Bio Exam 1

cell

A ____, which is the basic unit of life, is surrounded by a membrane and contains macromolecules, often organized into organelles.

Covalent

A ________ bond is formed when 2 atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons

disaccharide

A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.

molecule

A group of atoms held together by chemical bonds in a stable association is called which of the following?

motif

A recurring structure in proteins

inductive reasoning

A scientist observes 10 animal, 10 plant, 10 fungi, and 10 bacterial cells and determines the possess ribosomes. Based on that, the scientist constructs a hypothesis that all cells have ribosomes. This is and example of

fossils

Darwin predicted that scientists should be able to find intermediate, or transitional, _______ that show links between great groups of organisms( ex. fish, amphibians)

nucleotides

Genes, which one of the molecular units of hereditary, are comprised of specific sequences of four different ___________ found in DNA.

ions are formed when atoms lose or gain one or more electrons

How are ions formed?

The finches all ancient common ancestor but they evolved on different islands where there is different types of food.

How did Darwin explain why the finches on the Galapagos Islands look so similar to each other except their beaks?

Direct the synthesis of cellular components

How in the information stored in DNA used by a cell?

natural selection is one mechanism that causes evolution to take place

How is evolution related to natural selection?

positive

If two atoms are joined by a polar covalent bond, the atom with the lower electronegativity will have a partial ________ charge.

are atoms of the same element

If two atoms have the same number of protons in their nucleus, you can conclude for sure that they

the molecules perform similar functions

If two molecules isolated from different organisms have very similar structures, the most reasonable hypothesis is which of the following?

artificial

In __________ selection, breeders select certain varieties of animals and plants to produce new varieties with specific desired characteristics.

4

In a double covalent bond, _ total electrons are shared.

2

In a single covalent bond, _ total electrons are shared.

geometrically;arithmetically

In his 1798 publication, entitled "An Assay on the Principle of Population", Thomas Malthus stated the human population increased _____________, while the food supply increased ______________.

enzymes

In living systems, which of the following catalyze almost every chemical reaction necessary for life?

the variable of interest is kept constant

In order it isolate the effect of a single variable in an experiment, scientists design control groups, in which

energy

In order to assemble complex structures from simpler subunits, living organisms need a constant supply of what?

Energy

In order to maintain an organized body structure, all organisms need an input of which of the following?

covalent bonds

In order to obtain a stable outer shell of electrons, carbon forms

theory

In science a ______ consists of many interconnected concepts that are supported by scientific reasoning and experimental evidence, and explain the facts in a particular field of study.

organ system

In the hierarchy of organization, organs are grouped into larger more complex units called which of the following?

to eliminate one or more alternative hypothesis?

In the scientific process, what is the purpose of an experiment?

applied

Information gleaned from basic scientific research provides the scientific knowledge that is necessary for _______ research. This type of research is often carried outside of industry.

descriptive science

Many biologists are currently working towards cataloguing and classifying all life on earth. This is an example of

Organelles

Microscopic structures within cells that are specialized to carry out specific functions are called which of the following?

they provide a way to organize how we think about a problem, they may suggest experiments that can be performed to refine or test a model, they can help us see the larger picture by showing how the different components of a complex structure fit together

Models are useful in biological research for which of the following reasons?

Higher heat of vaporization, higher specific heat

Molecules that are more polar tend to have which of the following characteristics?

ionic

NaCl are held together by

protons and neutrons

The atomic mass is the sum of

protons

The atomic number of an element refers to the number of _______ in the atoms of that element.

hierarchical

The biological world is organized in to many different levels, and each level builds the level below it. What is the term to describe this type of organization?

genome

The collection of all the genetic material(DNA) in a cell is called the

systems

The emerging field of _______ biology focuses on studying living organisms as a whole as well as understanding the workings of the parts of the organism.

simple cellular creatures

The first living things on Earth probably appeared about 3.5 billion years ago and most likely were

DNA

The information stored in ___ molecules is used to direct the synthesis of cellular components.

Organ

The kidney is an example of which biological organization?

chaperone

diseases come from improper folding of proteins cause by deficiencies in

dehydration

during protein synthesis, amino acids are linked together using a _________ reaction. As a result, a covalent bond is formed.

catalyze chemical reactions, transport oxygen in the blood of vertebrate, key role in moving materials within cells, help the body recognize and destroy foreign microbes and cancer cells

functions of proteins in living cells

structural isomers

glucose and fructose

electrons

have a much smaller mass than protons and neutrons

the amount of energy needed to change one gram of water from liquid to gas

heat of vaporization of water

fatty acids

higher melting point

H2; O2

molecular formulas

fats and oils

most efficient at storing energy

liquid, solid, gas

most to least dense(water)

interior

nonpolar(amino acids in protein)

Monounsaturated

one double bond between carbons in the alkyl chain

molecules

organelles are composed of which of the following?

isomers

organic molecules that have identical molecular formulas but a different arrangement of atoms

an element

What do we call a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means?

The Sun

What is the source of energy that maintains most biological systems on Earth?

one glycerol and three fatty acids

What is the structure of a triglyceride?

to develop an accurate understanding of the natural world through observation and reasoning

What is, in the most general terms, the purpose of science?

a sodium atom loses an electron, while a chlorine atom gains an electron

When NaCl is formed

inductive

When a scientist uses many specific observations to construct a general scientific principle, the scientist is using _________ reasoning.

a general principle that is supported by a vast amount of data

When in biology, a theory is best described as which of the following?

control; experimental

When testing alternative hypotheses, scientists usually have a _______ group, in which a variable of interest is kept constant, and an ____________ treatment, in which the variable of interest is altered.

nucleus

Where is most(almost all) the mass of an atom located?

brain, stomach

Which of the following are examples of the organ level of biological organization?

nervous system, digestive system

Which of the following are examples of the organ system of biological organization?

sometimes the interactions of many parts lead to emergent properties that can not be predicted from the properties of the individual parts, sometimes the components of a living system act differently in isolation than they do in their normal context

Which of the following are limits of reductionism when applied to living systems?

It is a theory supported by overwhelming scientific evidence.

Which of the following best describes the theory of evolution?

within a population, individuals with certain characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce as a result the population as a whole gradually changes over time.

Which of the following best summarizes DArwin's thinking about the mechanism of evolution?

natural selection

Which of the following concepts is considered to be Darwin's main contribution to biology.

a tentative explanation for a natural phenomenon

Which of the following describes a hypothesis?

They have been conserved in a long line of descent

Which of the following describes homeodomain proteins?

plants, animals, fungi

Which of the following groups contain organisms that are multicellular?

evolution

Which of the following ideas existed prior to Charles Darwin?

storage of hereditary information in DNA

Which of the following is a characteristic that all living organisms have inherited from a common ancestor?

all organisms are multicellular and grow by producing new cells

Which of the following is not a characteristic of life?

models

Which of the following is often used by biologists to organize the way they think about a complex problem?

a constant supply of energy

Which of the following is required by all organisms in order to maintain their non-equilibrium stable state?

cells

Which of the following is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms?

evolution

Which of the following is the underlying concept of biology?

Bacteria

Which of the following organisms are unicellular?

All living things are made of one or more cells, all living things maintain relatively constant internal conditions that are different from their environment, all living things perform chemical reactions that involve energy transformations

Which of the following statements about living things are true?

primitive cells

Which of the following were the first living organisms on Earth?

all of the organisms living in a lake together with their physical environment

Which of the following would be an example of an ecosystem?

sequencing the human genome

Which of the following would be an example of descriptive biology?

hydrophobic exclusion

Which property of water strongly affects the overall shape of many biological molecules, such as protein, and DNA?

Paleontologists have found a number of transitional fossils at the predicted positions in time.

Which statement accurately describes the fossil record and its contribution to our understanding of natural selection?

variables

While trying to test a particular set of hypotheses, a researcher is measuring the temperature, pH, and oxygen levels of a stream. These are all

has no net charge, held together by covalent bond, no unpaired electrons

Why are the molecules formed by two Hydrogen atoms(H2) stable.

are not very closely related

You compare the genomes of two species and determine some very large differences. This would suggest that the two species are

Charles Darwin

_______ ______ was the naturalist on board the H.M.S. Beagle during a 5 year trip around the world.

Tissues

_______ are groups of similar cells that act as a functional unit.

reductionism

a philosophical approach to understand a complex system by reducing it to its working parts

cylindrical

alpha-helix

community

an assemblage of populations of different species that live together in one place is called a biological

electrons

an atom is composed of of a central nucleus which is surrounded by which orbiting particles?

hydrogen

atoms always have one proton

stereoisomers

atoms are connected in the same order but differ in spatial arrangement (glucose and galactose)

Hydrogen

atoms usually have no nautrons

planar

bela-pleated sheet

covalent

bonds are formed between two individual atoms, giving rise to true, discrete molecules.

nucleotides

building blocks of nucleic acids

amino acids

building blocks of proteins

matter

can be defined any substance that has mass and occupies space.

unsaturated fatty acid

cannot compact as tightly as saturated fatty acids

disaccharide

carbohydrates composed of two monosaccharides

can form covalent bonds, forms the framework of biological molecules

carbon

-1

charge of a hydroxide ion

central carbon atom bound to an amino group, carboxyl group, side chain, and hydrogen atom

chemical structure of amino acid

a hypothesis may or may not be true, even when they fit known facts, hypothesis can always be rejected in the future when new information becomes available

choose all features of hypothesis

peptide bond

covalent bond that joins two amino acids

ionic

crystal lattice

shape

determines protein's function

partial double helix that prohibits rotation

peptide bond

hydrogen bonds

play a key role in determining both the secondary and tertiary structure of a protein

exterior

polar(amino acids in protein)

cellulose,chitin,starch, glycogen

polysaccharides

the linear sequence of amino acids

primary

part of the ribosome

rRNA

1:2:1

ratio of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen in carbohydrates

Basic

research, generally performed by scientists at colleges and universities, extends the boundaries of what we know.

no double bonds between carbon atoms

saturated fatty acids

repetitive folding pattern such as alpha-helix and beta-pleated sheet

secondary

carboxyl group, side chain(R), amino group

structural components of amino acids

o=o; h-h

structural formulas

glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group

structure of a phospholipid

electrons

subatomic particles called ________ can be found at various distances from the nucleus.

protons and neutrons

subatomic particles found in the nucleus.

buffer

substance or mixture of substances that act to resist changes in pH.

carries an amino acid

tRNA

overall 3D shape of each polypeptide

tertiary

Their R group

the 20 amino acids are classified into 5 chemical classes by

DNA

the genome of a cell is the collection of all its ___.

evolution

the idea that the characteristics of living things can and have changed during the history of the Earth is called

organism, population, species, community, ecosystem, biosphere

the levels of organization of living things in the correct order, starting with the least inclusive at the top.

pH

the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration

chemical properties

the number and configuration of electrons determines an element's

adhesion

water being attracted to other polar substances is called

cohesive

water is

cavalent

water is one oxygen connected to two hydrogen by what bond

how fats its molecules are moving

what is the temperature of a substance a measure of?

hydrogen

what kind of bond is responsible for base pairing in DNA

amino acids

what proteins are made of

protons in the nucleus

Atoms of different chemical elements can be differentiated based on the number of

polyunsaturated

two or more double bonds between carbons

DNA and RNA

two types of nucleic acids

Daltons(Da)

Atomic mass is measured in what unit?

nucleic acid, lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins

4 macromolecules

energy currency of the cell

ATP

power transport across cell membrane, power movement of cells, drive energetically unfavorable reactions

ATP

not all individuals in a population are equally likely to survive and reproduce

According to Darwin, selection occurred because

the finches are descended from a relatively recent (several million years) common ancestor.

According to Darwin, the 14 species of finches along the coast of the South American mainland due to which of the following?

Wallace

Alfred Russel _______ and Charles Darwin are the scientists who pioneered the idea of natural selection as a means of evolution in the mid 1800s.

Biosphere

All of the organisms on Earth together with their physical environment comprise the _________.

species

All populations of a particular kind of organism together form a _______; its members are similar in appearance and able to interbreed.

organ

An _____ is a grouping of tissue that forms a distinct structure (ex. heart), which performs a specialized task.

11;23;+1

An atom has 11 protons, 12 neutrons, and 10 electrons. This atom has an atomic number of __, and atomic mass of __, and an overall charge of __.

8;17;0

An atom has 8 protons, 9 neutrons, and 8 electrons. This atom has an atomic number of _, atomic mass of_ and an overall charge of _.

6;8;6

An electrically neutral atom has an atomic number of 6 and an atomic mass of 14. This atom has _ protons, _ neutrons, and _ electrons.

variable

Any factor that might influence the outcome of an experiment (ex. temperature)

DNA

As populations undergo evolutionary change over time, there is continual accumulation of changes in their ___

billion

Based on radioactive decay studies, we now know that Earth is about 4.5 _______ years old.

Life

Biology is defined as the scientific study of which of the following?

homologous

Bones in different vertebrates are __________ if they have the same evolutionary origin but now differ in structure and function.

non-polar

C--H, C--C

artificial

Darwin called the process in which animal breeders produce new animal varieties, ________ selection and reasoned that a similar selection can occur in nature.

polar covalent, formed by the unequal sharing of electrons

Carbon-Oxygen and Carbon-Nitrogen bonds are described as

"On the Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection"

Charles Darwin explained his ideas about evolution in which of the following publications?

19th

Charles Darwin was an English naturalist who lived during the ____ century.

redox

Chemical reactions that involve a transfer of electrons from one atom to another are called _____ reactions.

all natural forces acting now have always acted, the universe's fundamental properties have not changed since its inception

Choose all of the general assumptions made by scientists.

DNA

One way in which living things can encode information is through the sequence of nucleotides in

atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Order the following hierarchical levels of organization from smallest to largest.

how two or more polypeptides interact

Quaternary

G,A,U,C

RNA

explaining the function of the ribosome by looking at the sequence of all the proteins that make it up, explaining the flocking behavior of Canada geese by looking at individual birds

Reductionism has limits when applied to living systems. Select systems that would be difficult to study using reductionism.

polysaccharides

long polymers made of monosaccharides that have been linked through dehydration reactions are called

all areas of biology

The modern evolutionary theory is relevant in which of the following?

play a foundational role in the biology of the organism this is not easily changed once adopted

The retention of conserved characteristics in a long line of descent usually indicated that these characteristics

evolution

The theory of _________ permeates all areas of biology and provides a conceptual framework that unifies biology as a science.

protons, neutrons, electrons

The three main subatomic particles are

analogous

The wings of birds and butterflies have similar functions but do not have the same evolutionary origins. These are called _________ structures.

Denaturation

loss of normal shape of a protein due to heat or other factor

carries genetic information

mRNA

experiments

in order to test hypothesis, scientists design and perform

lipids

insoluble in water

Biology

is the scientific study of living things.

fatty acids and 3-carbon polyalcohol glycerol

lipids

double

the presence of _______ bonds between some of the carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chains of a fat influences whether it is a solid or liquid at room temperature.

amino;carboxl

the two major functional groupsfound in amino acids are the basic ______, and the acidic________ groups.

nitrogenous base, phosphate group, pentose sugar

three basic components of a nucleotide

C,H,O

three elements found in unmodified carbohydrate(glucose)