Bio Chapter 18 and 19

49) Which statement is true? A. A line of lobe-finned fishes gave rise to tetrapods, and a line of tetrapods gave rise to modern amphibians. B. Tetrapods and amphibians evolved at approximately the same time, while lobe-finned fishes evolved 2 million years later. C. A line of amphibians gave rise to tetrapods, and a line of lobe-finned fishes gave rise to modern amphibians. D. A line of tetrapods gave rise to chordates, and a line of lobe-finned fishes gave rise to tetrapods.

A. A line of lobe-finned fishes gave rise to tetrapods, and a line of tetrapods gave rise to modern amphibians.

2) Use the figure below to answer the questions that follow. The figure shows the range of melanin amounts in the skin of populations from four different geographic regions. Region A is for African Americans and their melanin amount varies from 32 to 81.9 index values with the biggest percentage of 48-49.9 and 52-53.9 index groups. Region B is for African Carribeans and their melanin amount varies from 30 to 83.9 index values with the biggest percentage of 54-61.9 index groups. Region C is for Mexicans and their melanin amount varies from 30 to 57.9 index values with the biggest percentage of 44-51.9 index groups. Region D is for Puerto Ricans and their melanin amount varies from 26 to 49.9 index values with the biggest percentage of 30-41.9 index groups. Source: Parra, E. J., Kittles, R. A., and Shriver, M. D. (2004). Implications of correlations between skin color and genetic ancestry for biomedical research. Nature Genetics, 36, S54-S60. The graphs shown indicate the range of melanin amounts in populations from four different geographic regions. Not all populations across the globe have the same number of genes or alleles controlling skin color. Which population is likely to be the most genetically diverse in terms of genes affecting skin color? A. B B. C C. D

A. B

3) Which of the following phyla is most closely related to echinoderms? A. Chordata B. Arthropoda C. Mollusca D. Annelida

A. Chordata

41) While wading in the ocean, you look down into the water and notice an umbrella-shaped, translucent animal. It swims by pulsing its body, and long tentacles trail behind it. One of them brushes your leg. Ouch! You feel a burning sensation where it touched you. To what phylum does this creature probably belong? A. Cnidaria B. Mollusca C. Platyhelminthes D. Porifera

A. Cnidaria

50) Typical animal embryos have a(n) ________, or external cell layer, and a(n) ________, which lines the digestive tract. A. ectoderm; endoderm B. endoderm; ectoderm C. ectoderm; blastula D. mesoderm; gastrula

A. Ectoderm; endoderm

21) In 1997, scientists discovered a new species of primate, only 10 cm long, with widely spaced nostrils that open outward and a long prehensile tail. This animal would be a(n) _____. A. New World monkey B. ape C. tarsier D. Old World monkey

A. New World monkey

19) Prehensile tails are found among A. New World monkeys. B. most hominoids. C.Old World monkeys. D. all primates.

A. New World monkeys

23) Ancient human migrations can be better understood by analyzing genetic characteristics of modern populations; elements transmitted exclusively through maternal lines and elements transmitted exclusively through paternal lines are particularly useful. In humans, __________ are exclusively paternally inherited, and __________ are exclusively maternally inherited. A. Y chromosomes, mitochondria B. spermatozoa, cilia C. flagella, X chromosomes D. autosomes, sex chromosomes

A. Y chromosomes, mitochondria

41) Considering the adaptive nature of human skin color differences, what kinds of health problems might you expect in modern humans? A. You might predict Vitamin D deficiency in dark-skinned Africans that move to Norway. B. You might predict folate deficiency in dark-skinned Africans that move to Norway. C. You might expect Vitamin D deficiency in light-skinned Europeans that remain in Europe. D. You might expect Vitamin D deficiency in light-skinned Europeans that move to the tropics.

A. You might predict Vitamin D deficiency in dark-skinned Africans that move to Norway.

43) While dissecting an earthworm, you notice a closed tube that sits atop the digestive tract. Within each segment, this dorsal tube has a pair of branches that extend to connect with a similar ventral tube. What are you looking at? A. a closed circulatory system B. a nerve cord C. an excretory system D. an open circulatory system

A. a closed circulatory system

44) Compared to other primates, anthropoids have A. a fully opposable thumb. B. a stronger reliance upon smell. C. smaller total body size in most cases. D. a decreased reliance upon vision.

A. a fully opposable thumb

6) Which statement best describes the current scientific view of birds? A. a group of feathered, endothermic dinosaurs B. a group of feathered, ectothermic lizards that lack teeth C. a group of flying mammals that are derived from monotremes, which also lay amniotic eggs D. a group of flying, endothermic reptiles that have lost teeth, the amniotic egg, and other heavy body features as an adaptation for flight

A. a group of feathered, endothermic dinosaurs

34) The two distinguishing features of vertebrates are the presence of _____. A. a skull and backbone B. a gastrovascular cavity and nervous system C. a post-anal tail and pharyngeal gill slits D. segmentation and bilateral symmetry

A. a skull and backbone

8) By far the largest number of extant fish species on Earth have A. an operculum and swim bladder. B. a cartilaginous skeleton. C. rasping tongues to enhance their parasitic behavior.

A. an operculum and swim bladder

14) All animals A. are heterotrophic. B. have cell walls made of chitin. C. are prokaryotic. D. obtain food by absorption.

A. are heterotrophic

39) Most recent evidence suggests that humans __________. A. are part of a single clade that arose from an African ancestor and then spread worldwide B. belong to several distinct subspecies based on skin color C. arose from several different regional ancestors in the genus Homo and destroyed all but one through warfare and competition D. have hybridized extensively with Neanderthals

A. are part of a single clade that arose from an African ancestor and then spread worldwide

21) The phylum __________ includes the largest number of species of all animal phyla. View Available Hint(s) A. Arthropoda B. Annelida C. Mollusca D. Chordata

A. arthropoda

32) Which mollusc group includes primarily sedentary animals that use mucus-coated gills to trap fine food particles? A. bivalves B. gastropods C. chitons D. cephalopods

A. bivalves

39) At the Sand Bar restaurant, customers can nibble on snails (__________) with garlic butter and oysters on the half shell (__________) during "happy hour." The happy patrons will be enjoying what types of molluscs? A. gastropods; bivalves B. bivalves; cephalopods C. gastropods; cephalopods D. bivalves; gastropods

A. gastropods; bivalves

27) A horror movie features a giant man-eating cylindrical sea creature with a slashing tongue armed with toothlike structures. It attaches to victims and ties itself into a knot, then pushes the knot snugly against the victim for leverage. When attacked, it releases huge quantities of transparent slime. This monster is a giant _____. A. hagfish B. lamprey C. lancelet D. lobe-finned fish

A. hagfish

7) According to recent genetic research, the complexity of an organism A. has more to do with how genes are used or regulated than with which genes are present. B. is directly correlated with the number of protein-coding genes in its genome. C. is inversely related to the number of protein-coding genes in its genome.

A. has more to do with how genes are used or regulated than with which genes are present

31) An organism that can fly and has an exoskeleton must be a(n) A. insect. B. echinoderm. C. polychaete. D. bird.

A. insect

35) The majority of animal species are __________. A. insects B. marine C. deuterostomes D. vertebrates

A. insects

26) Most of the animals alive today are A. invertebrates. B. really colonies of protist cells. C. choanoflagellates. D. vertebrates.

A. invertebrates

23) Among animals, sponges are unique in that they _____. A. lack true tissues B. are eukaryotes C. are multicellular D. ingest their food

A. lack true tissues

6) Children sometimes pick up "bloodsuckers" in ponds, but these segmented animals typically spend most of their time parasitizing turtles. Some are used medicinally to improve blood flow and reduce inflammation near injuries in humans. They are __________. A. leeches, a type of annelid B. errantians, a type of annelid C. leeches, a type of flatworm D. leeches, a type of roundworm

A. leeches, a type of annelid

32) Like many insects, some amphibians undergo ________ in their life cycle as they have distinct larval and adult stages. A. metamorphosis B. alternation of generations C. aquatic development followed by terrestrial existence D. development in a nest followed by flight

A. metamorphosis

35) According to analysis of __________, all humans share a common female ancestor who lived about 180,000 years ago. A. mitochondrial DNA B. nuclear DNA C. fossils D. Y chromosome gene sequences

A. mitochondrial DNA

28) Use the figure below to answer the questions that follow. The figure shows the diagram of a lobster. Its claws are labeled A, antennae are labeled B, head is labeled C, and a segment after the head is labeled D. The most obvious feature that this animal shares with annelids is A. segmentation B. several types of jointed appendages C. large claws D. three major body regions

A. segmentation

33) Which adaptation is a key characteristic of annelids that greatly increases their flexibility and mobility? A. segmentation B. complete digestive tract C. three true tissue layers D. exoskeleton

A. segmentation

25) Which of the following are not included among the eumetazoans that have true tissues? A. sponges (Porifera) B. earthworms (Annelida) C. sea stars (Echinodermata) D. sea anemones (Cnidaria)

A. sponges (Porifera)

55) Cnidaria have both __________. A. stinging cells and a gastrovascular cavity B. bilateral symmetry and radial symmetry C. an exoskeleton and radial symmetry D. an endoskeleton and bilateral symmetry

A. stinging cells and a gastrovascular cavity

40) In protostomes, A. the opening formed during gastrulation becomes the mouth. B. there is no body cavity. C. there is no endoderm. D. the opening formed during gastrulation becomes the anus.

A. the opening formed during gastrulation becomes the mouth.

7) The Salalizard is a fictional vertebrate that lives in the forest and appears to be half salamander and half lizard. You are not allowed to collect any wild animals, so you decide to take a video of it to show your colleagues. What behavior best distinguishes the Salalizard as either a salamander (amphibian) or a lizard (reptile)? A. where it reproduces B. if it lives in trees C. what the animal eats D. whether it is active at night

A. where it reproduces

30) Animals that are segmented and have jointed appendages and an exoskeleton are members of the phylum A. Cnidaria. B. Arthropoda. C. Platyhelminthes. D. Annelida.

B. Arthropoda

16) Which of the following statements is true? A. Vertebrates have an open circulatory system, while arthropods have a closed circulatory system. B. Arthropods have an open circulatory system, while annelids have a closed circulatory system. C. Vertebrates have an open circulatory system, while annelids have a closed circulatory system. D. Annelids have an open circulatory system, while molluscs have a closed circulatory system.

B. Arthropods have an open circulatory system, while annelids have a closed circulatory system.

56) For the following question consider these characteristics: I. radial symmetry II. bilateral symmetry III. true tissues IV. complete digestive tract One of the most venomous organisms on earth is an Australian marine invertebrate that kills its prey using cnidocytes. These animals would be expected to have A. I only. B. I and III only. C. II and III only. D. II, III, and IV only.

B. I and III only.

20) What is the difference between complete and incomplete metamorphosis? A. Insects that undergo incomplete metamorphosis have a modular body plan. B. Insects that undergo incomplete metamorphosis do not form pupae. C. Insects that undergo incomplete metamorphosis do not form larvae. D. For insects that undergo incomplete metamorphosis, the juveniles always resemble the adults.

B. Insects that undergo incomplete metamorphosis do not form pupae

33) Use the figure below to answer the questions that follow. The figure shows the time at which each human ancestor thrived. Australopithecus afarensis has existed from 4 to 3 millions of years ago. Australopithecus africanus has existed from 3 to 2.4 millions of years ago. Kenyanthropus platyops has existed from 3.6 to 3.4 millions of years ago. Australopithecus anamensis has existed from 4.2 to 3.8 millions of years ago. Suppose a fossil was found and identified to be a species approximately 3.5 million years old. This fossil could be a representative of which species? A. Kenyanthropus platyops or Australopithecus africanus B. Kenyanthropus platyops or Australopithecus afarensis C. Australopithecus afarensis or Australopithecus anamensis D. Australopithecus afarensis or Australopithecus africanus

B. Kenyanthropus platyops or Australopithecus afarensis

13) How do coral animals obtain their food? A. photosynthesis B. tentacles that trap smaller animals and protists C. absorption of predigested food through their cuticle D. by eating plants

B. Tentacles that trap smaller animals and protists

48) The digestive tract of a nematode is most like which of the following? A. a sock B. a soda straw C. a cup D. a baseball

B. a soda straw

44) A dog's head is at its ________ end, and its belly is its ________ surface. A. posterior; dorsal B. anterior; ventral C. posterior; ventral D. anterior; dorsal

B. anterior; ventral

40) Molecular evidence suggests that _____. A. chimpanzees and bonobos are more closely related to humans than they are to other apes. However, gorillas are more closely related to orangutans than they are to humans B. chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas are more closely related to humans than they are to orangutans or gibbons C. although fossil evidence indicates the existence of a common ancestor, humans and other apes are very different on a molecular genetic level D. human and chimpanzee genomes have evolving separately for only about 2 million years

B. chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas are more closely related to humans than they are to orangutans or gibbons

57) Caddisflies are insects that lay their eggs on the bottom of streams. The eggs mature into larvae, and eventually the larvae pupate, move to the surface of the stream, shed their pupal membranes, and emerge as winged adults. Caddisflies demonstrate A. alteration of generations. B. complete metamorphosis. C. incomplete metamorphosis.

B. complete metamorphosis

37) To be characterized as a chordate, an organism must A. possess a backbone in at least one life stage. B. display each of the four key characteristics of the chordates at some point in the life cycle. C. possess a backbone in both the larval and adult stages. D. display all four key characteristics of Chordata in both the larval and adult stages.

B. display each of the four key characteristics of the chordates at some point in the life cycle.

36) Which of these molluscs sometimes do not have an exterior shell? A. gastropods only B. gastropods and cephalopods C. cephalopods only D. bivalves only

B. gastropods and cephalopods

10) Coral reefs are A. hardened sugars that are secreted by algae. B. hard external skeletons secreted by coral animals (Cnidaria). C. marine rocks that often are used as attachment places by Cnidaria. D. shells of Mollusca that have been converted to rock by geological processes.

B. hard external skeletons secreted by coral animals (Cnidaria)

19) Unlike other animals, sponges _____. A. are unicellular B. lack true tissues C. exhibit bilateral symmetry D. possess cell walls

B. lack true tissues

50) Which of the following traits tend(s) to tie amphibians to wet or moist habitats? A. the amniotic egg B. moist skin and soft, unprotected eggs laid in water C. small body size D. tetrapod body form and lack of lungs

B. moist skin and soft, unprotected eggs laid in water

48) Human skin color differences appear to be _____. A. primarily a consequence of random genetic drift B. primarily an adaptation to latitudinal differences in the intensity of solar radiation C. a fundamental trait separating ancestral and derived races of human beings D. an adaptation to differences in diet

B. primarily an adaptation to latitudinal differences in the intensity of solar radiation

17) Recall that the cuticle seals plant surfaces and helps plants conserve water, and the seed helps derived plant groups to reproduce effectively on dry land. The analogous adaptations in reptiles are ________ (analogous to the cuticle) and ________ (analogous to the seed). A. scales; jellylike egg masses B. scales; the amniotic egg C. scales; aquatic larvae D. claws; lungs

B. scales; the amniotic egg

59) Suppose that the bottom of an ocean floor is disrupted, and bits of algae along with other bottom-dwelling microorganisms are scattered about into the ocean water. Which organism would be able to take the best advantage of this temporary food source? A. parasitic flatworms B. sponges C. soil-dwelling nematodes D. cnidarians

B. sponges

38) Compared to other hominins, modern Homo sapiens display a particular ability for A. making stone tools. B. symbolic thought. C. manipulating objects with their hands. D. upright walking.

B. symbolic thought

9) In arthropods, molting is necessary because __________. A. the exoskeleton is progressively reabsorbed by body tissue B. the chitinous exoskeleton cannot grow C. the environment degrades the exoskeleton, which therefore must be shed and replaced D. arthropod appendages generally increase in number as the animal ages

B. the chitinous exoskeleton cannot grow

28) Which is the first distinctively hominin trait to appear in the fossil record? A. sophisticated stone tools B. upright walking (bipedalism) C. increased brain size

B. upright walking (bipedalism)

54) The most numerous, diverse, and widespread animals are the A. Chordata. B. Annelida. C. Arthropoda. D. Mollusca.

C. Arthropoda

2) Which phyla both possess a gastrovascular cavity that has only one opening? A. Platyhelminthes and Nematoda B. Porifera and Cnidaria C. Cnidaria and Platyhelminthes D. Cnidaria and Nematoda

C. Cnidaria and Platyhelminthes

22) Which statement best summarizes the difference between ectothermic and endothermic organisms? A. Endotherms control their temperature, but ectotherms have no control over their temperature. B. Ectotherms are warm-blooded, but endotherms are cold-blooded. C. Ectotherms absorb external heat, but endotherms use metabolic heat to maintain a warm, steady body temperature.

C. Ectotherms absorb external heat, but endotherms use metabolic heat to maintain a warm, steady body temperature.

45) ________ appears to have been the first hominin to use stone tools. A. Ardipithecus B. Homo erectus C. Homo habilis D. Australopithecus

C. Homo habilis

4) Which of the following is associated with bilateral symmetry? A. no brain or clustered sensory organs B. a lack of true tissues C. a distinct head with a brain and sensory organs D. a stationary lifestyle

C. a distinct head with a brain and sensory organs

26) Neanderthals are best described as A. direct ancestors to modern Europeans but not to other human populations. B. a localized form or subspecies of Homo sapiens that was well adapted to living in caves and carrying clubs. C. a hominin that colonized Europe independently of Homo sapiens and that interbred with modern humans. D. direct ancestors to modern humans.

C. a hominin that colonized Europe independently of Homo sapiens and that interbred with modern humans.

52) Which of the following is a unique feature of echinoderms? A. a deuterostome pattern of development B. bilateral symmetry C. a water vascular system D. radial symmetry

C. a water vascular system

36) Human DNA and chimpanzee DNA differ by A. about 3%. B. more than 10%. C. about 1%. D. the same amount that human DNA differs from orangutan DNA.

C. about 1%

46) Organisms with true radial symmetry A. tend to be highly mobile. B. can be divided into two matching halves along only one plane. C. do not have a distinct head region and tend to be sedentary or passive drifters. D.have their sense organs, mouth, and brain clustered in the head.

C. do not have a distinct head region and tend to be sedentary or passive drifters

11) Sponges typically feed by __________. A. absorbing nutrients from the guts of their hosts B. paralyzing small crustaceans with stinging cells C.filtering small particles from water D. scraping bacteria and algae from hard substrates

C. filtering small particles from water

31) Based on Acanthostega fossils, scientists now believe that the earliest tetrapods were A. fully terrestrial. B. amphibians that used their limbs to drag themselves over the land from one water hole to another. C. fish that used their limbs to raise themselves out of the water to get gulps of air for oxygen. D. reptiles that resembled crocodiles.

C. fish that used their limbs to raise themselves out of the water to get gulps of air for oxygen.

8) Fascioloides magna is an animal that lives in the livers of deer in the southeastern United States. It has a bilaterally symmetrical, flattened leaf-like body with a digestive tract with a single opening. It also lives in a snail for part of its life cycle. This animal is most likely a _____. A. roundworm B. free-living flatworm C. fluke D. tapeworm

C. fluke

12) Use the figure below to answer the questions that follow. The figure shows the range of melanin amounts in the skin of populations from four different geographic regions. Region A is for African Americans and their melanin amount varies from 32 to 81.9 index values with the biggest percentage of 48-49.9 and 52-53.9 index groups. Region B is for African Carribeans and their melanin amount varies from 30 to 83.9 index values with the biggest percentage of 54-61.9 index groups. Region C is for Mexicans and their melanin amount varies from 30 to 57.9 index values with the biggest percentage of 44-51.9 index groups. Region D is for Puerto Ricans and their melanin amount varies from 26 to 49.9 index values with the biggest percentage of 30-41.9 index groups. Source: Parra, E. J., Kittles, R. A., and Shriver, M. D. (2004). Implications of correlations between skin color and genetic ancestry for biomedical research. Nature Genetics, 36, S54-S60. The graphs shown indicate the range of melanin amounts in populations from four different geographic regions. Of these populations, population D is likely most adapted for A. being protected against skin cancer. B. having very active melanin-producing cells. C. having enough vitamin D to produce strong bones. D. preventing the breakdown of folate (folic acid).

C. having enough vitamin D to produce strong bones

45) Most adult insects have three major body parts or sections. They are the A. head, body, and legs. B. antennae, head, and abdomen. C. head, thorax, and abdomen. D. legs, wings, and body.

C. head, thorax, and abdomen

58) Zoologists place chordates and echinoderms on one major branch of the animal phylogenetic tree, and molluscs, annelids, arthropods, and many other phyla on other major branches. Which of the following is a basis for this separation? A. whether the animals have a body cavity B. what type of symmetry they exhibit C. how the digestive tract is formed D. whether the animals have skeletons

C. how the digestive tract is formed

18) Evidence from genetic and fossil analysis indicates that Neanderthals __________. A. were the direct ancestors of modern Europeans B. were a slightly different form, or race, of H. sapiens C. lived throughout Europe and coexisted with modern humans D. gave rise to Homo sapiens

C. lived throughout Europe and coexisted with modern humans

42) The kangaroo is an example of a _____ mammal. A. monotreme B. eutherian C. marsupial D. placental

C. marsupial

61) Which characteristic is unique to Chordata (it is a diagnostic feature) and is evident at some stage of the life cycle in all chordates? A. endoskeleton B. the backbone C. notochord D. deuterostome development

C. notochord

15) Recently, an international team of scientists discovered a new and endangered gibbon species in a South-Asian jungle. What is typical about this find? A. Discovery of new ape species is becoming so commonplace that this discovery would not be a surprise. B. Most new animal species discovered over the last decade have been in South Asia. C. Often newly discovered animal species are listed as endangered soon after they are discovered. D. Most of the new mammalian species discovered over the last decade have been primates.

C. often newly discovered animal species are listed as endangered soon after they are discovered

51) Biology deals with many kinds of worms. Which choice includes three different phyla of "worms"? A. Cnidaria, Arthropoda, Corals B. Nematoda, Cnidaria, Oligochaeta C. Platyhelminthes, Annelida, Nematoda D. Nematoda, Platyhelminthes, Echinodermata

C. platyhelminthes, annelide, nematode

24) You inflate a balloon and let it go. It shoots away as air exits forcefully through the balloon's narrow opening. This most closely resembles the mode of movement seen in A. snails. B. sea anemones. C. squid. D. nematodes.

C. squid

27) You are given an unknown animal to study in the laboratory. It is long and ribbonlike and appears to have some repeating units. You find it has three tissue layers, it does not have a digestive tract, and it has male and female reproductive structures in the same individual. This animal probably is __________. A. an annelid B. a mollusc C. a tapeworm D. a cnidarian

C. tapeworm

5) Human skin color likely represents a locally adapted compromise between A. the need to blend in with the environment and the need to absorb sunlight for heat. B. the need to block UV radiation that causes cancer and the need to absorb sunlight for heat. C. the need to block UV radiation that destroys folate and the need to synthesize vitamin D. D. the need to block UV radiation that destroys folate and the need to absorb sunlight for heat.

C. the need to block UV radiation that destroys folate and the need to synthesize vitamin D.

29) Part complete Of all of the chordate groups, why are there only two amniote groups (reptilia and mammalia)? A. The vertebral columns of the other vertebrates were not strong enough to survive the transition to land. B. The other craniate groups had brains that were not developed enough to allow the organisms to develop tool-building survival skills. C. The other jawed vertebrates were not able to obtain enough food to survive the transition to land. D. Amniotes are the only chordate group that has successfully survived the transition to land.

D. Amniotes are the only chordate group that has successfully survived the transition to land.

42) An animal has segments, bilateral symmetry, pharyngeal gill slits, a post-anal tail, and deuterostomic development. It must be a member of the phylum __________. A. Annelida B. Mollusca C. Arthropoda D. Chordata

D. Chordata

20) The hominin group includes ________. A. humans and all other apes. B. all anthropoids. C. Homo sapiens only D. Homo sapiens and several extinct human relatives.

D. Homo sapiens and several extinct human relatives

11) Which of the following statements best fits the current evidence about the origin and spread of modern humans? A. The Neanderthals were the missing link between apes and humans. B. Homo sapiens arose from H. erectus populations in several different areas. C. Australopithecus migrated out of Africa, then diverged into separate populations. D. Homo sapiens evolved from an ancestral Homo species in Africa and then migrated elsewhere

D. Homo sapiens evolved from an ancestral Homo species in Africa and then migrated elsewhere

1) Which of the following statements is true? A. Cnidarians have no true tissues and are filter feeders, while flatworms have true tissues and a gastrovascular cavity. B. Molluscs have no true tissues and are filter feeders, while cnidarians have true tissues and a gastrovascular cavity. C. Nematodes have no true tissues and are filter feeders, while chordates have true tissues and a gastrovascular cavity. D. Sponges have no true tissues and are filter feeders, while cnidarians have true tissues and a gastrovascular cavity.

D. Sponges have no true tissues and are filter feeders, while cnidarians have true tissues and a gastrovascular cavity.

17) Which part of this figure shows the tube feet of the starfish? The figure shows a structure of a starfish. A structure in the center of its body, which has tubes to each foot, is labeled A. An opening in the center of A is labeled B. Tubercles on the surface of the animal are labeled C, and offshoots on its bottom surface are labeled D. A. structure A B. structure B C. structure C D. structure D

D. Structure D

1) Which best describes current evidence and ideas about the evolution of the first tetrapods? The picture below represents an early tetrapod. The figure shows a phylogenetic tree of the first tetrapods. The tree shows that the following groups successively branched one after another from a common ancestor: Lungfishes, Eusthenopteron, Panderichthys, Tiktaalik, Acanthostega, Ichthyostega, Tulerpeton, Amphibians, and Amniotes. A mark labeled limbs with digits appears before the Acanthostega branch. All the mentioned groups with a few exceptions existed only during the Devonian period. The exceptions are: Amphibians and Amniotes that evolved just in the Carboniferous period and exist even nowadays; Acanthostega that existed from the Devonian to the Carboniferous period; and Lungfishes that have existed from the Devonian period till nowadays. A. There is a big gap between the first real amphibian and the most similar lobe-finned fish. But it seems reasonable to speculate that tetrapod evolution began with a lobe-finned fish that could crawl over land to reach waterholes in shrinking wetlands. B. There is an increasingly complete series of transitional fossils joining lobe-finned fishes to fully terrestrial tetrapods. Currently, it appears that the first tetrapods developed limbs as a means of locomotion on land. C. There is a big gap between the first amphibian and the most similar lobe-finned fish. The first tetrapod may have benefited from the ability to walk between waterholes, find terrestrial prey, or raise its head out of the stagnant water to breathe. D. There is an increasingly complete series of transitional fossils joining lobe-finned fishes to fully terrestrial tetrapods. Currently, it appears that the first tetrapods were fish that lived in shallow water and used their limbs to lift themselves out of the water and gulp air.

D. There is an increasingly complete series of transitional fossils joining lobe-finned fishes to fully terrestrial tetrapods. Currently, it appears that the first tetrapods were fish that lived in shallow water and used their limbs to lift themselves out of the water and gulp air.

46) How do lampreys and hagfishes differ from all other extant vertebrates? A. They do not have a lung or lung derivative such as the swim bladder. B. They do not have pharyngeal gill slits at any stage of development. C. They have an endoskeleton. D. They lack jaws.

D. They lack jaws.

29) An active marine predator is found possessing these characteristics: a series of tentacles (modified from the foot), a highly developed nervous system, and elaborate image-forming eyes. This organism is most likely __________. A. a radularian B. a gastropod C. an arachnid D. a cephalopod

D. a cephalopod

23) You find a small, elongated animal embedded in the sand with one end sticking out. Among other things, it has segmental musculature, a coelom, a notochord, and a complete digestive tract with an anus located partway down the body. This animal is A. either a larval echinoderm or a chordate. B. an annelid. C. a larval echinoderm. D. a chordate.

D. a chordate

5) Which of the following animals displays radial symmetry? A. a fish B. an earthworm C. a lobster D. a sea anemone

D. a sea anemone

3) A key derived character of sharks and rays that distinguishes them from ray-finned fishes is A. calcified (hard) bones. B. jaws and a swim bladder. C. vertebrae. D. a skeleton made of cartilage

D. a skeleton made of cartilage

14) The tuatara is a lizard-like reptile found only in New Zealand today, the last surviving lineage of a large group of reptiles that were contemporaries of the dinosaurs. Which of the following traits would you expect the tuatara to possess? A. endothermy B. feathers C. absence of teeth D. amniotic egg and scaly skin

D. amniotic egg and scaly skin

47) Apes (including humans) and monkeys are classified together as __________. A. hominins B. australopiths C. brachiators D. anthropoids

D. anthropoids

10) A prehensile tail is like an opposable thumb in that both A. evolved before the anthropoids. B. are characteristics of the earliest primates. C. can be fully bent in any direction. D. are used for grasping.

D. are used for grasping

47) Flatworms (Platyhelminthes) are ________ and typically have ________. A. bilaterally symmetrical; a complete digestive tract with a mouth and anus B. radially symmetrical; no digestive system C. all parasites; no digestive system D. bilaterally symmetrical; a gastrovascular cavity with one opening

D. bilaterally symmetrical; a gastrovascular cavity with one opening

18) The ________ is a flagellated cell that sweeps water through a sponge's body. A. spicule B. amoebocyte C. spongin D. choanocyte

D. choanocyte

53) Dracunculus medinensis is a parasite that can grow to be one meter long, and which humans can acquire through contaminated drinking water. Which of the following traits would allow you to place this animal unambiguously in either the Platyhelminthes or Nematoda phyla? A. lack of true segmentation B. bilateral symmetry C. multicellular organization D. cuticle and complete digestive system

D. cuticle and complete digestive system

13) As an example of the relationship between structure and function the forward-facing eyes shared by all primates help them in A. seeing in the dark. B. swinging from tree branches. C. manipulating small objects. D. depth perception as they navigate through forests.

D. depth perception as they navigate through forests

49) ________ are soil dwellers; ________ are mostly marine; and ________ mostly inhabit fresh water. A. Polychaetes; earthworms; leeches B. Earthworms; leeches; polychaetes C. Earthworms; leeches; annelids D. Earthworms; polychaetes; leeches

D. earthworms; polychaetes; leeches

34) Which of these molluscs commonly have a coiled shell? A. bivalves only B. cephalopods only C. gastropods and bivalves D. gastropods only

D. gastropods only

60) Which of the following are threats to the biodiversity of invertebrates? A. habitat destruction only B. non-native (invasive) species only C. habitat degradation only D. habitat destruction, non-native (invasive) species, habitat degradation

D. habitat destruction, non-native (invasive) species, habitat degradation

24) The two distinguishing features of mammals are the presence of _____. A. a skull and backbone B. a post-anal tail and pharyngeal gill slits C. a gastrovascular cavity and nervous system D. hair and mammary glands

D. hair and mammary glands

25) Which trend is true of the evolution of humans from australopiths to Homo habilis to H. ergaster to H. erectus to H. sapiens? A. transition from bipedal posture in australopiths to knuckle-walking in more derived groups B. the evolution of an opposable thumb C. reduced period of parental care of offspring D. increased brain size and tool use

D. increased brain size and tool use

30) Which characteristic of vertebrates is associated with colonization of land? A. lungs B. opposable thumbs C. gills D. internal fertilization

D. internal fertilization

43) The duck-billed platypus and other monotremes differ from other mammals in that they A. are aquatic. B. have hair. C. have mammary glands. D. lay eggs.

D. lay eggs

37) Which lists the three major groups of primates in the proper order from earliest to most recent? A. New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, and apes B. lemurs, monkeys, and humans C. lemurs, lorises, and bush babies D. lemurs, lorises, and bush babies; tarsiers; and anthropoids

D. lemurs, lorises, and bush babies; tarsiers; and anthropoids

9) Light skin is most adaptive in northern latitudes because A. the greater UV radiation in northern latitudes destroys vitamin D. B. increased melanin causes an increase in the risk of melanoma. C. dark skin allows folate destruction when UV radiation is less. D. light skin in northern latitudes allows adequate folate for fetal development.

D. light skin in northern latitudes allows adequate folate for fetal development

51) According to this figure, which group includes the closest living relatives to tetrapods such as amphibians, reptiles, and mammals? The figure shows a phylogenetic tree. The ancestral chordate node divides into two branches, one of which leads to Tunicates and the other leads to another node. Then the tree follows the same pattern: one offshoot leads to an animal class and the other leads to another node. The offshoots then appear in the following sequence: Lancelets, Hagfishes, Lampreys, Sharks and rays, Ray-finned fishes, Lobe-fins, and Amphibians. The second offshoot of the node, which first offshoot leads to Amphibians; leads to another node. This node divides into two branches, which lead to Reptiles and Mammals, respectively. A. sharks and rays B. ray-finned fishes C. tunicates D. lobe-finned fishes

D. lobe-finned fishes

4) The two major groups of anthropoids are __________. A. monkeys and tarsiers B. lemurs and lorises C. lemurs and apes D. monkeys and apes

D. monkeys and apes

16) Recently, an international team of scientists discovered a new and endangered gibbon species in a South-Asian jungle. What is typical about this find? A. Discovery of new ape species is becoming so commonplace that this discovery would not be a surprise. B. Most new animal species discovered over the last decade have been in South Asia. C. Often newly discovered animal species are listed as endangered soon after they are discovered. D. Most of the new mammalian species discovered over the last decade have been primates.

D. most of the new mammalian species discovered over the last decade have been primates

38) Which combination of features would occur in a typical animal? A. multicellular, autotrophic, have cellulose-reinforced cell walls B. unicellular, heterotrophic, obtain food by ingestion C. multicellular, heterotrophic, obtain food by absorption, have cell walls composed of chitin D. multicellular, heterotrophic, obtain food by ingestion, lack cell walls

D. multicellular, heterotrophic, obtain food by ingestion, lack cell walls

15) The flexible, longitudinal rod that is located between the digestive tract and the nerve cord in chordates is called the A. dorsal, hollow nerve cord. B. spine. C. spinal cord. D. notochord.

D. notochord

12) Which of the following animals is most closely related to spiders? A.lobsters B. grasshoppers C. millipedes D. scorpions

D. scorpions