BIO 183

ADP and ATP act respectively as activator and inhibitor of glycolysis. Select one: True False

True

Cells may simultaneously express and activate/deactivate receptor tyrosine kinase, G protein-coupled receptors, intracellular receptors, and ion channels. Select one: True False

True

A human karyotype is composed of 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes Select one: a.False b.True

b. True

Telomerase contains a template of RNA nucleotides Select one: a.False b.True

b. True

he fluid-filled space between grana, in chloroplasts is known as "stoma" Select one: True False

False

Enzymes that phosphorylate other molecules are known as...

Kinases

DNA nucleotides have a hydroxyl group at the 2' position on the ribose Select one: a.False b.True

a. False

In eukaryotes, endocytosed solid particles are broken into smaller subunits by Select one: a.Vacuoles b.Lysosomes c.Rough endoplasmic reticulum d.Golgi apparatus e.Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum

b. Lysosomes

Trees are sometimes called the "lungs" of the planet. The oxygen they release comes from Select one: a.The Calvin cycle b.Photosystem 2 c.The Krebs cycle d.Photosystem 1 e.Pyruvate oxidation

b. Photosystem 2

The making of ATP from ADP is an exergonic reaction Select one: True False

False

The process of glycolysis cannot take place in prokaryotes because it requires the presence of mitochondria Select one: True False

False

Upon activation of a G protein-coupled receptor, the G protein converts a GDP into a GTP Select one: True False

False

The metabolic process in which fatty acids are converted into acetyl CoA is called...

Beta-oxidation

Lactic acid and CO2 are products of aerobic respiration in mammalian muscle cells

False

Photorespiration may be observed in C4 plants Select one: True False

False

In your skin cells, the difference in ATP production between conditions when oxygen is available or not is approximately Select one: a.18 times b.100 times c.38 times d.2 times e.36 times

a. 18 times

Bacterial cells divide by mitosis Select one: a.False b.True

a. False

The liver is heavily involved in detoxifying the blood. Based on this statement, which of the following characteristic would you expect to best describe hepatocytes (= liver cells)? Select one: a.Very large smooth endoplasmic reticulum b.Absence of Golgi apparatus c.High concentration of mitochondria d.Absence of lysosomes e.Very large nucleus

a. Very large smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct about ATP? Select one: a.ATP serves as an energy "currency" inside the cell b.The reaction of ATP to ADP + P is coupled to endergonic reactions c.The reaction of ATP to ADP + P is an exergonic reaction d.The main source of ATP production for an entire plant cells is its mitochondria e.All these answers are correct

a.ATP serves as an energy "currency" inside the cell b.The reaction of ATP to ADP + P is coupled to endergonic reactions c.The reaction of ATP to ADP + P is an exergonic reaction d.The main source of ATP production for an entire plant cells is its mitochondria e.All these answers are correct

Epinephrine and cortisol are both considered stress-related hormones. Cortisol is a steroid hormone, while epinephrine is a protein that binds to G protein-coupled receptors. Based on this statement, which hormone would you expect to elicit the fastest response? Select one: a.Cortisol b.Epinephrine

b. Epinephrine

Based on the difference is organism complexity, you would expect a chimpanzee to have more chromosomes than a prawn (shrimp) Select one: a.True b.False

b. False

The small intercellular connections made of the protein connexin that allow the passage of small molecules such as Ca++ and ATP between adjacent animal cells are known as... Select one: a.Desmosomes b.Gap junctions c.Plasmodesmata d.Tight junctions

b. Gap junctions

In a cancerous cell, you would expect telomerase activity to be Select one: a.The same as in a healthy cell b.Higher than in a healthy cell c.Lower than in a healthy cell

b. Higher than in a healthy cell

In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect lactate production to be Select one: a.The same as in a healthy cell b.Higher than in a healthy cell c.Lower than in a healthy cell

b. Higher than in a healthy cell

DNA polymerases read the DNA Select one: a.In the 5' to 3' direction b.In the 3' to 5' direction c.In either 3' to 5' or 5' to 3' direction - depending on the situation

b. In the 3' to 5' direction

In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect CO2 production to be Select one: a.Higher than in a healthy cell b.Lower than in a healthy cell c.The same as in a healthy cell

b. Lower than in a healthy cell

DNA and RNA nucleotides have a sugar component Select one: a.False b.True

b. True

An uncharged species of nitrogen the has a mass of 15 AMUs (or daltons) would be called a nitrogen ion Select one: a.True b.False

b.False

Cystic fibrosis is a disease in which people have a mutation in an ion channel called CFTR. This type of channel is found in multiple tissues throughout the body, and a simple mutation in this channel may be expressed in a multitude of ways (sweating disorder, digestive system malfunction, respiratory difficulties, etc...). This type of situation when a genetic mutation expresses itself in a multitude of phenotypes is called Select one: a.Polygenic inheritance b.Codominance c.Pleiotropy d.Incomplete dominance e.Epistasis

c. Pleiotropy

The main advantage of using a pyramid-shaped cascade of events downstream of membrane-bound receptors is Select one: a.ATP/GTP conservation b.Increase in signal diversity c.Signal amplification and speed d.Signal accuracy

c. Signal amplification and speed

The atomic number of hydrogen is 1. How many neutrons does elemental hydrogen (H) contain? Select one: a.2 b.1 c.4 d.0 e.3

d. 0

In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), how many ATPs per molecule of glucose would you expect to be produced? Select one: a.12 b.48 c.24 d.2 e.36

d. 2

In meiosis, sister chromatids move toward the opposite poles of a dividing cell during Select one: a.Metaphase 1 b.Anaphase 1 c.Telophase 1 d. Anaphase 2 e.Prophase 1 f. Telophase 2 g.Prophase 2 h. Both anaphase 1 and anaphase 2 i. Metaphase 2

d. Anaphase 2

Which of the following polysaccharides are you most likely to find in the exoskeleton of a locust (grasshopper)? Select one: a.Glycogen b.Amylose c.Starch d.Chitin e.Cellulose

d. Chitin

The bonds that hold hydrogen and oxygen within a water molecule are called Select one: a.Ionic bonds b.Hydrophobic bonds c.Van der Waals forces d.Covalent bonds e.Hydrogen bonds

d. Covalent bonds

Which of the following structures allows cells to "read" the extracellular matrix and be influenced by it? Select one: a.Desmosomes b.Tight junctions c.Collagen fibers d.Integrin proteins e.Gap junctions

d. Integrin proteins

Which of the following is accurate regarding lactose? Select one: a.Lactose is a milk protein AND it is composed of galactose and glucose b.Lactose is a disaccharide composed of galactose and fructose c.Lactose is a protein found in milk and some of its derivatives d.Lactose is composed of galactose and glucose e.Lactose is a lipid

d. Lactose is composed of galactose and glucose

During the "firing" of a neuron, sodium moves along (down) its concentration gradient, from the extracellular environment into the cell. This is an example of Select one: a.Primary active transport b.Secondary active transport c.Osmosis d.Facilitated diffusion

d.Facilitated diffusion

Match the level of protein structure on the left with the appropriate description on the right. i. Primary w. 3-dimensional shape of polypeptide chain ii. Secondary x. linear sequence of amino acids iii. Tertiary y. assembly of subunits into functional protein iv. Quaternary z. hydrogen bonding within peptide backbone (ex: α-helix) Select one: a. i=x, ii=w, iii=z, iv=y b. i=z, ii=x, iii=y, iv=w c. i=y, ii=w, iii=x, iv=z d. i=x, ii=y, iii=z, iv=w e. i=x, ii=z, iii=w, iv=y

e. i=x, ii=z, iii=w, iv=y

How many checkpoints does a typical cell cycle have? Select one: a.12 b.2 c.17 d.5 e.3

e. 3

Hydroxylamine lowers catalase activity by fitting within its active site. This suggest that Select one: a.Hydroxylamine is an allosteric activator of catalase b.Hydroxylamine is most likely the main substrate of catalase c.Hydroxylamine has the ability to denature catalase d.Hydroxylamine is an allosteric inhibitor of catalase e.Hydroxylamine is a competitive inhibitor of catalase

e. Hydroxylamine is a competitive inhibitor of catalase

In his experiments, Mendel sometimes crossed tall pea plants with short ones. The outcome of such crosses would always express the dominant allele (either tall or short). If the outcome of such a cross had been a medium size (basically between tall and short), the pattern of inheritance for these plants would most likely be called Select one: a.Epistasis b.Polygenic inheritance c.Pleiotropy d.Codominance e.Incomplete dominance

e. Incomplete dominance

Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions by Select one: a.Lowering the activation energy necessary to start the reaction AND converting endergonic reactions into exergonic ones b.Converting exergonic reactions into endergonic ones c.Converting endergonic reactions into exergonic ones d.Converting substrates into products in their allosteric site e.Lowering the activation energy necessary to start the reaction

e. Lowering the activation energy necessary to start the reaction

In plant cells, most of the ATP to be used by the cell is produced by which of the following? Select one: a.The rough endoplasmic reticulum b.Ribosomes c.The smooth endoplasmic reticulum d.Chloroplasts e.Mitochondria

e. Mitochondria

Which of the following is correct about the cyclic electron flow that takes place during photosynthesis Select one: a.It is required because the Calvin cycle uses more ATP than NADPH b.It happens when C3 plants get too hot c.It happens when C3 plants have too much oxygen trapped in their cells d.It is the most prevalent type of electron flow observed in the thylakoid membrane e.It may happen in C3, C4, and CAM plants f.Both A and E are correct

f. Both A and E are correct

Which of the following reaction categories would be most likely to have the lowest ΔG value? Select one: a.Catalyzed Endergonic Reaction b.Catalyzed Exergonic Reaction c.Uncatalyzed Endergonic Reaction d.Uncatalyzed Exergonic Reaction e.A and B f.A and C g.B and D h.C and D

g. B and D

If you wanted to produce a 5-10% alcoholic beverage, which of the following ingredients would NOT be a requirement? Select one: a.Neither yeast nor an air-tight container would be required b.Oxygen c.A sugar (glucose or fructose) d.Water e.Yeast f.An air-tight container g.Bacteria h.Neither bacteria nor oxygen would be required

h. Neither bacteria nor oxygen would be required

How many covalent bonds can a carbon atom form? Select one: a.2 b.4 c.3 d.1 e.5

b. 4

Centrioles are only found in a cell during the M phase of the cell cycle Select one: a.False b.True

a. False

Which of the following factors contribute significantly to increasing cell membrane fluidity at room temperature? Select one: a.Saturation of the fatty acyl chains on phospholipids b.Presence of double bonds in the fatty acyl chains c.Presence of cholesterol in the membrane d.Long fatty acyl chains on phospholipids

b. Presence of double bonds in the fatty acyl chains

The making of ATP during glycolysis (phosphorylation of ADP) is best described as Select one: a.Oxidative phosphorylation b.Substrate-level phosphorylation

b. Substrate-level phosphorylation

During mitosis, the protein complex that anchors the replicated chromosomes to the spindle apparatus is called Select one: a.A histone b.The kinetochore c.The centromere d.A cohesin e.A centriole

b. The kinetochore

During prophase of mitosis, each replicated chromosome attaches to a different microtubule on the mitotic spindle apparatus Select one: a.False b.True

b. True

Specific growth factors have the ability to induce the expression of specific cyclins and CDKs required during the various phases of the cell cycle Select one: a.False b.True

b. True

Imagine a scenario where plant W is exposed to White light, plant B is exposed to Blue light, plant G is exposed to Green light, and plant R is exposed to Red light. How would you rank these plants in terms of photosynthetic activity, ranging from high to low? Select one: a.All plants would have the same level of photosynthetic activity b.W B R G c.B G W R d.G W B R e.W G B R f.B W G R

b. W B R G

Flag question Question text The 2 main stages of photosynthesis, in chloroplasts are Select one: a.Light and heavy reactions b.Photosynthesis and gluconeogenesis c.Light-dependent reactions and Calvin cycle d.Oxidative phosphorylation and Citric acid cycle e.Carbon-fixing and Calvin cycles

c. Light-dependent reactions and Calvin cycle

In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect NADH production to be Select one: a.The same as in a healthy cell b.Higher than in a healthy cell c.Lower than in a healthy cell

c. Lower than in a healthy cell

In plant cells, most of the ATP to be used by the cell is produced by which of the following? Select one: a.None of the above b.Chloroplasts c.Mitochondria d.The rough endoplasmic reticulum e.The smooth endoplasmic reticulum

c. Mitochondria

Growth factors affect the cell cycle by binding to Select one: a.Cyclin/CDK complexes b.G protein coupled receptors (GPCR) c.Rb proteins d.Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) e.Intracellular receptors

d. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK)

The average intracellular voltage of most cells varies between which two values? Select one: a.-70 to +90 millivolts b.-5 to -100 volts c.-500 to -1000 volts d.5 to 100 volts e.-5 to -100 millivolts

e. -5 to -100 millivolts

Tomato juice has a pH around 4.0, and distilled water has a pH around 7.0. This means that tomato juice is Select one: a.3 times as alkaline (basic) as distilled water b.30 times as acidic as distilled water c.3 times as acidic as distilled water d.100 times as acidic as distilled water e.1000 times as acidic as distilled water

e. 1000 times as acidic as distilled water

In general, how do chloroplasts differ from mitochondria? Select one: a.Chloroplasts take in H2O and CO2 to produce sugars, whereas mitochondria take in sugars to produce ATP. b.Chloroplasts take in sugars to produce ATP, whereas mitochondria take in H2O and CO2 to produce sugars. c.Chloroplasts and mitochondria have virtually the same function, except that chloroplasts are found in plant cells and mitochondria are found in animal cells d.The ATP produced by mitochondria is used throughout the cell, whereas the ATP produced by chloroplasts stays inside them. e.Both A and D are correct answers

e. Both A and D are correct answers

Which of the following is true regarding your mitochondrial DNA? Select one: a.It is almost identical to your mother's mitochondrial DNA b.It is virtually identical in all the cells of your body c.It is almost identical to your father's mitochondrial DNA d.In any cell of your body, it is nearly identical to your genomic DNA (the one found in the nucleus) e.Both answers A and B are correct

e. Both answers A and B are correct

Organisms that generate their own food by converting inorganic molecules into organic ones are called...

Autotrophs

Enzymes that dephosphorylate other molecules are known as...

Phosphatases

A nucleosome is composed of 9 histones (1 linker H1, 2H2A, 2H2B, 2H3, and 2H4) Select one: a.True b.False

True

At the beginning of the electron transport chain in mitochondria, NADH releases Select one: a.2 electrons and 1 proton b.1 electron and 1 proton c.2 electrons and 2 protons d.1 electron and 2 protons

a. 2 electrons and 1 proton

At the end of the G2 phase, a diploid cell with an n=4 has a total of _____ chromosomes Select one: a.8 b.32 c.16 d.4

a. 8

Which of the following molecules most closely resembles ATP? Select one: a.A nucleotide b.A fatty acid c.An amino acid d.A monosaccharide e.Glycerol

a. A nucleotide

The gene that encodes for the protein RAS is considered to be Select one: a.A proto-oncogene b.A tumor-suppressor gene c.None of the above

a. A proto-oncogene

In photosynthesis, NADPH donates electrons to the Calvin cycle. In this REDOX reaction, NADPH may be called Select one: a.A reducing agent b.A special agent c.An oxidizing agent

a. A reducing agent

The chemiosmotic gradient that is established in the intermembrane space of mitochondria allows the activation of which of the following? Select one: a.ATP synthase b.Low-energy electrons c.Ubiquinone d.Cytochromes e.NADH dehydrogenase

a. ATP synthase

Urea is one of the first (if not THE first) organic compound to be synthetized in a dish. Our cells produce urea to get rid of nitrogenous wastes. Based on your knowledge of macromolecules, you would expect nitrogenous wastes to come from the metabolism of Select one: a.Both proteins and nucleic acids contain nitrogen b.Sugars c.Fats d.Proteins e.Nucleic acids

a. Both proteins and nucleic acids contain nitrogen

DNA polymerases can only work on the lagging strand of the replication fork once they are finished with the leading strand Select one: a.False b.True

a. False

The cells found in the liver of an elephant are about 100 times larger than the cells found in your liver. Select one: a.False b.True

a. False

Which of the following is/are a monosaccharide? Select one: a.Fructose b.Sucrose c.Both sucrose and lactose are monosaccharides d.Cellulose e.Lactose

a. Fructose

During a typical cell cycle, the interphase is composed of which of the following phases Select one: a.G1, S, and G2 only b.G0, G1, and G2 c.Interphase is the gap between G1 and G2 d.Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase e.G1, S, G2, and Mitosis

a. G1, S, and G2 only

A Gram positive bacterium would... Select one: a.Have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan b.Not have any cell wall c.Have a thin cell wall made of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrane

a. Have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan

Proportionally to its volume, a basketball has _____ surface area than a marble. Select one: a.Less b.More

a. Less

Water has its highest density when it is in its Select one: a.Liquid state b.Gaseous state c.Solid state

a. Liquid state

In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect O2 consumption to be Select one: a.Lower than in a healthy cell b.The same as in a healthy cell c.Higher than in a healthy cell

a. Lower than in a healthy cell

The hydrolysis of macromolecules and organelles that are no longer needed in the cells is most likely to take place in which of the following? Select one: a.Lysosomes b.Golgi apparatus c.Both ribosomes and lysosomes are involved in macromolecule and organelle degradation d.Rough Endoplasmic reticulum e.Ribosomes

a. Lysosomes

Based on cellular respiration only, would you have to breathe if your cells did not have mitochondria? Select one: a.No b.Yes

a. No

DNA replication is a Select one: a.Semi-conservative mechanism b.Conservative mechanism c.Dispersive mechanism

a. Semi-conservative mechanism

In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect pyruvate production to be Select one: a.The same as in a healthy cell b.Lower than in a healthy cell c.Higher than in a healthy cell

a. The same as in a healthy cell

A pair of mutated receptor tyrosine kinase that stay constantly phosphorylated could lead to uncontrolled mitosis, and ultimately formation of a tumor Select one: a.True b.False

a. True

Caspases are apoptosis-inducing proteins activated by tumor suppressor proteins such as p53 Select one: a.True b.False

a. True

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) can be activated or deactivated via phosphorylation and dephosphorylation Select one: a.True b.False

a. True

During the S-phase of the cell cycle, each chromosome has multiple replication bubbles Select one: a.True b.False

a. True

The plasma membrane is best described as: Select one: a.A double layer made entirely of glycoproteins, glycolipids, and cholesterol b.A double membrane of phospholipids arranged in a fluid-mosaic of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates c.A double layer of proteins that is impermeable to water, but allows free movement of ions d.A stiff double membrane composed of phospholipids, proteins, and nucleic acids e.None of these answers is correct

b. A double membrane of phospholipids arranged in a fluid-mosaic of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates

Which of the following structures would least likely be found in a bacterium? Select one: a.A plasma membrane b.A lysosome c.Ribosomes d.A cell wall e.A nucleotide

b. A lysosome

The carboxyl group of an amino acid placed in a very acidic environment (pH=2.0) would look like which of the following choices?

b. B.

Which of the following molecules are steroid hormones derived from? Select one: a.The amino acid tryptophan b.Cholesterol c.Glycogen d.Testosterone e.fatty acids f.Phospholipids

b. Cholesterol

Growth factors are typically Select one: a.Synaptic signals b.Paracrine signals c.Cell-cell contact signals d.Endocrine signals e.Autocrine signals

b. Paracrine signals

You would expect the pH of the intermembrane space in mitochondria to be Select one: a.Very high b.Close to neutral c.Very low

c. Very low

Which of the following factors would have the ability to denature an enzyme that is commonly found in prokaryotes that live in the hot springs of Yellowstone (pH= 2.0 and Temp = degrees 40 C)? Select one: a.Placing the enzyme in the freezer (around -20 C) b.Placing the enzyme in a neutral pH environment (pH = 7.0) c.Placing the enzyme at room temperature. d.Placing the enzyme in the oven (around 350 degrees C) e.Both a neutral pH and an oven temperature of 350 degrees could denature the enzyme f.All of these conditions would denature the enzyme

e. Both a neutral pH and an oven temperature of 350 degrees could denature the enzyme

The main difference between active and passive transport across a cell membrane is Select one: a.Active transport requires channels while passive transport does not b.Active transport requires transport proteins while passive transport does not c.Active transport requires energy while passive transport does not d.Active transport involves the movement of molecules against their concentration gradient e.Both answers C and D are correct

e. Both answers C and D are correct

The molecules represented below are best described as... Select one: a. Polymers b. Enantiomers c. Dimers d. Structural isomers e. Geometric isomers (or stereoisomers)

e. Geometric isomers (or stereoisomers)

Proteins are broken down into amino acids during a process known as Select one: a.Denaturation b.Dehydration c.Deglycosylation d.Decarboxylation e.Hydrolysis

e. Hydrolysis

Which of the following best describes the process of fermentation (not glycolysis - just fermentation only)? Select one: a.It leads to the production of 2 Lactase molecules per glucose b.It allows the oxidation of NADH into NAD+ c.It leads to the production of lactic acid in yeast cells d.It leads to the production of ethanol in muscle cells e.It allows the continued production of ATP in oxygen-rich environments f.It allows glycolysis to proceed in oxygen-poor environment by oxidizing NADH into NAD+

f. It allows glycolysis to proceed in oxygen-poor environment by oxidizing NADH into NAD+