.
stem cells.
mesenchyme (osteochondral progenitor cells) become chondroblasts or osteoblasts.
inner perichondrium
more delicate, has fewer fibers, contains chondroblasts
The ___________ of the entire skeleton or skeletal elements utilizes the anchoring of muscles to attachment sites on the bones which then serve as levers.
movement
appositional growth
new chondrocytes and new matrix at the periphery
osteocytes and nutrients
nutrients diffuse through tiny amounts of liquid surrounding cell and filling lacunae and canaliculi. then can transfer nutrients from one cell to the next through gap junctions.
circumferential lamellae
on the periphery of a bone
bone matrix
organic: collagen and proteoglycans inorganic: hydroxyapatite. CaPO4 crystals if mineral removed, bone is too bendable if collagen removed, bone is too brittle
Martha is short in stature and has had a long history of bone fractures. She has been diagnosed with the most common form of ________________ in which a defect is found in type I ___________ protein.
osteogenesis imperfecta collagen
A Staphylococcal bacterial infection to the bone is one form of ___________.
osteomyelitis.
central or haversian canals
parallel to long axis
Hyaline growth image (top to deepest)
perichondrium appositional growth interstitial growth
perforating or volkmann's canal
perpendicular to long axis. Both perforating and central canals contain blood vessels. Direct flow of nutrients from vessels through cell processes of osteoblasts and from one cell to the next.
In _______ joints, a bony process fits within a bony and/or ligament ring.
pivot
In _______ joints, the articulating surfaces are flat.
plane
A movement of the forearm that turns the palm posteriorly or downward is called ________
pronation
A movement that turns the palm to face posteriorly or downward
pronation
The skull, pelvis, ribs, vertebral column, and sternum provide _________ to many delicate organs of the body by encasing them in hardened shell-like or caged structures.
protection
Collagen is a ________ found in the bone matrix that helps provide ___________ in bones.
protein flexibility
An anterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane is called ________.
protraction
Jutting out the jaw is an example of ________.
protraction
h ions of osteoclasts
pumped across membrane, acid forms, eats away bone.
remodeling bones
removing old bone and adding new woven bone is remodeled into lamellar bone
After several families took up residence on a remote island, they were unable to acquire sufficient levels of vitamin D in their diet. Young children, whose bones were still under development, developed ________ as seen by the noticeable curvature in the long bones of their legs. The adults experienced bone pain between their joints, an outcome consistent with their having developed ___________.
rickets and osteomalacia
A movement in which a bone turns on its longitudinal axis is called ________.
rotation
Turning the head left and right, as in saying "no," is an example of ________.
rotation
A _______ joint consists of a convex surface of one bone articulating with a concave surface of another bone.
saddle
lacunae
spaces occupied by osteocyte cell body
A fracture that takes a helical course around the bone is a _________.
spiral fracture
The bones of the skeleton provide structure to the body and serve as a _________ to hold up the body and maintain proper positioning of some organs.
support
functions of the skeletal system
support, protection, movement, storage, blood cell production
stellate
surrounded by matrix, but can make small amounts of matrix to maintain it.
chondrocytes
surrounded by matrix; are within lacunae
Decrease in nervous system protection
sutures replaced by plane joints
decreased spinal mobility
sympheses replaced by synostoses
Inability to pronate or supinate
synesmoses replaced by synostoses
Unfused os coxa resulting in separated ilia, pubis, and ischia in adulthood
synostoses replaced by synchondroses
Increase in respiratory difficulty
synovial rib attachments replaced by syndesmoses
The medial longitudinal arch prevents the medial side of the foot from touching the ground.
true
Whole body positron emission tomography of a breast cancer patient revealed a cell masses in her left tibia and femur. These were _________ resulting from breast cancer cells destroying and replacing bone tissue.
tumors
ruffled border of osteoclasts
where cell membrane borders bone and resorption is taking place