Bio 2 FINAL

2. Compare and contrast members of Agnatha, Placadermi, and Chondrichthyes

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3. Summarize the evidence supporting the fact that amphibians evolved from crossopterygians

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4. Distinguish among the following arthropod classes and give an example of each 0. Arachnida 1. Crustacea 2. Diplopoda 3. Chilopoda 4. Insecta

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5. Compare and contrast the four main evolutionary lines of placental mammals

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Compare developmental differences between protostomes and deuterostomes including a. plane of cleavage b. determination c. fate of balstopore d. coelom formation

- Protostomic Development 1) the blastopore becomes mouth 2) the coelom forms from the mesoderm 3) cleavage is determined and spiral - Deuterostome Development 1) The blastopore becomes anus 2) Coelom forms from budding off the wall of archenteron 3) cleavage is indeterminate and radial

1. parasitic 2. commensalistic 3. symbiotic 4. endosymbiotic 5. mutualistic

...

30) Which trait(s) is (ar(E) shared by modern gymnosperms and angiosperms?

1, 2, and 3

27) Arrange the following structures, which can be found on male pine trees, from the largest structure to the smallest structure (or from most inclusive to least inclusive).

1, 4, 3, 2, 5

25) The bony fishes are characterized by A) a bony endoskeleton, operculum, and usually a swim bladder. B) a cartilaginous endoskeleton. C) an amniotic egg. D) teeth that are replaced regularly. E) a lateral line system and ears with three semicircular canals.

25) The bony fishes are characterized by A) a bony endoskeleton, operculum, and

9) Suppose that the cells of seed plants, like the skin cells of humans, produce a pigment upon increased exposure to UV radiation. Rank the cells below, from greatest to least, in terms of the likelihood of producing this pigment.

3, 1, 4, 2

49) Arrange the following structures from largest to smallest, assuming that they belong to two generations of the same angiosperm.

4, 1, 2, 5, 3

26) Within a gymnosperm megasporangium, what is the correct sequence in which the following should appear during development, assuming that fertilization occurs?

4, 2, 3, 1

Choose the adaptation below that best meets each particular challenge for life on land. Choices may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A. nonflagellated sperm B. tracheids and phloem C. secondary compounds D. cuticle E. alternation of generations 20) reproduction away from water

A

28) Which of the following statements is false?

A mature fruit is a short stem with spore-bearing appendages.

33) During chordate evolution, what is the sequence (from earliest to most recent) in which the following structures arose? 1. amniotic egg 2. paired fins 3. jaws 4. swim bladder 5. four-chambered heart A) 2, 3, 4, 1, 5 B) 3, 2, 4, 1, 5 C) 3, 2, 1, 4, 5 D) 2, 1, 4, 3, 5 E) 2, 4, 3, 1, 5

A) 2, 3, 4, 1, 5 2. paired fins 3. jaws 4. swim bladder 1. amniotic egg 5. four-chambered heart

13) Almost all of the major animal body plans seen today appeared in the fossil record over 500 million years ago at the beginning of the A) Cambrian period. B) Ediacaran period. C) Permian period. D) Carboniferous period. E) Cretaceous period.

A) Cambrian period.

6) Which extant chordate group is postulated to be most like the earliest chordates in appearance? A) Cephalochordata B) adult Urochordata C) Amphibia D) Reptilia E) Chondrichthyes

A) Cephalochordata

39) When did dinosaurs and pterosaurs become extinct? A) Cretaceous "crisis" B) Permian extinctions C) Devonian "disaster" D) Phanerozoiceon E) Hadeaneon

A) Cretaceous "crisis"

29) A terrestrial mollusc without a shell belongs to which class? A) Gastropoda B) Polyplacophora C) Bivalvia D) Cephalopoda E) Arthropoda

A) Gastropoda

45) the species currently thought to be the direct ancestor of H. neanderthalensis Match the taxonomic terms below with the descriptions that follow. Options may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A) H. heidelbergensis B) H. erectus C) H. ergaster D) H. habilis E) H. sapiens

A) H. heidelbergensis

19) If one encounters the deepest stratum in which aquatic and flying reptiles can be found, then one has likely found a stratum that was laid during which era? A) Mesozoic B) Paleozoic C) Cenozoic D) Neoproterozoic E) Precambrian

A) Mesozoic

30) Which molluscan class includes chitons? A) Polyplacophora B) Bivalvia C) Cephalopoda D) Gastropoda E) both C and D

A) Polyplacophora

17) Generally, members of which flatworm class are nonparasitic? A) Turbellaria B) Trematoda C) Cestoda D) Monogenea E) A, C, and D

A) Turbellaria

44) The following characteristics all helped seedless plants become better-adapted to land except A) a dominant gametophyte. B) vascular tissue. C) a waxy cuticle. D) stomata. E) a branched sporophyte.

A) a dominant gametophyte.

2) Although a diverse group, all cnidarians are characterized by A) a gastrovascular cavity. B) an alternation between a medusa and a polyp stage. C) some degree of cephalization. D) muscle tissue of mesodermal origin. E) the complete absence of asexual reproduction.

A) a gastrovascular cavity.

28) In a tide pool, a student encounters an organism with a hard outer covering that contains much calcium carbonate, an open circulatory system, and gills. The organism could potentially be a crab, a shrimp, a barnacle, or a bivalve. Which structure below would allow for the most certain identification? A) a mantle B) a heart C) a body cavity D) a lophophore E) eyes

A) a mantle

5) A land snail, a clam, and an octopus all share A) a mantle. B) a radula. C) gills. D) embryonic torsion. E) distinct cephalization.

A) a mantle.

24) Which of the following is not a secondary compound of embryophytes? A) adenosine triphosphate B) alkaloids C) terpenes D) tannins E) flavonoids

A) adenosine triphosphate

9 People who attempted to plant Brazil nuts in hopes of establishing plantations of Brazil nut trees played roles most similar to those of

A) agoutis.

6) A number of characteristics are very similar between charophyceans and members of the kingdom Plantae. Of the following, which characteristic does not provide evidence for a close evolutionary relationship between these two groups? A) alternation of generations B) chloroplast structure C) cell plate formation during cytokinesis D) sperm cell structure ` E) ribosomal RNA nucleotide sequences

A) alternation of generations

15) In flowering plants, pollen is released from the A) anther. B) stigma. C) carpel. D) filament. E) pollen tube.

A) anther.

19) Which of these is incorrectly paired with its life-cycle generation? A) anthergametophyte B) pollengametophyte C) embryo sac gametophyte D) stamensporophyte E) embryosporophyte

A) anthergametophyte

41) The blastopore denotes the presence of an endoderm-lined cavity in the developing embryo, a cavity that is known as the A) archenteron. B) blastula. C) coelom. D) germ layer. E) blastocoel.

A) archenteron.

35) Organisms that are neither coelomate nor pseudocoelomate should, apart from their digestive systems, have bodies that A) are solid with tissue. B) lack the ability to metabolize food. C) are incapable of muscular contraction. D) lack true tissues. E) lack mesodermally derived tissues.

A) are solid with tissue.

50) If a fern gametophyte is a hermaphrodite (that is, has both male and female gametangia on the same plant), then it A) belongs to a species that is homosporous. B) must be diploid. C) has lost the need for a sporophyte generation. D) has antheridia and archegonia combined into a single sex organ. E) is a mutant, because fern gametophytes are always either male or female.

A) belongs to a species that is homosporous.

24) Which are the most abundant and diverse of the extant vertebrates? A) bony fishes B) avian reptiles C) amphibians D) non-avian reptiles E) mammals

A) bony fishes

52) A shared derived characteristic for members of the arthropod subgroup that includes spiders would be the presence of A) chelicerae. B) an open circulatory system. C) an exoskeleton. D) a cuticle. E) a cephalothorax.

A) chelicerae.

6) Which chemical is not normally found in any sponges? A) chitin B) spongin C) calcium carbonate D) silica E) cribrostatin

A) chitin

27) All of the following belong to the lobe -fin clade, except A) chondrichthyans. B) Australian lungfishes. C) African lungfishes. D) coelacanths. E) tetrapods.

A) chondrichthyans.

51) Echinoderms are A) deuterstomes. B) parazoans. C) protostomes. D) radiata. E) acoelomates.

A) deuterstomes.

14) Which of the following types of plants is not able to self-pollinate? A) dioecious B) monoecious C) complete D) wind-pollinated E) insect-pollinated

A) dioecious

63) In the moss life cycle ________ cells within a sporangium undergo ________ to produce ________ spores. A) diploid; meiosis; haploid B) haploid; mitosis; haploid C) diploid; mitosis; diploid D) diploid; mitosis; haploid E) haploid; meiosis; haploid

A) diploid; meiosis; haploid

74) Which of the following is a land plant that produces flagellated sperm and has a sporophyte-dominant life cycle? A) fern B) moss C) liverwort D) charophycean E) hornwort

A) fern

33) In plants, which of the following could be an advantage of sexual reproduction as opposed to asexual reproduction? A) genetic variation B) mitosis C) stable populations D) rapid population increase E) greater longevity

A) genetic variation

73) During the Carboniferous period, the dominant plants were A) giant lycophytes, horsetails, and ferns. B) conifers. C) angiosperms. D) charophyceans. E) early seed plants.

A) giant lycophytes, horsetails, and ferns.

48) Which term is most nearly synonymous with "apes"? Match the taxonomic terms below with the descriptions that follow. Each option may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A) hominoids B) Homo C) anthropoids D) hominids E) primates

A) hominoids

55) A dissection of the interior of the stem should reveal A) lignified vascular tissues. B) cuticle. C) gametangia. D) that it is composed of only a single, long cell. E) a relatively high proportion of dead, water-filled cells.

A) lignified vascular tissues.

46) Pollen grain is to ________ as ________ is to female gametophyte. A) male gametophyte; embryo sac B) embryo sac; ovule C) ovule; sporophyte D) anther; seed E) petal; sepal

A) male gametophyte; embryo sac

38) A fruit is a (an) A) mature ovary. B) mature ovule. C) seed plus its integuments. D) fused carpel. E) enlarged embryo sac.

A) mature ovary.

36) Bryophytes may feature all of the following at some time during their existence except A) microphylls. B) rhizoids. C) archegonia. D) sporangia. E) conducting tissues

A) microphylls.

54) While working in your garden, you discover a worm-like, segmented animal with two pairs of jointed legs per segment. The animal is probably a A) millipede. B) caterpillar. C) centipede. D) polychaete worm. E) sow bug.

A) millipede.

54) According to the evidence collected so far, the animal kingdom is 12 A) monophyletic. B) paraphyletic. C) polyphyletic. D) euphyletic. E) multiphyletic.

A) monophyletic.

50) When seeds germinate, the radicle emerges before the shoot. This allows the seedling to quickly A) obtain a dependable water supply. B) mobilize stored carbohydrates. C) protect the emerging coleoptile. D) avoid etiolation. E) initiate photosynt hesis.

A) obtain a dependable water supply.

64) Where do fern antheridia develop? A) on the underside of the gametophyte B) on the tip of the gametophyte C) on the tip of the sporophyte D) on the tip of protonema E) on the underside of the sporophyte

A) on the underside of the gametophyte

32) Why is the discovery of the fossil Archaeopteryx significant? It supports the A) phylogenetic relatedness of birds and reptiles. B) contention that birds are much older than we originally thought. C) claim that mammals and dinosaurs coexisted. D) idea that the first birds were ratites. E) hypothesis that some extinct reptiles were endothermic.

A) phylogenetic relatedness of birds and reptiles

68) Which of the following characteristics do mosses, liverworts, and hornworts share? A) reproductive cells in gametangia; embryos B) branched sporophytes C) vascular tissues, true leaves, and a waxy cuticle D) seeds E) lignified walls

A) reproductive cells in gametangia; embryos

22) The following are all adaptations to life on land except A) rosette cellulose-synthesizing complexes. B) cuticles. C) tracheids. D) reduced gametophyte generation. E) seeds.

A) rosette cellulose-synthesizing complexes.

49) Which of the following is a characteristic of adult echinoderms? A) secondary radial symmetry B) spiral cleavage during early embryonic development C) gastrovascular cavity D) exoskeleton E) a lophophore

A) secondary radial symmetry

1)The products of meiosis in plants are always which of the following? A) spores B) eggs C) sperm D) seeds E) both B and C

A) spores

2) Which of the following is the correct sequence during alternation of generations in a flowering plant? A) sporophyte-meiosis-gametophyte-gametes-fertilization-diploid zygote B) sporophyte-mitosis-gametophyte -meiosis-sporophyte C) haploid gametophyte -gametes-meiosis-fertilization-diploid sporophyte D) sporophyte-spores-meiosis-gametophyte-gametes E) haploid sporophyte -spores-fertilization-diploid gametophyte

A) sporophyte-meiosis-gametophyte-gametes-fertilization-diploid zygote

52) Besides oil, what other chemical should be detected in substantial amounts upon chemical analysis of these small spheres? A) sporopollenins B) phenolics C) waxes D) lignins E) terpenes

A) sporopollenins

37) Which of these characteristics added most to vertebrate success in relatively dry environments? A) the amniotic egg B) the ability to maintain a constant body temperature C) two pairs of appendages D) claws E) a four-chambered heart

A) the amniotic egg

69) Which of the following is not common to all phyla of vascular plants? A) the development of seeds B) alternation of generations C) dominance of the diploid generation D) xylem and phloem E) the addition of lignin to cell walls

A) the development of seeds

26) Within the female gametophyte, three mitotic divisions of the megaspore produce A) three antipodal cells, two polar nuclei, one egg, and two synergids. B) the triple fusion nucleus. C) three pollen grains. D) two antipodal cells, two polar nuclei, two eggs, and two synergids. E) a tube nucleus, a generative cell, and a sperm cell.

A) three antipodal cells, two polar nuclei, one egg, and two synergids.

46) Infection with which parasite would cause elasticity in human skeletal muscles? A) trichinella worms B) tapeworms C) copepods D) blood flukes E) rotifers

A) trichinella worms

57) may have lungs, or gills, and may use skin as a respiratory surface For the following items, match the vertebrate groups below w ith the descriptions that follow. Each choice may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A. amphibians B. non-avian reptiles C. chondrichthyans D. mammals E. avian reptiles

A. amphibians

59) Their mouth is directed upward. Match the descriptions with the correct echinoderm class from the list below. Each choice may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A. class Crinoidea (sea lilies and feather stars) B. class Asteroidea (sea stars) C. class Ophiuroidea (brittle stars) D. class Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars) E. class Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)

A. class Crinoidea (sea lilies and feather stars)

63) a diploblastic phylum of aquatic predators For the following questions, match the descriptions with the correct phylum below. Each choice may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A.Cnidaria B.Annelida C.Mollusca D.Arthropoda E.Echinodermata

A.Cnidaria

37) make castings that are agriculturally important Match the descriptions to the correct annelid class(es) from the list below. Each choice may b e used once, more than once, or not at all. A.Oligochaeta B.Polychaeta C.Hirudinea D.two of the above E.all of the above

A.Oligochaeta

56) Assuming that they all belong to the same plant, arrange the following structures from largest to smallest (or from most inclusive to least inclusive). 1. spores 2. sporophylls 3. sporophytes 4. sporangia A) 2, 4, 3, 1 B) 2, 3, 4, 1 C) 3, 1, 4, 2 D) 3, 4, 2, 1 E) 3, 2, 4, 1

Answer: E

Choose the adaptation below that best meets each particular challenge for life on land. Choices may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A. nonflagellated sperm B. tracheids and phloem C. secondary compounds D. cuticle E. alternation of generations 17) transport of water, minerals, and nutrients

B

43) Of the following list, flagellated (swimming) sperm are generally present in which groups? 1. Lycophyta 2. Bryophyta 3. Angiosperms 4. Chlorophyta 5. Pterophyta A) 1, 2, 3 B) 1, 2, 4, 5 C) 1, 3, 4, 5 D) 2, 3, 5 E) 2, 3, 4, 5

B) 1, 2, 4, 5

20) What is the probable sequence in which the following clades of animals originated, from earliest to most recent? 1. tetrapods 2. vertebrates 3. deuterostomes 4. amniotes 5. bilaterians A) 5, 3, 2, 4, 1 B) 5, 3, 2, 1, 4 C) 5, 3, 4, 2, 1 D) 3, 5, 4, 2, 1 E) 3, 5, 2, 1,4

B) 5, 3, 2, 1, 4 5. bilaterians 3. deuterostomes 2. vertebrates 1. tetrapods 4. amniotes

21) Which of the following occurs in an angiosperm ovule? A) An antheridium forms from the megasporophyte. B) A megaspore mother cell undergoes meiosis. C) The egg nucleus is usually diploid. D) A pollen tube emerges to accept pollen after pollination. E) The endosperm surrounds the megaspore mother cell.

B) A megaspore mother cell undergoes meiosis.

30) Which of the following is a true statement about plant reproduction? A) "Embryophytes" are small because they are in an early developmental stage. B) Both male and female bryophytes produce gametangia. C) Gametangia protect gametes from excess water. D) Eggs and sperm of bryophytes swim toward one another. E) Bryophytes are limited to asexual reproduction.

B) Both male and female bryophytes produce gametangia.

32) While snorkeling, a student observes an active marine animal that has a series of muscular tentacles bearing suckers associated with its head. Segmentation is not observed, but a pair of large, well-developed eyes is evident. The student is observing an animal belonging t o which class? A) Gastropoda B) Cephalopoda C) Polyplacophora D) Polychaeta E) Bivalvia

B) Cephalopoda

17) In which extant class did jaws occur earliest? A) Cephalaspidomorphi B) Chondrichthyes C) Actinopterygii D) Dipnoi E) Placodermi

B) Chondrichthyes

9) A radially symmetrical animal that has two embryonic tissue layers belongs to which phylum? A) Porifera B) Cnidaria C) Platyhelminthes D) Nematoda E) Echinodermata

B) Cnidaria

44) the first of these species to have some members migrate out of Africa Match the taxonomic terms below with the descriptions that follow. Options may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A) H. heidelbergensis B) H. erectus C) H. ergaster D) H. habilis E) H. sapiens

B) H. erectus

49) Which is a genus that has only one extant species? Match the taxonomic terms below with the descriptions that follow. Each option may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A) hominoids B) Homo C) anthropoids D) hominids E) primates

B) Homo

8) Studies on DNA indicate which of the following? A) Homo erectus had an Asian origin. B) Homo sapiens originated in Africa. C) Neanderthals are the ancestors of modern humans in Europe. D) Australopiths migrated out of Africa. E) North America had the first population of modern humans.

B) Homo sapiens originated in Africa.

43) Which of the following statements is correct about the basal cell in a zygote? A) It develops into the root of the embryo. B) It forms the suspensor that anchors the embryo. C) It results directly from the fertilization of the polar nuclei by a sperm nucleus. D) It divides and initiates the two cotyledons. E) It forms the proembryo.

B) It forms the suspensor that anchors the embryo.

54) To which taxon does this organism seem to belong? A) Pterophyta B) Lycophyta C) Bryophyta D) angiosperms E) gymnosperms

B) Lycophyta

3) Which of the following is true in plants? A) Meiosis occurs in gametophytes to produce gametes. B) Meiosis occurs in sporophytes to produce spores. C) The gametophyte is the dominant generation in flowering plants. D) Plants exist continually as either sporophytes or gametophytes. E) Male game tophytes and female gametophytes have the same structure.

B) Meiosis occurs in sporophytes to produce spores.

36) Which era is known as the "age of reptiles"? A) Cenozoic B) Mesozoic C) Paleozoic D) Precambrian E) Cambrian

B) Mesozoic

16) Which putative taxon is essentially equivalent to the "embryophytes"? A) Viridiplantae B) Plantae C) Pterophyta D) Streptophyta E) Charophycea

B) Plantae

34) ________ are the oldest known primate group. A) Apes B) Prosimians C) Anthropoids D) Hominids E) Monkeys

B) Prosimians

19) What would be the most effective method of reducing the incidence of blood flukes in a human population? A) Reduce the mosquito population. B) Reduce the freshwater snail population. C) Purify all drinking water. D) Avoid contact with rodent droppings. E) Carefully wash all raw fruits and vegetables.

B) Reduce the freshwater snail population.

14) Which class of the phylum Cnidaria includes "jellies" with rounded (as opposed to box -like) medusae? A) Hydrozoa B) Scyphozoa C) Anthozoa D) Cubozoa E) Both A and C are referred to as "jellies."

B) Scyphozoa

60) If the current molecular evidence regarding animal origins is well substantiated in the future, then what will be true of any contrary evidence regarding the origin of animals derived from the fossil record? A) The contrary fossil evidence will be seen as a hoax. B) The fossil evidence will be understood to have been incorrect because it is Incomplete. C) The fossil record will be ignored. D) Phylogenies involving even the smallest bit of fossil evidence will need to be discarded. E) Only phylogenies based solely on fossil evidence will need to be discarded.

B) The fossil evidence will be understood to have been incorrect because it is Incomplete.

45) Why are annelids, arthropods, and molluscs placed in the same clade? A) They are triploblastic. B) They are protostomes. C) They are bilaterally symmetrical. D) They are coelomates. E) They are deuterostomes.

B) They are protostomes.

29) Which of the following statements is true of archegonia? A) They are the sites where male gametes are produced. B) They may temporarily contain sporophyte embryos. C) They are the same as sporangia. D) They are the ancestral versions of animal gonads. E) They are asexual reproductive structures.

B) They may temporarily contain sporophyte embryos.

26) If one were attempting to catalog the largest amount of genetic diversity among plant-like organisms, then which group of organisms should one choose? A) Embryophyta B) Viridiplantae C) Plantae D) Streptophyta E) Tracheophyta

B) Viridiplantae

58) Which of the following is true of seedless vascular plants? A) Extant seedless vascular plants are larger than the extinct varieties. B) Whole forests were once dominated by large, seedless vascular plants. C) They produce many spores, which are really the same as seeds. D) Seedless vascular plants are all homosporous. E) Sphagnum is an economically and ecologically important example.

B) Whole forests were once dominated by large, seedless vascular plants.

35) Why is the amniotic egg considered an important evolutionary breakthrough? It A) has a shell that increases gas exchange. B) allows incubation of eggs in a terrestrial environment. C) prolongs embryonic development. D) provides insulation to conserve heat. E) permits internal fertilization to be replaced by external fertilization.

B) allows incubation of eggs in a terrestrial environment.

22) The major branches of Eumetazoa are the Radiata and the Bilateria. These names refer to what characteristic of these animals? A) size B) body symmetry C) embryonic cleavage D) types of appendages E) presence or absence of a nucleus in their cells

B) body symmetry

2) Which of the following terms or structures is not associated with animals? A) eukaryotic B) cell wall C) desmosome D) zygote E) blastula

B) cell wall

5) The young of some insects are merely small versions of the adult, whereas the larvae of other insects look completely different from adults, eat different foods, and may live in different habitats. Which of the following most directly favors the evolution of the latter more radical kind of metamorphosis? A) natural selection of sexually immature forms of insects B) changes in the homeobox genes governing early development C) the evolution of meiosis D) B and C only E) A, B, and C

B) changes in the homeobox genes governing early development

8) In terms of food capture, which sponge cell is most similar to the cnidocyte? A) amoebocyte B) choanocyte C) gamete D) epidermal cell E) pore cell

B) choanocyte

1) What are the cells in a sponge that are primarily responsible for trapping food particles from circulating water? A) amoebocytes B) choanocytes C) mesohyl cells D) pore cells (porocytes) E) epidermal cells

B) choanocytes

3) A researcher is trying to construct a molecular-based phylogeny of the entire animal kingdom. Assuming that none of the following genes is absolutely conserved, which of the following would be the best choice on which to base the phylogeny? A) genes involved in chitin synthesis B) collagen genes C) crystallin genes D) myosin genes E) globin genes

B) collagen genes

43) Which of the following characteristics generally applies to protostome development? A) radial cleavage B) determinate cleavage C) enterocoelous D) blastopore becomes the anus E) archenteron absent

B) determinate cleavage

2) What is one characteristic that separates chordates from all other animals? A) true coelom B) dorsal, hollow nerve cord C) blastopore, which becomes the anus D) bilateral symmetry E) segmentation

B) dorsal, hollow nerve cord

27) Which of these should have had gene sequences most similar to the charophycean that was the common ancestor of the land plants? A) early angiosperms B) early bryophytes C) early gymnosperms D) early lycophytes E) early pterophyte

B) early bryophytes

41) Humans most frequently acquire trichinosis by A) having sexual contact with an infected partner. B) eating undercooked pork. C) inhaling the eggs of worms. D) eating undercooked beef. E) being bitten by tsetse flies.

B) eating undercooked pork.

57) According to both the molecular- and morphology-based animal phylogenies, the following are all protostomes except A) molluscs. B) echinoderms. C) segmented worms. D) insects. E) spiders.

B) echinoderms.

23) In which of the following pairs are the two terms equivalent? A) ovule egg B) embryo sac female gametophyte C) endospermmale gametophyte D) seedzygote E) microsporepollen grain

B) embryo sac female gametophyte

1) One of the major distinctions between plants and the green algae is that A) only green algae have flagellated, swimming sperm. B) embryos are not retained within parental tissues in green algae. C) meiosis proceeds at a faster pace in green algae than in plants. D) chlorophyll pigments in green algae are different from those in green plants. E) only plants form a cell plate during cytokinesis.

B) embryos are not retained within parental tissues in green algae.

20) The larvae of many common tapeworms affecting humans are usually found A) encysted in human muscle. B) encysted in the muscle of an animal such as a cow or pig. C) in the abdominal blood vessels of humans. D) in the human brain. E) in the intestines of cows and pigs.

B) encysted in the muscle of an animal such as a cow or pig.

31) Examination of the fossils of Archaeopteryx reveals that, in common with extant birds, it had A) a long tail containing vertebrae. B) feathers. C) teeth. D) both A and B E) A, B, and C

B) feathers.

12) The earliest known mineralized structures in vertebrates are associated with which function? A) reproduction B) feeding C) locomotion D) defense E) respiration

B) feeding

7) The water vascular system of echinoderms A) functions as a circulatory system that distributes nutrients to body cells. B) functions in locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange. C) is bilateral in organization, even though the adult animal has radial anatomy. D) moves water through the animal's body during suspension feeding. E) is analogous to the gastrovascular cavity of flatworms.

B) functions in locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange.

7. If a physoclistus fish removes gas from its swim bladder, this fish's density cannot actually change until that gas arrives at the _______________

B) gills.

24) During metamorphosis, echinoderms undergo a transformation from motile larvae to a sedentary (and sometimes sessile) existence as adults. What is true of adults, but not of larvae? Adults should A) be diploblastic. B) have radial symmetry. C) lack mesodermally derived tissues. D) A and B only E) A, B, and C

B) have radial symmetry.

5) Unlike eutherians, both monotremes and marsupials A) lack nipples. B) have some embryonic development outside the mother's uterus. C) lay eggs. D) are found in Australia and Africa. E) include only insectivores and herbivores.

B) have some embryonic development outside the mother's uterus.

53) Phylogenetic trees are best described as A) true and inerrant statements about evolutionary relationships. B) hypothetical portrayals of evolutionary relationships. C) the most accurate representations possible of genetic relationships among taxa. D) theories of evolution. E) the closest things to absolute certainty that modern systematics can produce.

B) hypothetical portrayals of evolutionary relationships.

39) Which of the following conditions is needed by almost all seeds to break dormancy? A) exposure to light B) imbibition C) abrasion of the seed coat D) exposure to cold E) covering of fertile soil

B) imbibition

47) A major change that occurred during the evolution of plants from their algal ancestors was the origin of a branched sporophyte. What advantage would branched sporophytes provide in this stage of the life cycle? A) increased gamete production B) increased spore production C) increased potential for independence of the diploid stage from the haploid stage D) increased fertilization rate E) increased size of the diploid stage

B) increased spore production

5 The harpy eagle, Harpia harpyja, is the largest, most powerful raptor in the Americas. It nests only in trees taller than 25 meters. It is a "sloth specialist," but will also take agouti. Thus, if these eagles capture too many agoutis from a particular locale, they might contribute to their own demise by

B) increasing habitat loss.

5) The following are common to both charophyceans and land plants except A) sporopollenin. B) lignin. C) chlorophyll a. D) cellulose. E) chlorophyll b.

B) lignin.

22) Which group's members had (have) both lungs and gills during their adult lives? A) sharks, skates, and rays B) lungfishes C) cephalochordates D) paramphibians E) ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs

B) lungfishes

56) If a multicellular animal lacks true tissues, then it can be classified among the A) eumetazoans. B) metazoans. C) protozoans. D) lophotrochozoans. E) hydrozoans.

B) metazoans.

14) Evidence of which structure or characteristic would be most surprising to find among fossils of the Ediacaran fauna? A) true tissues B) mineralized hard parts C) bilateral symmetry D) cephalization E) embryos

B) mineralized hard parts

41) In which of the following does the sporophyte depend on the gametophyte for nutrition? A) fern B) moss C) horsetail (Equisetum) D) both A and C E) A, B, and C

B) moss

10) All of the following are primary functions of flowers except A) pollen production. B) photosynthesis. C) meiosis. D) egg production. E) sexual reproduction.

B) photosynthesis.

12) Some green algae exhibit alternation of generations. All land plants exhibit alternation of generations. No charophyceans exhibit alternation of generations. Keeping in mind the recent evidence from molecular systematics, the correct interpretation of these observations is that A) charophyceans are not related to either green algae or land plants. B) plants evolved alternation of generations independently of green algae. C) alternation of generations cannot be beneficial to charophyceans. D) land plants evolved directly from the green algae that perform alternation of generations. E) scientists have no evidence to indicate whether or not land plants evolved from any kind of alga.

B) plants evolved alternation of generations independently of green algae.

70) A heterosporous plant is one that A) produces a gametophyte that bears both antheridia and archegonia. B) produces microspores and megaspores, which give rise to male and female gametophytes. C) produces spores all year long instead of during just one season. D) produces two kinds of spores, one asexually by mitosis and the other sexually by meiosis. E) reproduces only sexually.

B) produces microspores and megaspores, which give rise to male and female gametophytes.

46) At the phylum level, you are most closely related to a(n) A) clam. B) sea star. C) earthworm. D) jelly. E) planarian.

B) sea star.

65) Which of the following is not evidence that charophyceans are the closest algal relatives of plants? A) similar sperm structure B) similar cell wall structure C) similarities in cell wall formation during cell division D) genetic similarities in chloroplasts E) similarities in proteins that synthesize cellulose

B) similar cell wall structure

18) According to one hypothesis, the jaws of vertebrates were derived by the modification of A) scales of the lower lip. B) skeletal rods that had supported pharyngeal (gill) slits. C) one or more gill slits. D) one or more of the bones of the cranium. E) one or more of the vertebrae.

B) skeletal rods that had supported pharyngeal (gill) slits

15) Whereas the zygotes of charophyceans may remain within maternal tissues during their initial development, one should not expect to observe A) any nutrients from maternal tissues being used by the zygotes. B) specialized placental transfer cells surrounding the zygotes. C) the zygotes undergoing nuclear division. D) mitochondria in the maternal tissues, or in the tissues of the zygotes. E) the zygotes digested by enzymes from maternal lysosomes.

B) specialized placental transfer cells surrounding the zygotes

42) Which of the following is descriptive of protostomes? A) spiral and indeterminate cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth, schizocoelous development B) spiral and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth, schizocoelous development C) spiral and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes anus, enterocoelous development D) radial and determinate cleavage, blastopore anus, becomes enterocoelous development E) radial and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth, schizocoelous development

B) spiral and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth, schizocoelous development

11) Meiosis occurs within all of the following flower parts except the A) ovule. B) style. C) megasporangium. D) anther. E) ovary.

B) style.

4) Pharyngeal slits appear to have functioned first as A) the digestive system's opening. B) suspension-feeding devices. C) components of the jaw. D) gill slits for respiration. E) portions of the inner ear.

B) suspension-feeding devices.

32) Recent research has shown that pollination requires that carpels recognize pollen grains as "self or nonself." For self-incompatibility, the system requires A) rejection of nonself cells. B) the rejection of self cells. C) carpel incompatibility with the egg cells. D) that the flowers be incomplete. E) the union of genetically identical sperm and egg cells.

B) the rejection of self cells.

33) Each of the following is a general characteristic of bryophytes except A) a cellulose cell wall. B) vascular tissue. C) chlorophylls a and b. D) being photosynthetic autotrophs. E) being eukaryotic.

B) vascular tissue.

10 The same bees that pollinate the flowers of the Brazil nut trees pollinate orchids, which are epiphytes (in other words, plants that grow on other plants); however, orchids cannot grow on Brazil nut trees. These observations explain

B) why Brazil nut trees do not set fruit in plantations.

55) Which of the following characteristics most likely explains why insects are so successful at dispersing to distant environments? A) hemocoel B) wings C) jointed appendages D) chewing mandibles E) internal fertilization

B) wings

56) They can extend the stomach through their mouth to feed. Match the descriptions with the correct echinoderm class from the list below. Each choice may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A. class Crinoidea (sea lilies and feather stars) B. class Asteroidea (sea stars) C. class Ophiuroidea (brittle stars) D. class Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars) E. class Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)

B. class Asteroidea (sea stars)

55) internal fertilization, amniotic egg, skin that resists drying, heavy bones For the following items, match the vertebrate groups below w ith the descriptions that follow. Each choice may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A. amphibians B. non-avian reptiles C. chondrichthyans D. mammals E. avian reptiles

B. non-avian reptiles

65) protostomes that have a closed circulatory system and obvious segmentation For the following questions, match the descriptions with the correct phylum below. Each choice may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A.Cnidaria B.Annelida C.Mollusca D.Arthropoda E.Echinodermata

B.Annelida

34) have parapodia Match the descriptions to the correct annelid class(es) from the list below. Each choice may b e used once, more than once, or not at all. A.Oligochaeta B.Polychaeta C.Hirudinea D.two of the above E.all of the above

B.Polychaeta

4. List the distinguishing characteristics of members of the class Aves and explain any special adaptations for flight

Bones are honeycombed and air-filled to reduce weight Fewer organs: no bladder, one ovary in females Toothless with lightweight keratin beak instead of bony jaws Acute senses, larger brain, more complex behavior Endothermic: high metabolism to power flight Wings Feathers insulate and smooth surfaces Four-chambered heart keeps oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separate

Choose the adaptation below that best meets each particular challenge for life on land. Choices may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A. nonflagellated sperm B. tracheids and phloem C. secondary compounds D. cuticle E. alternation of generations 17) protection from predators

C

59) Working from deep geologic strata toward shallow geologic strata, what is the sequence in which fossils of these groups should make their first appearance? 1. charophyceans 2. single-celled green algae 3. hornworts 4. plants with a dominant sporophyte A) 1, 3, 2, 4 B) 3, 1, 2, 4 C) 2, 1, 3, 4 D) 3, 2, 4, 1 E) 2, 4, 1, 3

C) 2, 1, 3, 4

18) Fossil evidence indicates that the following events occurred in what sequence, from earliest to most recent? 1. Protostomes invade terrestrial environments. 2. Cambrian explosion occurs. 3. Deuterostomes invade terrestrial environments. 4. Vertebrates become top predators in the seas. A) 2, 4, 3, 1 B) 2, 1, 4, 3 C) 2, 4, 1, 3 D) 2, 3, 1, 4 E) 2, 1, 3, 4

C) 2, 4, 1, 3 2. Cambrian explosion occurs. 4. Vertebrates become top predators in the seas. 1. Protostomes invade terrestrial environments. 3. Deuterostomes invade terrestrial environments.

35) Beginning with the germination of a moss spore, what is the sequence of structures that develop after germination? 1. embryo 2. gametes 3. sporophyte 4. protonema 5. gametophore A) 4, 1, 3, 5, 2 B) 4, 3, 5, 2, 1 C) 4, 5, 2, 1, 3 D) 3, 4, 5, 2, 1 E) 3, 1, 4, 5, 2

C) 4, 5, 2, 1, 3

10) The common ancestors of all humans alive today lived in Africa until about A) 5 million years ago. B) 500,000 years ago. C) 50,000 years ago. D) 5,000 years ago. E) There is no evidence available that could answer this question.

C) 50,000 years ago.

1 Animals that consume Brazil nuts are deriving nutrition mostly from tissue whose nuclei have how many chromosomes?

C) 51

13) The members of which class of the phylum Cnidaria occur only as polyps? A) Hydrozoa B) Scyphozoa C) Anthozoa D) Cubozoa E) both B and D

C) Anthozoa

40) What is typically the result of double fertilization in angiosperms? A) The endospe rm develops into a diploid nutrient tissue. B) A triploid zygote is formed. C) Both a diploid embryo and triploid endosperm are formed. D) Two embryos develop in every seed. E) The fertilized antipodal cells develop into the seed coat.

C) Both a diploid embryo and triploid endosperm are formed.

21) During which era did the greatest radiation of mammals occur? A) Mesozoic B) Paleozoic C) Cenozoic D) Neoproterozoic E) Precambrian

C) Cenozoic

2) The most recent common ancestor of all land plants was most similar to modern-day members of which group? A) Cyanobacteria B) red algae C) Charophycea D) brown algae E) golden algae

C) Charophycea

33) All of the following animal groups include terrestrial life forms except A) Mollusca. B) Crustacea. C) Echinodermata. D) Arthropoda.

C) Echinodermata.

41) the first of these species to have been adapted for long-distance bipedalism Match the taxonomic terms below with the descriptions that follow. Options may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A) H. heidelbergensis B) H. erectus C) H. ergaster D) H. habilis E) H. sapiens

C) H. ergaster

43) the first of these species to show a trend toward reduced sexual dimorphism Match the taxonomic terms below with the descriptions that follow. Options may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A) H. heidelbergensis B) H. erectus C) H. ergaster D) H. habilis E) H. sapiens

C) H. ergaster

35) Which of the following is a true statement about clonal reproduction in plants? A) Clones of plants do not occur naturally. B) Cloning, although achieved in animals, has not been demonstrated in plants. C) Making cuttings of ornamental plants is a form of fragmentation. D) Reproduction of plants by cloning may be either sexual or asexual. E) Viable seeds can result from sexual reproduction only.

C) Making cuttings of ornamental plants is a form of fragmentation.

45) The heartworms that can accumulate within the heart of dogs and other mammals have a pseudocoelom, an alimentary canal, and an outer covering that is occasionally shed. To which phylum does the heartworm belong? A) Platyhelminthes B) Arthropoda C) Nematoda D) Phoronida E) Annelida

C) Nematoda

50) What does recent evidence from molecular systematics reveal about the r elationship between grades and clades? A) They are one and the same. B) There is no relationship. C) Some, but not all, grades reflect evolutionary relatedness. D) Grades have their basis in, and flow from, clades. E) Each branch point on a cladogram is associated with the evolution of a new grade.

C) Some, but not all, grades reflect evolutionary relatedness.

71) Which of the following is diploid? A) the archegonia of a liverwort B) a non-reproductive cell in the gametangia of a moss C) a cell that is part of the stalk (seta) of a moss sporophyte D) a fern produced by a fern sporophyte E) a subterranean gametophyte of a lycophyte

C) a cell that is part of the stalk (seta) of a moss sporophyte

25) A brachiopod can be distinguished from a bivalve by the presence of A) two hinged shells. B) a digestive system with separate mouth and anus. C) a lophophore. D) suspension feeding. E) a distinct head.

C) a lophophore.

7) As humans diverged from other primates, which of the following appeared first? A) the development of technology B) language C) a partial erect stance D) tool-making E) an enlarged brain

C) a partial erect stance

11) What may have occurred to prevent species that are of the same grade from also belonging to the same clade? A) similar structures arising independently in different lineages B) convergent evolution among different lineages C) adaptation by different lineages to the same selective pressures D) A and B only E) A, B, and C

C) adaptation by different lineages to the same selective pressures

17) Whatever its ultimate cause(s), the Cambrian explosion is a prime example of A) anagenesis (phyletic evolution). B) evolutionary stasis. C) adaptive radiation. D) A and B only E) A, B, and C

C) adaptive radiation.

66) Which of the following characteristics of plants is absent in their closest relatives, the charophycean algae? A) chlorophyll b B) cellulose in cell walls C) alternation of multicellular generations D) sexual reproduction E) formation of a cell plate during cytokinesis

C) alternation of multicellular generations

47) A seed develops from A) an ovum. B) a pollen grain. C) an ovule. D) an ovary. E) an embryo.

C) an ovule.

51) Which is the most inclusive (most general) group, all of whose members have fully opposable thumbs? Match the taxonomic terms below with the descriptions that follow. Each option may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A) hominoids B) Homo C) anthropoids D) hominids E) primates

C) anthropoids

53) Which is the most specific group that includes both the Old World monkeys and the New World monkeys? Match the taxonomic terms below with the descriptions that follow. Each option may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A) hominoids B)Homo C) anthropoids D) hominids E) primates

C) anthropoids

14) Which of the following characteristics, if observed in an unidentified green organism, would make it unlikely to be a charophycean? A) phragmoplast B) peroxisome C) apical meristem D) chlorophylls a and b E) rosette cellulose-synthesizing complex

C) apical meristem

1) Most animals exhibit the following structures or functions except A) nervous and muscle tissue. B) unique types of intercellular junctions, such as tight junctions and gap junctions. C) autotrophic nutrition. D) sexual reproduction. E) multicellularity.

C) autotrophic nutrition.

4) Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. What distinguishes animal heterotrophy from fungal heterotrophy is that only animals derive their nutrition A) from organic matter. B) by preying on animals. C) by ingesting it. D) by consuming living, rather than dead, prey. E) by using enzymes to digest their food.

C) by ingesting it.

8) In animal cells and in the meristem cells of land plants, the nuclear envelope disintegrates during mitosis. This disintegration does not occur in the cells of most protists and fungi. According to our current knowledge of plant evolution, which group of organisms should feature a mitosis most similar to that of land plants? A) unicellular chlorophytes B) diatoms C) charophyceans D) red algae E) multicellular chlorophytes

C) charophyceans

30) A trend in the evolution of the earliest tetrapods was A) the appearance of jaws. B) the appearance of bony vertebrae. C) feet with digits. D) the mineralization of the endoskeleton. E) the ability to move in a fish-like manner.

C) feet with digits.

45) A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, the following characteristics are noted: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and sporophyte generations, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to A) mosses. B) Chara. C) ferns. D) liverworts. E) flowering plants.

C) ferns.

39) If you are looking for structures that transfer water and nutrients from a bryophyte gametophyte to a bryophyte sporophyte, then on which part of the sporophyte should you focus your efforts? A) spores B) seta C) foot D) calyptra E) peristome

C) foot

24) A lophophore is used by ectoprocts, phoronids, and brachiopods A) for locomotion. B) at a larval stage. C) for feeding. D) for sensory reception. E) as a skeletal system.

C) for feeding.

36) The integuments of an ovule function to do what? A) protect against animal predation B) ensure double fertilization C) form a seed coat D) both A and B E) both A and C

C) form a seed coat

28) Plant spores give rise directly to A) sporophytes. B) gametes. C) gametophytes. D) sporophylls. E) seeds.

C) gametophytes.

7) At which stage would one be able to first distinguish a diploblastic embryo from a triploblastic embryo? A) fertilization B) cleavage C) gastrulation D) organogenesis E) metamorphosis

C) gastrulation

61) Which of these was the dominant plant group at the time that dinosaurs were the dominant animals? A) seedless vascular plants B) charophyceans C) gymnosperms D) angiosperms E) bryophytes

C) gymnosperms

36) What distinguishes a coelomate animal from a pseudocoelomate animal is that coelomates A) have a body cavity, whereas pseudocoelomates have a solid body. B) contain tissues derived from mesoderm, whereas pseudocoelomates have no such tissue. C) have a body cavity completely lined by mesodermal tissue, whereas pseudocoelomates do not. D) have a complete digestive system with mouth and anus, whereas pseudocoelomates have a digestive tract with only one opening. E) have a gut that lacks suspension within the body cavity, whereas pseudocoelomates have mesenteries that hold the digestive system in place.

C) have a body cavity completely lined by mesodermal tissue, whereas pseudocoelomates do not.

49)The first step in the germination of a seed is usually A) pollination. B) fertilization. C) imbibition of water. D) hydrolysis of starch and other food reserves. E) emergence of the radicle.

C) imbibition of water.

28) In modern agriculture, what does "terminator technology" refer to? A) introduction of bacterial genes that release insect toxins into plants B) introduction of male sterility genes into plants to prevent selfing C) introduction of genes into a plant that prevent its seeds from maturing D) Bt genes produced in maize pollen E) selection of resistant clones following mutator treatment of seeds

C) introduction of genes into a plant that prevent its seeds from maturing

8. Which shark structure is most analogous to a swim bladder full of gas?

C) its liver

11) The common ancestor of all these chordate groups except the ________ probably had paired appendages. A) mammals B) amphibians C) lampreys D) ray-finned fishes E) reptiles

C) lampreys

29) Flowers are made of modified A) roots. B) stems. C) leaves. D) ovules. E) shoots.

C) leaves.

13) Bryophytes have all of the following characteristics except A) multicellularity. B) specialized cells and tissues. C) lignified vascular tissue. D) walled spores in sporangia. E) a reduced, dependent sporophyte.

C) lignified vascular tissue.

38) From which of the following groups are snakes most likely descended? A) dinosaurs B) plesiosaurs C) lizards D) crocodiles E) synapsids

C) lizards

72) Microphylls are characteristic of which types of plants? A) mosses B) liverworts C) lycophytes D) ferns E) hornworts

C) lycophytes

18) Which of the following is a correct sequence of processes that takes place when a flowering plant reproduces? A) meiosis-fertilization-ovulation-germination B) fertilization-meiosis-nuclear fusion-formation of embryo and endosperm C) meiosis-pollination-nuclear fusion-formation of embryo and endosperm D) growth of pollen tube -pollination-germination-fertilization E) meiosis-mitosis-nuclear fusion-pollen

C) meiosis-pollination-nuclear fusion-formation of embryo and endosperm

27) Which of the following is an incorrect association of an animal germ layer with the tissues or organs to which it gives rise? A) ectoderm-outer covering B) endoderm-internal lining of digestive tract C) mesoderm-nervous system D) mesoderm-muscle E) endoderm-internal linings of liver and lungs

C) mesoderm-nervous system

22) Where and by which process are sperm produced in plants? A) meiosis in pollen grains B) meiosis in anthers C) mitosis in male gametophytes D) mitosis in the micropyle E) mitosis in the embryo sac

C) mitosis in male gametophytes

26) While sampling marine plankton in a lab, a student encounters large numbers of fertilized eggs. She rears some of the eggs in the laboratory for further study and finds that the blastopore becomes the mouth. The embryo develops into a trochophore larva and eventually has a coelom. These eggs probably belonged to a(n) A) annelid. B) echinoderm. C) mollusc. D) nematode. E) arthropod.

C) mollusc.

32) Bilateral symmetry in the animal kingdom is best correlated with A) an ability to sense equally in all directions. B) the presence of a skeleton. C) motility and active predation and escape. D) development of a true coelom. E) adaptation to terrestrial environments.

C) motility and active predation and escape.

23) Organisms showing radial symmetry would likely A) be good swimmers. B) have rapid escape behavior. C) move from place to place relatively slowly, if at all. D) be able to fly. E) have many fins.

C) move from place to place relatively slowly, if at all.

52) What kind of data should probably have the greatest impact on animal taxonomy in the coming decades? A) fossil evidence B) comparative morphology of living species C) nucleotide sequences of homologous genes D) similarities in metabolic pathways E) the number and size of chromosomes within nuclei

C) nucleotide sequences of homologous genes

49) Which of the following types of plants would not have been present in the forests that became coal deposits? A) horsetails B) lycophytes C) pine trees D) tree ferns E) whisk ferns

C) pine trees

24) Which of the following is the male gametophyte of a flowering plant? A) ovule B) microsporocyte C) pollen grain D) embryo sac E) stamen

C) pollen grain

48) What distinguishes complete metamorphosis from incomplete metamorphosis in insects? A) presence of wings in the adult, but not in earlier life stages B) presence of sex organs in the adult, but not in earlier life stages C) radically different appearance between adults and earlier life stages D) only A and B E) A, B, and C

C) radically different appearance between adults and earlier life stages

18) Nematodes are most closely related to A) flatworms. B) arthropods. C) rotifers. D) annelids. E) chordates.

C) rotifers.

Figure 29.1 indicates varying cellulose contents among five different organisms. You are given five samples (A-E) of equal dry weights of a brown alga, a red alga, a marine green alga, a land plant, and a charophycean. Chemical analysis reveals the cellulose contents shown here. Which samples are probably from streptophytes? A) samples A and C B) samples C and D C) samples B and E D) samples, A, C, and D E) There is not enough information to tell.

C) samples B and E

15) Corals are most closely related to which group? A) jellies B) freshwater hydras C) sea anemones D) sponges E) barnacles

C) sea anemones

6)All of the following floral parts are directly involved in pollination or fertilization except the A) stigma. B) anther. C) sepal. D) carpel. E) style.

C) sepal.

4 The agouti is most directly involved with the Brazil nut tree's dispersal

C) sporophyte embryos.

32) The leaflike appendages of moss gametophytes may be one- to two-cell-layers thick. Consequently, which of these is least likely to be found associated with such appendages? A) cuticle B) rosette cellulose-synthesizing complexes C) stomata D) peroxisomes E) phenolics

C) stomata

53) Closer observation reveals that these small spheres are produced on tiny extensions of the stem, each of which helps compose the pinecone-like structure. Research would reveal that the cone-like structures are called ________, whereas the small, spore-producing extensions of the stem are called ________. A) pine cones; scales B) sori; sporangia C) strobili; sporophylls D) sporophylls; sporangia E) sporangia; strobili

C) strobili; sporophylls

6 Brazil nut trees begin producing fruit at the age of 10 years, reach final height at about 120 years, and can live for over 500 years. A landowner can earn more by felling a Brazil nut tree and selling it for lumber than from several seasons' worth of Brazil nut harvests from the same tree. Thus, it makes greater financial sense in the long run to harvest

C) the nuts for many seasons.

40) Bryophytes never formed forests (mats maybe, but not forests) because A) they possess flagellated sperms. B) not all are heterosporous. C) they lack lignified vascular tissue. D) they have no adaptations to prevent desiccation. E) the sporophyte is too weak.

C) they lack lignified vascular tissue.

34) The distinction between the sponges and other animal phyla is based mainly on the absence versus the presence of A) a body cavity. B) a complete digestive tract. C) true tissues. D) a circulatory system. E) mesoderm.

C) true tissues.

25) In flowering plants, a mature male gametophyte contains A) two haploid gametes and a diploid pollen grain. B) a generative cell and a tube cell. C) two sperm nuclei and one tube cell nucleus. D) two haploid microspores. E) a haploid nucleus and a diploid pollen wall.

C) two sperm nuclei and one tube cell nucleus.

42) All things being equal, except the number of sporangia initially present, which of the following land plants should be most able to continue producing spores following an episode of herbivory that leaves the plant alive? A) club moss B) horsetail C) whisk fern D) moss sporophyte E) hornwort sporophyte

C) whisk fern

54) their scales closely resemble teeth in both structure and origin For the following items, match the vertebrate groups below w ith the descriptions that follow. Each choice may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A. amphibians B. non-avian reptiles C. chondrichthyans D. mammals E. avian reptiles

C. chondrichthyans

57) They have distinct central disks and long, flexible arms. Match the descriptions with the correct echinoderm class from the list below. Each choice may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A. class Crinoidea (sea lilies and feather stars) B. class Asteroidea (sea stars) C. class Ophiuroidea (brittle stars) D. class Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars) E. class Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)

C. class Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)

35) many are parasites Match the descriptions to the correct annelid class(es) from the list below. Each choice may b e used once, more than once, or not at all. A.Oligochaeta B.Polychaeta C.Hirudinea D.two of the above E.all of the above

C.Hirudinea

39) some members release an anticoagulate that is of medical significance Match the descriptions to the correct annelid class(es) from the list below. Each choice may b e used once, more than once, or not at all. A.Oligochaeta B.Polychaeta C.Hirudinea D.two of the above E.all of the above

C.Hirudinea

62) protostomes with a unique drape of tissue that may secrete a shell For the following questions, match the descriptions with the correct phylum below. Each choice may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A.Cnidaria B.Annelida C.Mollusca D.Arthropoda E.Echinodermata

C.Mollusca

Choose the adaptation below that best meets each particular challenge for life on land. Choices may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A. nonflagellated sperm B. tracheids and phloem C. secondary compounds D. cuticle E. alternation of generations 17) protection from desiccation

D

9. When a shark stops swimming, it does which of the following? 1. sinks 2. quickly dies 3. oxygenates its blood less effectively

D) 1 and 3

2 The agouti (Dasyprocta spp.), a cat-sized rodent, is the only animal with teeth strong enough to crack the hard wall of Brazil nut fruits. It typically eats some of the seeds, buries others, and leaves still others behind inside the fruit, which moisture can now enter. The uneaten seeds may subsequently germinate. Consequently, which terms describe the relationship between the Brazil nut tree and the agouti?

D) 3 and 5

31) Assuming that they all belong to the same plant, arrange the following structures from smallest to largest. 1. antheridia 2. gametes 3. gametophytes 4. gametangia A) 1, 4, 3, 2 B) 3, 1, 2, 4 C) 3, 4, 2, 1 D) 3, 4, 1, 2 E) 4, 3, 1, 2

D) 3, 4, 1, 2

49) With the current molecular-based phylogeny in mind, rank the following from most inclusive to least inclusive. 1. ecdysozoan 2. protostome 3. eumetazoan 4. triploblastic A) 4, 2, 3, 1 B) 4, 3, 1, 2 C) 3, 4, 1, 2 D) 3, 4, 2, 1 E) 4, 3, 2, 1

D) 3, 4, 2, 1 3. eumetazoan 4. triploblastic 2. protostome 1. ecdysozoan

59) Which of the following statements concerning animal taxonomy is (are) true? 1. Animals are more closely related to plants than to fungi. 2. All animal clades based on body plan have been found to be incorrect. 3. Kingdom Animalia is monophyletic. 4. Only animals reproduce by sexual means. 5. Animals are thought to have evolved from flagellated protists similar to modern choanoflagellates. A) 5 B) 1, 3 C) 2, 4 D) 3, 5 E) 3, 4, 5

D) 3, 5 3. Kingdom Animalia is monophyletic. 5. Animals are thought to have evolved from flagellated protists similar to modern choanoflagellates.

31) A radula is present in members of which class(es)? A) Gastropoda B) Polyplacophora C) Bivalvia D) A and B only E) A, B, and C

D) A and B only A) Gastropoda B) Polyplacophora

31) Which of the following subdivisions of the animal kingdom encompasses all the others in the list? A) Protostomia B) Bilateria C) Radiata D) Eumetazoa E) Deuterostomia

D) Eumetazoa

27) Which molluscan class includes members that undergo embryo nic torsion? A) Polyplacophora B) Bivalvia C) Cephalopoda D) Gastropoda E) All molluscan classes have this characteristic.

D) Gastropoda

42) the first of these species to craft stone tools Match the taxonomic terms below with the descriptions that follow. Options may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A) H. heidelbergensis B) H. erectus C) H. ergaster D) H. habilis E) H. sapiens

D) H. habilis

9) Based on current evidence, which of the following statements best describes the evolution of humans? A) Humans evolved from the chimpanzee. B) Humans evolved in a single, orderly series of stages in which each stage became more advanced than the predecessor. C) The various characteristics that we associate with humans evolved in unison over long periods of time. D) Humans and apes diverged from a common ancestor about 5-10 million years ago. E) Humans are more closely related to gorillas than to chimpanzees.

D) Humans and apes diverged from a common ancestor about 5-10 million years

41) Which of the following statements regarding the endosperm is false? A) Its nutrients may be absorbed by the cotyledons in the seeds of eudicots. B) It develops from a triploid cell. C) Its nutrients are digested by enzymes in monocot seeds following hydration. D) It develops from the fertilized egg. E) It is rich in nutrients, which it provides to the embryo.

D) It develops from the fertilized egg.

11) Which of the following is characteristic of alternation of generations in land plants? A) Haploid sporophytes make haploid spores. B) Gametophytes produce spores that develop into gametes. C) Sporophytes and gametophytes are typically similar in appearance. D) Meiosis in sporophytes produces haploid spores. E) Either the gametophyte or the sporophyte is unicellular.

D) Meiosis in sporophytes produces haploid spores.

44) A student observes a worm-like organism crawling about on dead organic matter. Later, the organism sheds its outer covering. One possibility is that the organism is a larval insect (like a maggot). On the other hand, it might be a member of the phylum ________. One way to distinguish between the two possibilities is by looking for the presence of A) Platyhelminthes; a cuticle of chitin. B) Nematoda; an alimentary canal. C) Annelida; a body cavity. D) Nematoda; a circulatory system. E) Annelida; muscle in the body wall.

D) Nematoda; a circulatory system.

43) What is true of echinoderms? A) They have an endoskeleton of hard calcareous plates. B) Tube feet provide motility in most species. C) They have a pseudocoelom. D) Only A and B are true. E) A, B, and C are true.

D) Only A and B are true. A) They have an endoskeleton of hard calcareous plates. B) Tube feet provide motility in most species.

31) What is the relationship between pollination and fertilization in flowering plants? A) Fertilization precedes pollination. B) Pollination easily occurs between plants of different species. C) Pollen is formed within megasporangia so that male and female gametes are near each other. D) Pollination brings gametophytes together so that fertilization can occur. E) If fertilization occurs, pollination is unnecessary.

D) Pollination brings gametophytes together so that fertilization can occur.

21) Which of these statements accurately describes a similarity between sharks and fishes? A) The skin is typically covered by flattened bony scales. B) They are equally able to exchange gases with the environment while stationary. C) They are highly maneuverable due to their flexibility. D) They have a lateral line that is sensitive to changes in water pressure. E) A swim bladder helps control buoyancy.

D) They have a lateral line that is sensitive to changes in water pressure.

19) What is a distinctive feature of the chondrichthyans? A) an amniotic egg B) unpaired fins C) an acute sense of vision that includes the ability to distinguish colors D) a cartilaginous endoskeleton E) lack of jaws

D) a cartilaginous endoskeleton

16) Which characteristic is shared by both cnidarians and flatworms? A) dorsoventrally flattened bodies B) flame cells C) radial symmetry D) a digestive system with a single opening E) both A and D

D) a digestive system with a single opening

4) All of the following are features of angiosperms except A) a triploid endosperm. B) an ovary that becomes a fruit. C) animal pollination. D) a small (reduced) sporophyte. E) double fertilization.

D) a small (reduced) sporophyte.

40) A stalked, sessile marine organism has several feathery feeding structures surrounding an opening through which food enters. The organism could potentially be a cnidarian, a lophophorate, a tube -dwelling worm, a crustacean, or an echinoderm. Finding which of the following in this organism would allow the greatest certainty of identification? A) the presence of what seems to be radial symmetry B) a hard covering made partly of calcium carbonate C) a digestive system with mouth and anus separate from each other D) a water vascular system E) a nervous system

D) a water vascular system

42) A terrestrial animal species is discovered with the following larval characteristics: exoskeleton, tracheal system for gas exchange, and modified segmentation. A knowledgeable zoologist would predict that its adults probably also would have A) eight legs. B) two pairs of antennae. C) a sessile lifestyle. D) an open circulatory system. E) parapodia.

D) an open circulatory system

Which of the following was not a challenge for survival of the first land plants? A) sources of water B) sperm transfer C) desiccation D) animal predation E) absorbing enough light

D) animal predation

40) Which of the following are the only extant animals that descended directly from dinosaurs? A) lizards B) crocodiles C) snakes D) birds E) mammals

D) birds

27) The largest cell(s) of the typical angiosperm embryo sac is (are) the A) egg cell. B) antipodals. C) synergids. D) central cell. E) microsporocyte.

D) central cell.

39) An animal that swims rapidly in search of prey that it captures using visual senses concentrated at its anterior end is likely to be all of the following except A) bilaterally symmetrical. B) coelomate. C) eumetazoan. D) diploblastic. E) cephalized.

D) diploblastic.

30) Which of these is unique to flowering plants? A) a dominant sporophyte generation B) an embryo surrounded by nutritive tissue C) haploid gametophytes D) double fertilization E) pollen production

D) double fertilization

34) The following are all true about the life cycle of mosses except A) external water is required for fertilization. B) flagellated sperm are produced. C) antheridia and archegonia are produced by gametophytes. D) gametes are directly produced by meiosis. E) gametophytes germinate from spores.

D) gametes are directly produced by meiosis.

40) The blastopore is a structure that is evident in the A) zygote. B) blastula. C) eight-cell embryo. D) gastrula. E) egg and sperm.

D) gastrula.

16) Which of these genetic processes may be most helpful in accounting for the Cambrian explosion? A) binary fission B) mitosis C) random segregation D) gene duplication E) chromosomal condensation

D) gene duplication

7) A researcher wants to develop an assay (test) that will distinguish charophyceans and land plants from chlorophyte green algae. Which of the following chemicals would be the best subject for such an assay? A) chlorophyll b -- an accessory photosynthetic pigment B) carotenoids -- a class of accessory photosynthetic pigments C) amylopectin -- a starch-like food storage material D) glycolate oxidase -- an enzyme of peroxisomes that is associated with photorespiration E) flavonoids -- a class of phenolic compounds that is often associated with chemical signaling

D) glycolate oxidase -- an enzyme of peroxisomes that is associated with photorespiration

47) Which is the most inclusive (most general) group, all of whose members have foramina magna centrally positioned in the base of the cranium? Match the taxonomic terms below with the descriptions that follow. Each option may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A) hominoids B)Homo C) anthropoids D) hominids E) primates

D) hominids

57) If one were building a large, log structure during the Carboniferous period, which plant type(s) would be suitable sources of logs? A) ferns and epiphytes B) horsetails and bryophytes C) lycophytes and bryophytes D) horsetails and lycophytes E) hornworts and gymnosperms

D) horsetails and lycophytes

23) Mitotic activity by the apical meristem of a root makes all of the following more possible except A) increased length of the above-ground stem. B) increased absorption of mineral nutrients. C) increased absorption of water. D) increased number of chloroplasts in roots. E) more effective anchoring of plant in substrate.

D) increased number of chloroplasts in roots.

52) The most immediate potential benefits of introducing genetically modified crops include A) increasing the amount of land suitable for agriculture. B) overcoming genetic incompatibility. C) increasing the frequency of self-pollination. D) increasing crop yield. E) both B and C

D) increasing crop yield.

44) Protostome characteristics include all of the following except A) a mouth that develops from the blastopore. B) schizocoelous development. C) spiral cleavage. D) indeterminate cleavage. E) solid masses of mesodermal tissue that split and form the body cavity.

D) indeterminate cleavage.

51) The presence or absence of mandibles can be used to distinguish between A) insects and centipedes. B) insects and crustaceans. C) insects and millipedes. D) insects and spiders. E) centipedes and millipedes

D) insects and spiders.

23) An organism is able to extend its feeding structure(s) through a hole in an exoskeleton. If the organism were an ectoproct, it would extend a ________; if a coral animal, it would extend ________; if a bivalve, i t would extend ________; and if a barnacle, it would extend ________. A) stomach; a pharynx; a radula; mandibles B) lophophore; trophi; a radula; jointed appendages C) pharynx; a proboscis; trophi; mandibles D) lophophore; tentacles; gill(s); jointed appendages E) tentacle; a proboscis; gill(s); a pharynx

D) lophophore; tentacles; gill(s); jointed appendages

16) In the life cycle of an angiosperm, which of the following stages is diploid? A) megaspore B) generative nucleus of a pollen grain C) polar nuclei of the embryo sac D) microsporocyte E) both megaspore and polar nuclei

D) microsporocyte

48) Fruits develop from A) microsporangia. B) receptacles. C) fertilized eggs. D) ovaries. E) ovules.

D) ovaries.

10) What should animals as diverse as corals and monkeys have in common? A) body cavity between body wall and digestive system B) number of embryonic tissue layers C) type of body symmetry D) presence of Hox genes E) degree of cephalization

D) presence of Hox genes

48) Sporophylls can be found in which of the following? A) mosses B) liverworts C) hornworts D) pterophytes E) charophyceans

D) pterophytes

44) What is the embryonic root called? A) plumule B) hypocotyl C) epicotyl D) radicle E) shoot

D) radicle

15) In which vertebrates is fertilization exclusively internal? A) chondrichthyans, osteichthyans, and mammals B) amphibians, mammals, and reptiles C) chondrichthyans, osteichthyans, and reptiles D) reptiles and mammals E) reptiles and amphibians

D) reptiles and mammals

67) Which of the following is a clade (monophyletic group)? A) bryophytes and seedless vascular plants B) lycophytes and pterophytes C) liverworts, hornworts, and mosses D) seedless vascular plants and seed plants E) charophyceans and bryophytes

D) seedless vascular plants and seed plants

9) Which of the following is the correct order of floral organs from the outside to the inside of a complete flower? A) petals-sepals-stamens-carpels B) sepals-stamens-petals-carpels C) spores-gametes-zygote -embryo D) sepals-petals-stamens-carpels E) male gametophyte -female gametophyte-sepals-petals

D) sepals-petals-stamens-carpels

12) Grasshoppers respire via A) their skin. B) nephridia. C) book lungs. D) spiracles and tracheae. E) Malpighian tubules.

D) spiracles and tracheae.

47) Protostomes exhibit ________ cleavage; deuterostomes exhibit ________ cleavage. A) radial and spiral; determinate and indeterminate B) radial and indeterminate; spiral and determinate C) radial and determinate; spiral and indeterminate D) spiral and determinate; radial and indeterminate E) spiral and indeterminate; radial and determinate

D) spiral and determinate; radial and indeterminate

28) You are trying to identify an organism. It is an animal, but it does not have nerve or muscle tissue. It is neither diploblastic nor triploblastic. It is probably a A) flatworm. B) jelly. C) comb jelly. D) sponge. E) nematode.

D) sponge.

1) While vacationing in a country that lacks adequate meat inspection, a student ate undercooked ground beef. Sometime later the student became easily fatigued, and lost body weight. At about the same time, whitish, flattened, rectangular objects full of small white spheres started appe aring in his feces. Administration of niclosamide cured the problem. The student had probably been infected by a A) pinworm. B) hookworm. C) nematode. D) tapeworm. E) proboscis worm.

D) tapeworm.

7 Native peoples traditionally use Brazil nuts to treat stomach ache, inflammation, hypersensitivity, and hepatitis. Consequently, a scientist should be interested in promoting

D) the evaluation of Brazil nut chemicals for use as potential drugs.

25) Which event during the evolution of land plants probably made the synthesis of secondary compounds most beneficial? A) the greenhouse effect present throughout the Devonian period B) the reverse-greenhouse effect during the Carboniferous period C) the association of the roots of land plants with fungi D) the rise of herbivory E) the rise of wind pollination

D) the rise of herbivory

4) Which kind of plant tissue should lack phragmoplasts? A) bryophyte tissues of the gametophyte generation B) diploid tissues of charophyceans C) spore-producing tissues of all land plants D) tissues performing nuclear division without intervening cytokineses E) the meristematic tissues of fern gametophytes

D) tissues performing nuclear division without intervening cytokineses

48) The most ancient branch point in animal phylogeny is that between having A) radial or bilateral symmetry. B) a well-defined head or no head. C) diploblastic or triploblastic embryos. D) true tissues or no tissues. E) a body cavity or no body cavity.

D) true tissues or no tissues.

23) The most primitive hominid discovered to date A) may have hunted dinosaurs. B) lived 1.2 million years ago. C) closely resembled a chimpanzee. D) walked on two legs. E) had a relatively large brain.

D) walked on two legs.

45) A plant that has small, green petals is most likely to be A) bee -pollinated. B) bird-pollinated. C) bat-pollinated. D) wind-pollinate

D) wind-pollinate

50) Among the invertebrates, arthropods are unique in possessing A) a cuticle. B) a ventral nerve cord. C) open circulation. D) wings. E) segmented bodies.

D) wings.

60) They can have long, movable spines. Match the descriptions with the correct echinoderm class from the list below. Each choice may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A. class Crinoidea (sea lilies and feather stars) B. class Asteroidea (sea stars) C. class Ophiuroidea (brittle stars) D. class Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars) E. class Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)

D. class Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars)

56) three major groups: egg-laying, pouched, and placental For the following items, match the vertebrate groups below w ith the descriptions that follow. Each choice may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A. amphibians B. non-avian reptiles C. chondrichthyans D. mammals E. avian reptiles

D. mammals

61) protostomes that have an open circulatory system and an exoskeleton of chitin For the following questions, match the descriptions with the correct phylum below. Each choice may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A.Cnidaria B.Annelida C.Mollusca D.Arthropoda E.Echinodermata

D.Arthropoda

38) name indicates the relative number of bristles its members have Match the descriptions to the correct annelid class(es) from the list below. Each choice may b e used once, more than once, or not at all. A.Oligochaeta B.Polychaeta C.Hirudinea D.two of the above E.all of the above

D.two of the above

12) The Hox genes came to regulate each of the following in what sequence, from earliest to most recent? 1. identity and position of paired appendages in protostome embryos 2. formation of channels in sponges 3. anterior-posterior orientation of segments in protostome embryos 4. positioning of tentacles in cnidarians 5. anterior-posterior orientation of somites in vertebrate embryos A) 4, 1, 3, 2, 5 B) 4, 2, 3, 1, 5 C) 4, 2, 5, 3, 1 D) 2, 4, 5, 3, 1 E) 2, 4, 3, 1, 5

E) 2, 4, 3, 1, 5 2. formation of channels in sponges 4. positioning of tentacles in cnidarians 3. anterior-posterior orientation of segments in protostome embryos 1. identity and position of paired appendages in protostome embryos 5. anterior-posterior orientation of somites in vertebrate embryos

Rank the following fish, from most to least, in terms of the amount of energy it must use to maintain its position (depth) in the water column over the long term. 1. physoclistus fish 2. physostomus fish 3. chondrichthyan fish

E) 3, 2, 1

6) What is the correct sequence of the following four events during an animal's development? 1. gastrulation 2. metamorphosis 3. fertilization 4. cleavage A) 4, 3, 2, 1 B) 4, 3, 1, 2 C) 3, 2, 4, 1 D) 3, 4, 2, 1 E) 3, 4, 1, 2

E) 3, 4, 1, 2 3. fertilization 4. cleavage 1. gastrulation 2. metamorphosis

38) Two, small, poorly drained lakes lie close to each other in a northern forest. The basins of both lakes are composed of the same geologic substratum. One lake is surrounded by a dense Sphagnum mat; the other is not. Compared with the pond without Sphagnum, the pond surrounded by the moss should have A) a lower pH. B) lower numbers of bacteria. C) reduced rates of decomposition. D) A and C only E) A, B, and C

E) A, B, and C

3) Which of these are characteristics of all chordates during at least a portion of their development? A) a dorsal, hollow nerve cord B) pharyngeal clefts C) post-anal tail D) A and B only E) A, B, and C

E) A, B, and C A) a dorsal, hollow nerve cord B) pharyngeal clefts C) post-anal tail

28) Structures that are made of keratin include which of the following? A) avian feathers B) reptilian scales C) mammalian hair D) A and C only E) A, B, and C

E) A, B, and C A) avian feathers B) reptilian scales C) mammalian hair

37) Which of the following functions is an advantage of a fluid-filled body cavity? A) Internal organs are cushioned and protected from injury. B) Organs can grow and move independently of the outer body wall. C) The cavity acts as a hydrostatic skeleton. D) A and C only E) A, B, and C

E) A, B, and C A) Internal organs are cushioned and protected from injury. B) Organs can grow and move independently of the outer body wall. C) The cavity acts as a hydrostatic skeleton.

3) A structurally complex sponge would be expected to have A) a multi-branched spongocoel. B) wandering amoebocytes. C) multiple oscula. D) A and B only E) A, B, and C

E) A, B, and C A) a multi-branched spongocoel. B) wandering amoebocytes. C) multiple oscula.

29) What is the main basis for placing the arthropods and nematodes in the Ecdysozoa in one hypothesis of animal phylogeny? A) Animals in both groups are segmented. B) Animals in both groups undergo ecdysis. C) They both have radial, determinate cleavage, and their embryonic development is similar. D) The fossil record has revealed a common ancestor to these two phyla. E) Analysis of genes shows that their sequences are quite similar, and these sequences differ from those of the lophotrochozoans and deuterostomes.

E) Analysis of genes shows that their sequences are quite similar, and these sequences differ from those of the lophotrochozoans and deuterostomes.

53) You find a small animal with eight legs crawling up your bedroom wall. Closer examination will probably reveal that this animal has A) antennae. B) no antennae. C) chelicerae. D) A and C E) B and C

E) B and C B) no antennae. C) chelicerae.

26) Which of these would a paleontologist be most likely to do in order to determine whether a fossil represents a reptile or a mammal? A) Look for the presence of milk-producing glands. B) Look for the mammalian characteristics of a four-chambered heart and a diaphragm. C) Because mammals are eutherians, look for evidence of a placenta. D) Use molecular analysis to look for the protein keratin. E) Examine the teeth.

E) Examine the teeth.

46) the species that demonstrates symbolic thought, art, and full -blown language Match the taxonomic terms below with the descriptions that follow. Options may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A) H. heidelbergensis B) H. erectus C) H. ergaster D) H. habilis E) H. sapiens

E) H. sapiens

9) The number of legs an insect has, or the number of vertebrae in a vertebral column, or the number of joints in a digit (such as a finger) are all strongly influenced by ________ genes. A) haploid B) introns within C) heterotic D) heterogeneous E) Hox

E) Hox

12) A perfect flower is fertile, but may be either complete or incomplete. Which of the following correctly describes a perfect flower? A) It has no sepals. B) It has fused carpels. C) It is on a dioecious plant. D) It has no endosperm. E) It has both stamens and carpels.

E) It has both stamens and carpels.

34) Which of the following is true about vegetative reproduction? A) It involves both meiosis and mitosis to produce haploid and diploid cells. B) It produces vegetables. C) It involves meiosis only. D) It can lead to genetically altered forms of the species. E) It produces clones.

E) It produces clones.

38) You have before you a living organism, which you examine carefully. Which of the following should convince you that the organism is an acoelomate? A) It responds to food by moving toward it. B) It is triploblastic. C) It has bilateral symmetry. D) It possesses sensory structures at its anterior end. E) Muscular activity of its digestive system distorts the body wall.

E) Muscular activity of its digestive system distorts the body wall.

30) Which of the following combinations of phylum and description is incorrect? A) Echinodermata-branch of Bilateria, coelom forms from archenteron B) Nematoda-roundworms, pseudocoelomate C) Cnidaria-radial symmetry, diploblastic D) Platyhelminthes-flatworms, acoelomates E) Porifera-coelomates, mouth from blastopore

E) Porifera-coelomates, mouth from blastopore

22) Which of the following combinations of phylum and description is incorrect? A) Echinodermata-bilateral and radial symmetry, coelom from archenteron B) Nematoda-roundworms, pseudocoelomate C) Cnidaria-radial symmetry, polyp and medusa body forms D) Platyhelminthes -flatworms, gastrovascular cavity, acoelomate E) Porifera-gastrovascular cavity, coelom present

E) Porifera-gastrovascular cavity, coelom present

1) Vertebrates and tunicates share A) jaws adapted for feeding. B) a high degree of cephalization. C) the formation of structures from the neural crest. D) an endoskeleton that includes a skull. E) a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord.

E) a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord.

26) Cephalization is generally associated with all of the following except A) bilateral symmetry. B) concentration of sensory structures at the anterior end. C) a brain. D) a longitudinal nerve cord. E) a sessile existence.

E) a sessile existence.

33) Acoelomates are characterized by A) the absence of a brain. B) the absence of mesoderm. C) deuterostome development. D) a coelom that is not completely lined with mesoderm. E) a solid body without a cavity surrounding internal organs.

E) a solid body without a cavity surrounding internal organs.

4) A sponge's skeletal materials (spicules, spongin) are manufactured by the A) pore cells. B) epidermal cells. C) choanocytes. D) zygotes. E) amoebocytes.

E) amoebocytes.

25) Cephalization is primarily associated with A) adaptation to dark environments. B) method of reproduction. C) fate of the blastopore. D) type of digestive system. E) bilateral symmetry.

E) bilateral symmetry.

16) Which of these hominid traits seems to have occurred before the others? A) tool use B) increased brain size C) symbolic thought D) language E) bipedalism

E) bipedalism

37) A fruit includes A) one or more seeds. B) the ovary wall. C) fleshy cells rich in sugars. D) brightly colored pigments to attract animal dispersers. E) both A and B

E) both A and B

58) Which of the following organisms are deuterostomes? A) molluscs B) annelids C) echinoderms D) chordates E) both C and D (although klenks answer is B & C)

E) both C and D (although his answer is B & C)

37) A fungal infection damages all calyptra, preventing them from performing their function. Which process will be directly hindered as a result? A) growth of the sporophyte B) ability of sperm to locate eggs C) growth of the protonema D) lengthening of rhizoids E) broadcast of spores

E) broadcast of spores

13) The exoskeletons of marine arthropods are made of calcified ________, and the endoskeletons of vertebrates are mostly composed of calcified ________. A) cartilage; cartilage B) silica; bo ne C) chitin; silica D) dentin; enamel E) chitin; cartilage

E) chitin; cartilage

62) Which of these characteristics is shared by algae and seed plants? A) embryo development within gametangia B) roots and shoots C) vascular tissue D) pollen E) chloroplasts

E) chloroplasts

20) To which of these are the scales of chondrichthyans most closely related in a structural sense? A) osteichthyan scales B) reptilian scales C) mammalian scales D) bird scales E) chondrichthyan teeth

E) chondrichthyan teeth

A biology student hiking in a northern forest happens upon an erect, 15-cm-tall plant that bears a pinecone-like structure at its tallest point. When disturbed, the cone emits a cloud of brownish dust. A pocket magnifying glass reveals the dust to be composed of tiny spheres with a high oil content. 51) This student has probably found a(n) A) immature pine tree. B) moss sporophyte. C) fern sporophyte. D) horsetail gametophyte. E) club moss sporophyte

E) club moss sporophyte

46) The sori of ferns are both homologous and analogous to which structures? A) spores of bryophytes B) capsules of moss sporophytes C) gametangia of hornwort gametophytes D) protonemata of moss gametophytes E) cones (strobili) of gymnosperm sporophytes

E) cones (strobili) of gymnosperm sporophytes

13) Carpellate flowers A) are perfect. B) are complete. C) produce pollen. D) are found only on dioecious plants. E) develop into fruits.

E) develop into fruits.

7)A mutation in which of the following floral parts would have the greatest impact on pollination? A) sepal B) petal C) stamen D) carpel E) either C or D

E) either C or D C) stamen D) carpel

8)A mutation in which of the following floral parts would have the greatest potential impact on fertilization? A) sepal B) petal C) stamen D) carpel E) either C or D

E) either C or D C) stamen D) carpel

51) Regardless of where in the world a vineyard is located, in order for the winery to produce a Burgundy, it must use varietal grapes that originated in Burgundy, France. The most effective way for a new California grower to plant a vineyard to produce Burgundy is to A) plant seeds obtained from French varietal Burgundy grapes. B) transplant varietal Burgundy plants from France. C) root cuttings of varietal Burgundy grapes from France. D) cross French Burgundy grapes with native American grapes. E) graft varietal Burgundy grape scions onto native (Californian) root stocks.

E) graft varietal Burgundy grape scions onto native (Californian) root stocks.

60) Angiosperms are most closely related to A) green algae. B) charophyceans. C) bryophytes. D) seedless vascular plants. E) gymnosperms.

E) gymnosperms.

15) Which statement is most consistent with the hypothesis that the Cambrian explosion was caused by the rise of predator-prey relationships? A) increased incidence of worm burrows in the fossil record B) increased incidence of larger animals in the fossil record C) increased incidence of organic material in the fossil record D) increased incidence of fern galls in the fossil record E) increased incidence of hard parts in the fossil record

E) increased incidence of hard parts in the fossil record

29) Differentiation of teeth is greatest in A) sharks. B) bony fishes. C) amphibians. D) reptiles. E) mammals.

E) mammals.

17) Where does meiosis occur in flowering plants? A) megasporocyte B) microsporocyte C) endosperm D) pollen tube E) megasporocyte and microsporocyte

E) megasporocyte and microsporocyte

20) Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in a pollen sac? A) sporangiameiosistwo haploid cellsmeiosistwo pollen grains per cell B) pollen grainmeiosistwo generative cells two tube cells per pollen grain C) two haploid cellsmeiosisgenerative celltube cell-fertilizationpollen grain D) pollen grainmitosismicrosporesmeiosisgenerative cell plus tube cell E) microsporocyte-meiosis-microspores -mitosis-two haploid cells per pollen grain

E) microsporocyte-meiosis-microspores -mitosis-two haploid cells per pollen grain

47) Skeletal structures that are entirely or partly composed of calcium carbonate can be found in some members of the follo wing except A) sponges. B) coral animals. C) molluscs. D) arthropods. E) nematodes

E) nematodes

11) What is the best way to describe the brain of a sea anemone? A) a thick ring around the mouth B) a series of ganglia at the base of the tentacles C) a pair of ganglia at the anterior end D) a single ganglion in the body wall E) nonexistent

E) nonexistent

6 ) Which of the following factors, when used to label the horizontal axis of the previous graph, would account most directly for the shape of the plot?

E) number of choanocytes per sponge

14) How are primates different from all other mammals? A) placental embryonic development B) hairy bodies C) arboreal lifestyles D) ability to produce milk E) opposable thumbs in many species

E) opposable thumbs in many species

3 Entrepreneurs attempted, but failed, to harvest nuts from plantations grown in Southeast Asia. Attempts to grow Brazil nut trees in South American plantations also failed. In both cases, the trees grew vigorously, produced healthy flowers in profusion, but set no fruit. Consequently, what is the likely source of the problem?

E) pollination failure

9) On a field trip, a student in a marine biology class collects an organism that has differentiated organs, cell walls of cellulose, and chloroplasts with chlorophyll a. Based on this description, the organism could be a brown alga, a red alga, a green alga, a charophycean recently washed into the ocean from a freshwater or brackish water source, or a land plant washed into the ocean. Which of the following features would definitively identify this organism as a land plant? A) presence of alternation of generations B) presence of sporopollenin C) presence of rosette cellulose-synthesizing complexes D) presence of flagellated sperm E) presence of embryos

E) presence of embryos

50) Which is the most inclusive (most general) group, all of whose members have fingernails instead of claws? Match the taxonomic terms below with the descriptions that follow. Each option may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A) hominoids B)Homo C) anthropoids D) hominids E) primates

E) primates

52) Which is the most specific group in which prosimians can be included? Match the taxonomic terms below with the descriptions that follow. Each option may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A) hominoids B)Homo C) anthropoids D) hominids E) primates

E) primates

42) In angiosperms, products of the terminal cell become the A) suspensor. B) proembryo. C) cotyledons. D) suspensor and the proembryo. E) proembryo and the cotyledons.

E) proembryo and the cotyledons.

55) The common ancestor of all animals was probably a A) bacterium. B) prokaryote. C) plant. D) fungus. E) protist.

E) protist.

5)Based on studies of plant evolution, which flower part is not a modified leaf? A) stamen B) carpel C) petal D) sepal E) receptacle

E) receptacle

8) Which of the following is not unique to animals? A) cells that have tight junctions, desmosomes, or gap junctions B) the structural protein collagen C) nervous conduction and muscular movement D) regulatory genes called Hox genes E) sexual reproduction

E) sexual reproduction

8 In the long run, harvesting Brazil nut trees for their lumber is most likely to benefit

E) sloths.

3) Peptidoglycan is to the structural integrity of bacteria as ________ is to the structural integrity of plant spores. A) lignin B) cellulose C) terpene D) tannin E) sporopollenin

E) sporopollenin

10) Which of these is a characteristic of sea stars? A) a closed circulatory system B) nephridia C) a brain D) two tissue layers E) tube feet

E) tube feet

58) honeycombed bones, females with one ovary, no teeth For the following items, match the vertebrate groups below w ith the descriptions that follow. Each choice may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A. amphibians B. non-avian reptiles C. chondrichthyans D. mammals E. avian reptiles

E. avian reptiles

58) They are elongated in the oral-aboral axis. Match the descriptions with the correct echinoderm class from the list below. Each choice may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A. class Crinoidea (sea lilies and feather stars) B. class Asteroidea (sea stars) C. class Ophiuroidea (brittle stars) D. class Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars) E. class Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)

E. class Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)

64) deuterostomes that have an endoskeleton For the following questions, match the descriptions with the correct phylum below. Each choice may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A.Cnidaria B.Annelida C.Mollusca D.Arthropoda E.Echinodermata

E.Echinodermata

36) have segmented bodies Match the descriptions to the correct annelid class(es) from the list below. Each choice may b e used once, more than once, or not at all. A.Oligochaeta B.Polychaeta C.Hirudinea D.two of the above E.all of the above

E.all of the above

24) Which of the following statements does not describe a portion of the pine life cycle?

Female gametophytes use meiosis to produce eggs.

66) The fruit of the mistletoe, a parasitic angiosperm, is a one-seeded berry. In members of the genus Viscum, the outside of the seed is viscous (sticky), which permits the seed to adhere to surfaces, such as the branches of host plants or the beaks of birds. What should be expected of the pericarp if the viscosity of Viscum seeds is primarily an adaptation for dispersal rather than an adaptation for infecting host plant tissues?

It should be nutritious.

74) Which of the following is not a valid argument for preserving tropical forests?

People in the tropics do not need to increase agricultural output.

25) Which of the following statement is not generally true of the pine life cycle?

Pollen grains are very different from pine male gametophytes.

12. Distinguish between pollination and fertilization

Pollination pollen into stigma of carpel - is a prerequisite to fertilization Fertilization the union of haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote

11 Describe the adaptations of seed plants that have contributed to their success on land

Reduction of the gametophyte Origin of the seed zygote with food supply and protective coat Evolution of pollen - plants no longer tied to water for fertilization

2. Describe the anatomy and generalized life cycle of a tapeworm

Scolex with suckers and hooks; proglottids are reproductive sections No digestive system Life cycle -Proglottids packed with eggs break off, exit anus -Contaminated feed infects pigs/cattle -Larvae encyst in muscle -Transferred to humans in undercooked meat

3. List characteristics of arthropods (Phylum Arthropoda) that distinguish them from other animal phyla

Segmented, hard exoskeleton, specialized jointed appendages Grows by molting (ecdysis) Well-developed sensory structures; most are well-cephalized Open circulatory system Extremely diverse; 1018 individuals

1. Describe the evidence that suggests animals may have first evolved about a billion years ago

The common ancestor of all animals shows to be around 800 million years ago. Choanoflagellates are the clostest living relative of animals.

2) Which of the following is not true concerning the sporophyte or gametophyte generations of flowering plants?

The flower is composed of gametophyte tissue only.

2. Explain the significance of the Cambrian explosion. Describe three hypotheses for the cause of the Cambrian explosion

The signifigance is that it caused diversity of animal phyla by causing a decline in the diversity of ediacaran life forms. 1. Predators acquired adaptations that helped them catch prey, prey species acquired new defenses. As they emereged natural selection may have led to the decline of some groups and the rise of others. 2. The increase in atmopsohereic oxygen that preceeded the cambian explosion. More oxygen would mean animals with higher metabolic rates could thrive and grow bigger to catch more prey. 3. Hox genes and other genetic changes affecting the regulation of developmental genes facilitated the evolution of new body forms.

8. Platyhelminths are _____.

The simplest animals with three tissue layers, invertebrates, worms.

43) Which of the following statements is not true of monocots?

They are currently thought to be polyphyletic.

33) What is true of stamens, sepals, petals, and pine cone scales?

They are modified leaves.

39) pollen tube

a (male gametophyte)

6) Seeds commonly provide for each of the following except

a choice of germination location.

7) In addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics are unique to the seed-producing plants?

a haploid gametophyte retained within tissues of the diploid sporophyte ,pollen

13) A fruit is most commonly

a mature ovary.

68) The fruit is covered with spines or hooks.

a. animal skin, fur, or feathers

3. Compare the developmental differences between protostomes and deuterostomes, including: a. pattern of cleavage b. fate of the blastopore c. coelom formation

a. pattern of cleavage protostomes-spiral and determinate cleavage deuterostomes- radial and indeterminate cleavage b. fate of the blastopore protostomes-the mouth forms from the blastopore. deuterostomes- development of the mouth forms from a secondary opening. c. coelom formation protostomes-the digestive tube of an embryo forms into a blind pouch called an archenteron which becomes the gut. Solidm asses of mesoderm split to form the colem. deuterostomes- the mesoderm buds from the wall of the archenteron and its cavity becomes the coelom.

15) Which of the following is not a characteristic that distinguishes gymnosperms and angiosperms from other plants?

alternation of generations

11. This phylogenetic tree indicates that the most recent common ancestors of reptiles, birds, and mammals are _____.

amphibians

11) A stamen consists of a(n)

anther and filament.

45) All of the following statements are true of angiosperm carpels except that they

are structures that directly produce female gametes.

3. According to this phylogenetic tree, annelids are most closely related to _____.

arthropods

72) Over human history, which process has been most important in improving the features of plants that have long been used by humans as staple foods?

artificial selection

37) egg cell in the embryo sac

b (female gametophyte)

51) How many chromosomes should be in a tube cell nucleus?

b. 8

53) How many chromosomes should be in a generative cell nucleus?

b. 8

54) How many chromosomes should be in an embryo sac nucleus?

b. 8

67) The fruit is made of material high in calories.

b. animal digestive tract

29) Before pollination occurs, what does an individual flower potentially have that an individual pine cone does not have?

both male and female gametophytes

47) How have fruits contributed to the success of angiosperms?

by facilitating dispersal of seeds

55) How many chromosomes should be in an embryo nucleus?

c. 16

69) The fruit contains an air bubble.

c. water currents

57) Hypothetically, one of the major benefits of double fertilization in angiosperms is to coordinate developmental timing between the embryo and its food stores

coordinate developmental timing between the embryo and its food stores.

10) In flowering plants the integuments of the ovule develop into a(n)

cotyledon.

40) Which of these would have been the most likely dietary staple for a 20-foot-tall, bipedal, herbivorous dinosaur of about 100 million years ago?

cycads (Cycadophyta

35) scale of ovulate (ovule-bearing) pine cone

d (female sporophyte)

36) integument of pine nut

d (female sporophyte)

38) fruit

d (female sporophyte)

70) The fruit has a heavy weight and spheroidal shape.

d gravity and terrain

52) How many chromosomes should be in an endosperm nucleus?

d? 24

46) A hypothetical angiosperm opens its flowers only at night. The flowers are brown and emit a putrid odor. The pollinator is most likely to be which organism?

detritivorous (scavenging) animal

1. Desribe the 4 unique characteristics of chordates

dorsal hollow nerve chord notochord muscular post-anal tail pharyngeal slits

71) The fruit has light, fibrous plumes or puffs.

e. air currents

6. According to this phylogenetic tree, chordates are most closely related to _____.

echinoderms

19) In terms of alternation of generations, the pollen grains of seed-producing plants are most similar to a

fern gametophyte that will bear only antheridia.

60) All of the following are found in angiosperms except

flagellated sperm.

41) All of the following are characteristic of angiosperms except

free-living gametophytes.

78) In pine trees, microsporangia form ________ microspores by ________.

haploid; meiosis

62) A plant whose reproductive parts produce nectar should be expected to

have brightly colored reproductive parts.

21) Gymnosperms differ from both extinct and extant ferns because they

have pollen.

56) Double fertilization means that angiosperms

have two sperm nuclei, both of which unite with nuclei of the female gametophyte.

73) What is the greatest threat to plant diversity?

human population growth

64) Many mammals have skins and mucous membranes that are sensitive to phenolic secretions of plants like poison oak (Rhus). These secondary compounds are probably an adaptation that

inhibits herbivory.

20) Which of these is most important in making the typical seed more resistant to adverse conditions than the typical spore?

integument(s)

34) Reptilian embryos are protected from desiccation by a leathery shell. Similarly, sporophytes of both gymnosperms and angiosperms protect embryos within ________, and they also protect male gametophytes against desiccation using ________.

integuments; sporopollenin

18) In seed plants, which structure or material is considered part of a pollen grain?

male gametophyte ---sporopollenin

14) With respect to angiosperms, which of the following is incorrectly paired with its chromosome count?

megaspore-2n

77) In pine trees, pollen grains get to the ovule via the

micropyle.

63) If the "mostly male" hypothesis for the origin of flowers is correct, then the development of which gymnosperm structure below should be controlled by genes most similar to those that control the development of bisexual flowers?

microsporangium

4) All of the following cellular structures are found in cells of angiosperm and gymnosperm gametophytes except

mitochondria.

44) Carpels and stamens are

modified sporophylls.

4. According to this phylogenetic tree, the clade that includes echinoderms and chordates is most closely related to the clade that includes _____.

molluscs

75) Assume that a botanist was visiting a tropical region for the purpose of discovering plants with medicinal properties. All of the following might be ways of identifying potentially useful plants except

observing which plants are the most used food plants.

17) Gymnosperms and angiosperms have the following in common except

ovaries.

59) Which of the following flower parts develops into a fruit?

ovary

31) Which structure is common to both gymnosperms and angiosperms?

ovule

58) Which of the following flower parts develops into a seed?

ovule

16) Which of the following traits is not shared by most angiosperms?

parallel leaf venation

5. According to this phylogenetic tree, cnidarians are most closely related to _____.

platyhelminths

8) Which of the following most closely represents the male gametophyte of seed-bearing plants?

pollen grain

42) All of the following are sporophyte structures except

pollen tubes.

65) Which feature of honeybees probably arose under the mutual evolutionary influence of flowering plants that are not wind pollinated?

possessing an abdomen that is densely covered with short bristles

7. Cnidarians are in the _____ clade

radiata

3) Which of the following is an ongoing trend in the evolution of land plants?

reduction of the gametophyte phase of the life cycle

10.This phylogenetic tree indicates that birds are most closely related to _____.

reptiles

76) In pines, an embryo is a(n) ________.

seed

23) Generally, wind pollination is most likely to be found in seed plants that grow in dense, single-species stands.

soils.

61) Angiosperms are the most successful terrestrial plants. This success is due to all of the following except

sperm cells with flagella.

1) The sporophytes of mosses depend on the gametophytes for water and nutrition. In seed plants, the reverse is true. From which seed plant sporophyte structure(s) do the immature (unfertilize(D) gametophytes directly gain water and nutrition?

sporangia

48) In flowering plants, meiosis occurs specifically in the

spore mother cells.

32) A botanist discovers a new species of land plant with a dominant sporophyte, chlorophylls a and b, and a cell wall made of cellulose. In assigning this plant to a phylum, all of the following would provide useful information except whether or not the plant has

spores.

9. Ectoderm can give rise to _______; mesoderm can give rise to ______; endoderm can give rise to _________.

the central nervous system ... muscle ... the lining of the digestive tube

5) Plants with a dominant sporophyte are successful on land partly because

their gametophytes are protected by, and obtain nutrition from, the sporophytes.

50) Which structure(s) must pass through the micropyle for successful fertilization to occur in angiosperms?

two sperm nuclei / the pollen tube

22) The main way that pine trees disperse their offspring is by using

windblown seeds.

12) Where in an angiosperm would you find a megasporangium?

within an ovule contained within an ovary of a flower

5 Distinguish between incomplete and complete metamorphosis

• Incomplete metamorphosis has three stages, while complete metamorphosis has four stages. • Eggs and adults are common stages in both processes, while nymphs are involved in incomplete metamorphosis. However, complete metamorphosis involves with larval and pupal stages in addition to obvious eggs and adult stages. • Nymphs almost look similar as the adults do, and the food habits are the same in both. However, larva is completely different from the adult in body form as well as food habits. • There is no pupal stage in incomplete metamorphosis, but complete metamorphosis does have it, and the pupa does not eat and cannot move.