Bio 212 Exam 5

acetylcholine

primary neurotransmitter in a muscle contraction

fast twitch

low myoglobin content, looks white

tumor suppressor genes

suppress cell division

Fallopian tubes

where fertilization takes place

pigments

two compounds bound together

actin

two intertwined chains

low

Basilar membrane back is flexible and responds to _________ frequencies

intermediate

Between slow and fast twitch muscle fibers

p53

Example of checkpoint protein

250,000

Females born with ________________ primary oocytes

p53

In Alexis, _______ was unable to active DNA repair genes and initiate apoptosis to damaged DNA

80%

Percent of cancers related to carcinogens

Ca2+

Action potential triggers release of ____________.

voltage-dependent Ca2+

Action potentials open __________________________ channels in SR

high

Basilar membrane front is stiff and responds to _________ frequencies

active transport

Ca2+ concentrated in SR via

cell division

Carcinogens affect ____________________.

hyperpolarize

Cells ___________ when exposed to light.

thermoreceptors

sense changes in temperature

actin

closely associated with regulatory proteins

carcinomas

cancer of the epithelial cells

opsin

changes membrane permeability to ions

tropomyosin

covers myosin-binding sites in absense of Ca

photon

fundamental unit of electromagnetic radiation with properties of waves

slow twitch

high myoglobin content, looks red

sensory receptors

initiates signal tranduction by creating graded potentials in itself or an adjacent cell

2

Testes are held at ______ degrees colder than rest of body.

longer

__________ tympanic membranes can sense softer sounds.

cyclines and cdks

___________________________ are responsible for getting cells through all four phases of division

retina

absorbs light energy

lens

allows light to pass through

epididymis

allows sperm to become motile

tropomyosin

along the length of actin thin filaments

blind spot

area where optic nerve leaves the eye

CNS

conducts transmission of sensory receptors

troponin

drags tropomyosin off the binding site, if Ca is present, to cause a contraction

tympanic membrane

eardrum; amplifies sound signal

ovulation

estrodial, FSH, and LH lead to completion of Meiosis 1

Ras, Her2

examples of oncogenes

p53, BRCA1, BRCA2

examples of tumor suppressor genes

transduction

external stimulus turned to an internal signal

cross bridge

formed when myosin head attaches to actin

actin

has a binding site for myosin

uterus

holds developing embryo

pupil

hole in eye

tumor suppressor genes

inactive in cancer

mutagens and carcinogens

increase chance of cancer

checkpoint proteins

maintain integrity of genome by repairing alterations

sarcoplasmic reticulum

membrane network that surrounds myofibers

cardiac, skeletal

muscle that is striated

carcinogens

mutagens that promote genetic change in somatic cells

transduction, amplification, transmission

parts of sensory receptors

epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, penis

path of sperm

metastasis

spreading of cancer cells

M, G1, S, G2

steps of cell division

FSH and LH

stimulate the ovary

estrogen

stimulates endometrium thickening

SR

stores and releases Ca2+

extensors

straighten joint

15%

Five year survival rate for lung cancer

basilar membrane, tectorial membrane

Hair cells connect to the ______________________, and a smaller surface called a ______________________.

more

Higher the frequency, the __________ intense the stimulus

high

If Ca2+ levels are __________, muscles contract.

1, 4

In spermatogenesis, _____ cell becomes ______ gametes

synaptic vesicles

In stereocilia, there are potassium ion channels. When ________________ fuse, a neurotransmitter is release.

contraction

Muscle ______________ leads to locomotion.

nerve signal

Muscles contract in response to a _________________.

rods/cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells

Parts of retina

90%

Percent of lung cancers caused by smoking

exocytosis

Presynaptic release of neurotransmitter occurs via _________________.

month

Primary oocyte undergoes meiosis 1 once a _______________.

neuron or epithelial

Sensory receptors can be ____________________ cells.

stimulus, depolarization, graded potential, action potential

Sequence of sensory receptors

oncogenes

These are active in cancer

actin, ATP

each myosin head has binding sites for ______________ and _____________.

ligand-gated ion

Acetylcholine receptor is a _______________________ channel.

myosin binding sites

Ca2+ in skeletal muscle regulates availability of __________________________ on actin

rods

Are there more rods or cones in the retina?

lung cancer

Difficult to cure because it is hard to detect

sclera

Outer white sheath of eye

2 haploid

Spermatocytes undergo meiosis 1 to produce ________________ secondary spermatocytes.

4 haploid

Spermatocytes undergo meiosis 2 to produce _______________ spermatids that become sperm.

form cross bridge, sarcomeres shorten, ATP binding, ATP hydrolyzes into ADP and Pi

Steps of muscle contraction

frequency

Strength of stimulus depends on _________________ of the action potential.

malleus, incus, stapes

The ear ossicles

5%

What percent of semen is made up of sperm?

2 regulatory protons and Ca2+

What regulates whether binding sites on actin are available?

skin and ears

Where are mechanoreceptors found?

cochlea

Where are receptors for heat found?

Benzoapryene

attaches to base of nucleotide, and forms an adduct when it binds to guanine (G)

skeletal muscle

attaches to bones via tendons

flexors

bend joint

neurotransmitter junction

between neuron and muscle cells

troponin

bound to tropomyosin and actin

fascicle

bundle of muscle fibers

myofibrils

bundles of actin and myosin filaments

slow twitch

derives ATP via aerobic respiration

fast twitch

derives ATP via glycolysis

electroreceptor

detect electrical fields

cones

detect wavelengths (color) of light

magnetoreceptor

detects magnetic fields

slow twitch

muscle fiber containing many mitochondria

fast twitch

muscle fiber that contains few mitochondria

tumor suppressor genes

normal role is to prevent cancer growth

follicle cells

nourish oocytes

muscle contraction

occurs via sliding filament mechanism

Postsynaptic cells

often contain neurotransmitter receptors

sarcomere

one repeating unit of actin and myosin filaments

skeletal

only voluntary muscle

corpus luteum

produces progesterone from day 15-28 (luteal phase)

stereocilia

projections of hair cells

oncogenes

promote cell division

myosin

protein with two heads and a tail

sertoli cells

provide nutrients to sperm

mechanoreceptors

respond to distortion caused by pressure

photoreceptors

respond to particular wavelengths of light

nociceptors

sense harmful stimuli, such as tissue injury (sense pain)

rods

sense low intensity light

chemoreceptors

sense presence of specific molecules (smell)

Sensory system

senses changes in environment, such as smell, sound, pressure, and temp

seminiferous tubules

site of spermatogenesis

iris

smooth muscle controlling the size of the pupil

myosin

thick filament

corpus luteum

thickens uterus lining

actin

thin filament

cornea

thin, clear and continuous with sclera

Ca2+ released in cytosol

triggers muscle contraction