BIO CH 22 Questions

Immunoglobulins that attach to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are IgA. IgD. IgE. IgG. IgM.

IgE

Immunoglobulins that are most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are IgA. IgD. IgE. IgG. IgM.

IgG

Pregnant women are encouraged to get flu shots so that the maternal ________ can pass through the placenta to the fetus.

IgG

The cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ________ cells. suppressor T B helper T NK plasma

NK

Sally has a tumor. In an effort to fight the cancerous cells her body increases the production of memory B cells. NK cells. suppressor T cells. plasma cells. neutrophils.

NK cells

________ are large lymphatic nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx Immune complexes Tonsils Peyer's patches Spleens Lymph nodes

Tonsils

All of the following are true of the thymus gland except that it atrophies after puberty. lies in the anterior mediastinum. reaches its greatest relative size during the second year of life. produces T cells. activates B cells.

activates B cells

The process by which antibodies bind to the antigen on the surface of cells, forming large immune complexes, is called opsonization. activation. agglutination. precipitation. neutralization.

agglutination

Lymphatic capillaries are known for all of the following except having larger diameters and looser walls than blood capillaries. being the smallest lymphatic vessels. having overlapping endothelial cells. being the starting point of the lymphatic circulation. allowing nutrient and gas exchange.

allowing nutrient and gas exchange.

The body's innate defenses include all of the following except interferon. complement. antibodies. inflammation. the skin.

antibodies

Newborns gain their immunity initially from breast milk. early immunizations during routine neo-natal check-ups. contact with viruses and bacteria. antibodies passed across the placenta from the mother. contact with siblings

antibodies passed across the placenta from the mother.

A substance that provokes an immune response is called an antigen. antibody. immunoglobulin. antihistamine. allopath.

antigen

The portions of an antigen to which antibodies bind are the antigenic determinant sites. reactive sites. antigen activation segments. active sites. antibody active sites.

antigenic determinant sites

Compared to blood capillaries, lymph capillaries exhibit all of the following except that they are smaller in diameter. have no basement membrane. have only a tunica interna. have walls of endothelial cells that overlap like shingles. are frequently irregular in shape.

are smaller in diameter.

The attraction or repulsion of certain cells to chemicals in their environment is called polarity. infection. diapedesis. chemotaxis. cytotoxicity.

chemotaxis

Histamine increases blood flow and vascular permeability. This would account for all of the following changes that occur during inflammation except redness of the inflamed tissue. swelling of the inflamed tissue. heat of the inflamed tissue. movement of defense proteins and cells into the interstitial space. chemotaxis of phagocytes.

chemotaxis of phagocytes

An abnormal cell would be identified by the immune system because it showed Class I MHC proteins. a CD3 receptor complex in the membrane. Class II MHC proteins with an antigen bound. Class I MHC proteins with an antigen bound

class I MHC proteins with an antigen bound

Each of the following is a physical barrier to infection except complement. secretions. basement membranes. body hair. epithelium.

complement

A T cell can only become activated after being physically or chemically stimulated by the abnormal target cell in a process called opsonization. costimulation. neutralization. precipitation. sensitization.

costimulation

The cells directly responsible for cellular immunity are the ________ cells cytotoxic T dendritic plasma suppressor T helper T

cytotoxic T

When an antigen is bound to a Class I MHC molecule, it can stimulate a ________ cell. helper T cytotoxic T NK B plasma

cytotoxic T

CD8 markers are to ________ T cells as CD4 markers are to ________ T cells. NK; cytoxic plasma; NK cytoxic; helper suppressor; cytoxic helper; suppressor

cytoxic; helper

B cells are primarily activated by the activities of antibodies. macrophages. antigens. helper T cells. plasma cells.

helper T cells

When an antigen is bound to a Class II MHC protein, it can activate a ________ cell. helper T suppressor T plasma NK cytotoxic T

helper t

The effects of activating the complement system include all of the following except stimulation of inflammation. chemotaxis. destruction of target cell plasma membranes. opsonization. inhibition of the immune response.

inhibition of immune response

Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity. active innate natural passive auto passive

innate

Interferons prevent viruses from entering a cell. reduce macrophage chemotaxis to the infection. interfere with viral replication. prevent viruses from leaving a cell. bind to viruses and destroy them.

interfere with viral replication

Hormones that regulate the activity of B cells and T cells and enhance nonspecific defense are called glucocorticoids. calcitriol. immunoglobulins. interleukins. mineralocorticoids.

interleukins

The lymphoid organ that acts like a filter as lymph passes through is lymph nodes. thymus. tonsils. appendix. adenoids.

lymph nodes

Class II MHC molecules are found on which of the following? granulocytes and microphages liver cells and macrophages in the spleen all body cells with a nucleus lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells red blood cells

lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells

Which of the following is not a lymphocyte? memory T cells plasma cells suppressor T cells NK cells macrophages

macrophages

An inflammatory response is triggered when blood flow to an area increases. T cells release interferon. mast cells release histamine and heparin. red blood cells release pyrogens. neutrophils phagocytize bacteria.

mast cells release histamine and heparin

________ cells enable the immune system to respond quickly and robustly if the same antigen is encountered a second time. Primary Secondary Responder Transponder Memory

memory

Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called ________ immunity. artificially acquired passive innate naturally acquired active naturally acquired passive artificially acquired active

naturally acquired active

Specialized lymphatic capillaries called lacteals are part of the fenestrated capillary group. necessary for the transport of dietary lipids. more numerous than blood capillaries. located primarily in the large intestine. located throughout the body.

necessary for transport of dietary lipids

All of the following are true of the secondary response of humoral immunity except that it depends on memory B cells. results in much higher antibody titers than in the primary response. weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two. results in much quicker rise in antibody titers. produces more effective antibodies.

weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two

Lymph fluid enters the venous circulation via the brachiocephalic trunks. jugular veins. right atrium. superior and inferior vena cava. subclavian veins.

subclavian veins

A crime scene investigator found that a biological fluid sample contains a large amount of IgA-type antibody. This fluid is probably tears. serum. interstitial fluid. blood. lymph.

tears

T Lymphocytes are produced and stored in all of the following except lymph node organs. the spleen. the brain. the thymus. lymphatic nodules.

the brain

The lymphatic system is composed of all of the following except the spleen. lymphatic vessels. lymph nodes. the venae cavae. lymph.

the venae cavae.

________ exists when the immune system does not respond to a particular antigen. Adaptation Immunity Tolerance Versatility Memory

tolerance

The lymphatic system does all of the following except eliminates variations in the composition of interstitial fluid. transports gases to and away from lymph nodes. helps maintain normal blood volume. fights infection. transports lipids from the digestive tract.

transports gases to and away from lymph nodes.

Lymphatic vessels begin in peripheral tissues and ultimately drain into arterioles. arteries. veins. peripheral capillary beds. the kidneys.

veins

The following are steps in the cell-mediated immune response. What is the correct sequence for these steps? 1. Several cycles of mitosis occur. 2. Antigen is engulfed and presented by a macrophage. 3. Cytotoxic T cells migrate to focus of infection. 4. T cells with specific receptors recognize the antigen 5. T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells or T memory cells. 6. Cytotoxic T cells release perforin and/or lymphotoxin.

2,4,1,5,3,6

T cells and B cells can be activated only by exposure to a specific antigen at a specific site in a plasma membrane. pathogens. cells infected with viruses, bacteria, or cancer cells. disease-causing agents. interleukins, interferons, and colony-stimulating factors.

exposure to a specific antigen at a specific site in a plasma membrane.

Dividing lymphocytes can be found in the ________ of the lymphatic nodule. cortical layer capsular space stroma germinal center sinus regions

germinal center

During a primary humoral response to antigens all of the following occur except the first immunoglobulins to appear in circulation are of the IgM type. B cells may differentiate into plasma cells immediately. neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances. antibody levels do not peak until 1 to 2 weeks after the initial exposure. B cells may undergo several rounds of mitosis before producing plasma cells and memory cells.

nuetrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances

The process by which the surface of a microorganism is covered with antibodies and complement, rendering it more likely to be phagocytized, is called opsonization. activation. agglutination. precipitation. neutralization.

opsonization

In an experimental situation, a rabbit is exposed to a viral antigen to which it makes antibodies. These antibodies are then purified and injected into a human with the same viral disease. This is an example of innate immunity. natural immunity. alloimmunity. passive immunization. active immunization.

passive immunity

NK cells use ________ to lyse abnormal cells. complement perforin interferon pyrogen phagocytosis

perforin

All of the following are characteristics of adaptive defenses except specificity. present at birth. versatility. memory. tolerance.

present at birth

Helper T cells do all of the following except rigger B-cell division, plasma cell maturation, and antibody production. provide a rapid response to a future exposure to the antigen. enhance nonspecific defenses. attract macrophages to the affected area. enhance production of memory and cytotoxic T cells.

provide a rapid response to a future exposure to the antigen.

Stem cells that can form all types of lymphocytes are concentrated in the spleen. circulation. red bone marrow. thymus. yellow marrow.

red bone marrow

T cells and B cells destroy one antigen without affecting other antigens or normal tissues, this is termed tolerance. memory. antigen processing. versatility. specificity.

specificity