Bio 212 Exam 5
acetylcholine
primary neurotransmitter in a muscle contraction
fast twitch
low myoglobin content, looks white
tumor suppressor genes
suppress cell division
Fallopian tubes
where fertilization takes place
pigments
two compounds bound together
actin
two intertwined chains
low
Basilar membrane back is flexible and responds to _________ frequencies
intermediate
Between slow and fast twitch muscle fibers
p53
Example of checkpoint protein
250,000
Females born with ________________ primary oocytes
p53
In Alexis, _______ was unable to active DNA repair genes and initiate apoptosis to damaged DNA
80%
Percent of cancers related to carcinogens
Ca2+
Action potential triggers release of ____________.
voltage-dependent Ca2+
Action potentials open __________________________ channels in SR
high
Basilar membrane front is stiff and responds to _________ frequencies
active transport
Ca2+ concentrated in SR via
cell division
Carcinogens affect ____________________.
hyperpolarize
Cells ___________ when exposed to light.
thermoreceptors
sense changes in temperature
actin
closely associated with regulatory proteins
carcinomas
cancer of the epithelial cells
opsin
changes membrane permeability to ions
tropomyosin
covers myosin-binding sites in absense of Ca
photon
fundamental unit of electromagnetic radiation with properties of waves
slow twitch
high myoglobin content, looks red
sensory receptors
initiates signal tranduction by creating graded potentials in itself or an adjacent cell
2
Testes are held at ______ degrees colder than rest of body.
longer
__________ tympanic membranes can sense softer sounds.
cyclines and cdks
___________________________ are responsible for getting cells through all four phases of division
retina
absorbs light energy
lens
allows light to pass through
epididymis
allows sperm to become motile
tropomyosin
along the length of actin thin filaments
blind spot
area where optic nerve leaves the eye
CNS
conducts transmission of sensory receptors
troponin
drags tropomyosin off the binding site, if Ca is present, to cause a contraction
tympanic membrane
eardrum; amplifies sound signal
ovulation
estrodial, FSH, and LH lead to completion of Meiosis 1
Ras, Her2
examples of oncogenes
p53, BRCA1, BRCA2
examples of tumor suppressor genes
transduction
external stimulus turned to an internal signal
cross bridge
formed when myosin head attaches to actin
actin
has a binding site for myosin
uterus
holds developing embryo
pupil
hole in eye
tumor suppressor genes
inactive in cancer
mutagens and carcinogens
increase chance of cancer
checkpoint proteins
maintain integrity of genome by repairing alterations
sarcoplasmic reticulum
membrane network that surrounds myofibers
cardiac, skeletal
muscle that is striated
carcinogens
mutagens that promote genetic change in somatic cells
transduction, amplification, transmission
parts of sensory receptors
epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, penis
path of sperm
metastasis
spreading of cancer cells
M, G1, S, G2
steps of cell division
FSH and LH
stimulate the ovary
estrogen
stimulates endometrium thickening
SR
stores and releases Ca2+
extensors
straighten joint
15%
Five year survival rate for lung cancer
basilar membrane, tectorial membrane
Hair cells connect to the ______________________, and a smaller surface called a ______________________.
more
Higher the frequency, the __________ intense the stimulus
high
If Ca2+ levels are __________, muscles contract.
1, 4
In spermatogenesis, _____ cell becomes ______ gametes
synaptic vesicles
In stereocilia, there are potassium ion channels. When ________________ fuse, a neurotransmitter is release.
contraction
Muscle ______________ leads to locomotion.
nerve signal
Muscles contract in response to a _________________.
rods/cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells
Parts of retina
90%
Percent of lung cancers caused by smoking
exocytosis
Presynaptic release of neurotransmitter occurs via _________________.
month
Primary oocyte undergoes meiosis 1 once a _______________.
neuron or epithelial
Sensory receptors can be ____________________ cells.
stimulus, depolarization, graded potential, action potential
Sequence of sensory receptors
oncogenes
These are active in cancer
actin, ATP
each myosin head has binding sites for ______________ and _____________.
ligand-gated ion
Acetylcholine receptor is a _______________________ channel.
myosin binding sites
Ca2+ in skeletal muscle regulates availability of __________________________ on actin
rods
Are there more rods or cones in the retina?
lung cancer
Difficult to cure because it is hard to detect
sclera
Outer white sheath of eye
2 haploid
Spermatocytes undergo meiosis 1 to produce ________________ secondary spermatocytes.
4 haploid
Spermatocytes undergo meiosis 2 to produce _______________ spermatids that become sperm.
form cross bridge, sarcomeres shorten, ATP binding, ATP hydrolyzes into ADP and Pi
Steps of muscle contraction
frequency
Strength of stimulus depends on _________________ of the action potential.
malleus, incus, stapes
The ear ossicles
5%
What percent of semen is made up of sperm?
2 regulatory protons and Ca2+
What regulates whether binding sites on actin are available?
skin and ears
Where are mechanoreceptors found?
cochlea
Where are receptors for heat found?
Benzoapryene
attaches to base of nucleotide, and forms an adduct when it binds to guanine (G)
skeletal muscle
attaches to bones via tendons
flexors
bend joint
neurotransmitter junction
between neuron and muscle cells
troponin
bound to tropomyosin and actin
fascicle
bundle of muscle fibers
myofibrils
bundles of actin and myosin filaments
slow twitch
derives ATP via aerobic respiration
fast twitch
derives ATP via glycolysis
electroreceptor
detect electrical fields
cones
detect wavelengths (color) of light
magnetoreceptor
detects magnetic fields
slow twitch
muscle fiber containing many mitochondria
fast twitch
muscle fiber that contains few mitochondria
tumor suppressor genes
normal role is to prevent cancer growth
follicle cells
nourish oocytes
muscle contraction
occurs via sliding filament mechanism
Postsynaptic cells
often contain neurotransmitter receptors
sarcomere
one repeating unit of actin and myosin filaments
skeletal
only voluntary muscle
corpus luteum
produces progesterone from day 15-28 (luteal phase)
stereocilia
projections of hair cells
oncogenes
promote cell division
myosin
protein with two heads and a tail
sertoli cells
provide nutrients to sperm
mechanoreceptors
respond to distortion caused by pressure
photoreceptors
respond to particular wavelengths of light
nociceptors
sense harmful stimuli, such as tissue injury (sense pain)
rods
sense low intensity light
chemoreceptors
sense presence of specific molecules (smell)
Sensory system
senses changes in environment, such as smell, sound, pressure, and temp
seminiferous tubules
site of spermatogenesis
iris
smooth muscle controlling the size of the pupil
myosin
thick filament
corpus luteum
thickens uterus lining
actin
thin filament
cornea
thin, clear and continuous with sclera
Ca2+ released in cytosol
triggers muscle contraction