Bio Exam 2

Complete the statements below, and then number them to indicate the order of these two major steps necessary to copy a DNA sequence during PCR. _______The enzyme________"reads" each template strand and adds complementary nucleotides to make a new strand. _______The two original strands of the DNA molecule can be separated by_________.

(2) The enzyme DNA polymerase "reads" each template strand and adds complementary nucleotides to make a new strand. (1) The two original strands of the DNA molecule can be separated by heat.

On most food labels, the amount of energy stored is listed in kilocalories, which are also referred to as kcals or Calories (the capital "C" indicates kilocalories, not calories). One Calorie is

equal to 1,000 calories, or 1 kcal.

Break ATP hydrolysis is called a

ex

If you can eat one gram of each of the following, which would give you the greatest amount of ATP production? carbohydrate fat nucleic acid protein ethyl alcohol

fat

Which type of organic molecules store the most energy per gram? glycogen proteins starch fats (triglycerides) and glycerol nucleic acids

fats (triglycerides) and glycerol

Occurs entirely in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells apply to fermentation or aerobic respiration?

fermentation

Produces lactic acid or alcohol applies to fermentation or aerobic respiration?

fermentation

Chloroplasts are organelles specialized

for photosynthesis

If the basepairing is correct, the ribosome will catalyze

formation of a peptide bond between amino acids

Which of the following is/are necessary for biofuel production by algae? a. sunlight b. sugar c. CO2 d. soil e. all of the above f. a and b g. a and c

g. a and c

Which of the following is not correctly matched? the bond between two carbon atoms in glucose; potential energy wind turning a windmill; kinetic energy pizza; potential energy gasoline; kinetic energy leg muscle doing jumping jacks; kinetic energy

gasoline; kinetic energy

What is the energy source used for ATP production during aerobic respiration in human cells? glucose oxygen ATP water sunlight

glucose

Blood circulation in the human body delivers _____ to cells in order for aerobic respiration to occur. ATP and water glucose and oxygen water and oxygen glucose and ATP carbon dioxide and water

glucose and oxygen

You go outside and take a short walk down the street and back. Which of the following are you most likely to be using for energy? triglycerides nucleic acids protein glycogen fat

glycogen

the molecule that serves as short-term energy storage.

glycogen

You consistently eat more Calories than you expend each day. In the short term this extra energy is stored as _____, and in the long term it is stored as _____. starch; fat glycogen; protein sugar; glycogen glycogen; fat protein; fat

glycogen; fat

If you exercise for an extended period of time, you will use energy first from________, then from _______. a. fats; glycogen b. proteins; fats c. glycogen; proteins d. fats; proteins e. glycogen; fats

glycogen; fats

You exercise for one hour at the gym. During this exercise, you will first use energy from _____, then from _____. fats; glycogen proteins; fats glycogen; proteins glycogen; fats fats; proteins

glycogen; fats

What is the source of ATP produced during fermentation? glycolysis There is no ATP produced during fermentation. the citric acid cycle the electron transport system The third and fourth answers are correct.

glycolysis

Which step of cellular respiration does not require oxygen

glycolysis

Which step of cellular respiration is referred to as sugar splitting

glycolysis

Which of the following colors is least useful in photosynthesis? green orange blue yellow red

green

A hovercraft (that "hovers" over the surface, without touching the surface) traveling along a road should have less escape of _____ energy relative to a car driving the same distance. heat potential fuel chemical fuel, chemical, and potential

heat

Where does the energy to make ATP come from?

heterotrophs and

Short wavelengths correspond to

high energies

If chromosome pairs contain the same genes=

homologous

The nitrogenous bases make up the "rungs" of the helix by

hydrogen bonding with each other (forming base pairs)

_______amino acids tend to be found folded inside a protein, whereas _______ amino acids interact with water on the outside of the protein.

hydrophobic; hydrophilic

Being able to identify changes in genes can guide

identification of causes of disease

Chlorophyll a is found

in the Thylakoid membranes

The first stage or aerobic respiration, known as glycolysis, takes place

in the cell's cytoplasm.

Your pet plant is not doing a great job of making enough glucose to build cellulose for its cell walls. Which of the following is most likely to help? reducing the amount of time that the plant is exposed to sunlight increasing the CO2 concentration in the air near the plant decreasing the CO2 concentration in the soil near the plant adding cellulose to the soil in which the plant is growing adding glucose in the water used to water the plant

increasing the CO2 concentration in the air near the plant

Why is it important to inject a recombinant gene into an embryo instead of an adult? a. Adult cells do not divide b. Injecting the gene into an emboyo ensures that all body cells reviecne a copy of the gene c. Only embtoyic cells use regulatory sequence d. Adult cells would recognize a hybrid gene as foreign and would attack it. e. Adult cells are too large to handle for microinjections.

injecting the gene into an emboyo ensures that all body cells reviecne a copy of the gene

When NAD+ picks up electrons, it becomes NADH (the electron-carrying form of the molecule). NADH then carries the electrons to the

inner membrane of the mitochondria, where NADH gives them up (reverting to NAD+).

Gene: contains (its like the recipe)

instructions on how to build a protein

When is DNA duplicated in the cell cycle?

interphase S

Glycolysis is a series of chemical reactions that splits glucose in half,

into two smaller molecules of pyruvate. Each of these pyruvate molecules has three carbon atoms in its backbone.

In an undividing cell, the DNA genome is not condensed

into visible Chromosomes, it exists in chromatin form

The Stroma

is a fluid-filled compartment

The second stage of photosynthesis

is the Calvin cycle (take place in the chloroplast's stroma)

Scientists measure food energy in units called calories. A calorie (in lower case)

is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C (1 degree Celsius). In essence, a calorie is a measurement of energy—the capacity to perform a certain amount of work.

Failure to base-pair means that it

is the wrong tRNA carrying the wrong amino acid

The glucose made from photosynthesis is used by plants (or algae) in a variety of ways:

it can be used for growth-to build new plant parts, like stems and fruit-or as an energy source to power cellular reactions.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is not just the gas that plants and algae take in during photosynthesis,

it is also the gas that is released by burning fossil fuels

Heat is best described as: kinetic energy associated with random particle motion. potential energy associated with the breaking of chemical bonds. kinetic energy associated with chemical bonds. kinetic energy associated with the formation of chemical bonds. potential energy associated with random particle motion.

kinetic energy associated with random particle motion.

As the cyclist begins to pedal, his body converts this potential energy into the

kinetic energy of muscle contraction and heat.

Catabolic

large molecules are broken down into small ones. Energy is released.

oxidation means

lost of an electron

Long wavelengths correspond to

low energies

You can think of the genetic code as the key that cracks the

mRNA code. ; the genetic code tells us what amino acid each codon stands for.

_______is the product of transcription, and _______ is the product of translation.

mRNA; a protein

DNA profiling with STRs is most accurate when: it is on the chromosome. many STRs are examined. it is in the coding region of the chromosome. it is from a parent to their child. contamination of DNA had occurred

many STRs are examined.

Cellular respiration takes place in the

mitochondria (power house)

Overall in photosynthesis, each molecule is

more energetic than its predecessor (energetically uphill)

How many human chromosomes are in Mitotic Prophase? How many sister chromatids?

46, 92

The number of calories in a gram of fat.

9

Waste products produced during respiration include

CO2, and H2O

An investigator has a DNA profile of a suspect and is comparing it to profiles of convicted individuals in a national database. This investigator has just accessed the database known as ________________. CODIS HELIX PCR GENOME STR

CODIS

When does carbon fixation occur in photosynthesis ?

Calvin cycle

How do you think replacing one amino acids in a protein with another amino acid would affect the shape of that protein? Changing one amino acids always changes the shape The protein will not be as tightly coiled Changing one amino acid may or may not change the shape of the protein.

Changing one amino acid may or may not change the shape of the protein.

DNA can be "wrapped" around proteins called histones to form

Chromosomes

_______ on mRNA interact with _______ on tRNA to allow the _______ to connect amino acids in the correct order during translation.

Codons; anticodons; ribosome

1st Step to creating a DNA profile

Collect cells from crime scene evidence and extract DNA.

4th Step to creating a DNA profile

Compare STR banding patterns. The gel shows the results of three different STR regions (green, red, and blue bands) analyzed from the DNA in a crime scene sample and in three suspects.

In a comparison of two different light bulbs, how could you infer which one was more efficient in terms of energy conversion? Compare lumens. Compare bulb wattage. Compare longevity of the bulbs. Compare costs. Compare bulb temperature.

Compare bulb temperature.

Reguatory sequence

Controls the timing, location, and amount of gene. When where and how much.

What are the comments of ATP? DNA, sugar, nitrogens amino group, phosphates, sugar nitrogenous base, saccharide, phosphates carboxyl group

nitrogenous base, saccharide, phosphates

Introns:

non-coding regions of DNA

The cytoskeleton is the i

nternal scaffolding of the cell

DNA is a polymer composed of

nucleotides

RNA polymerase carries out unwinding

of DNA and synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA)

Nucleic Acids are the information bearing molecules

of all life on earth

fossil fuels

oil, gas, and coal. fossil fuels are considered to be nonrenewable because they take millions of years to form

autotrophs—

organisms such as plants, algae, and certain bacteria that can use the energy of sunlight to build organic molecules. Their name means, literally, "self-feeders"—and as you might expect, autotrophs make their own food

Which of the following is NOT a product of aerobic respiration? oxygen carbon dioxide ATP water All of the above are products of aerobic respiration.

oxygen

The output for the overall reaction of photosynthesis are

oxygen (O2), and glucose (C6H12O6)

A genome is the complete DNA sequence for a

particular organism or individual

A protein is a chain of amino acids linked by

peptide bonds

Algae that glow at night are termed: sea algae. phosphorescent. photosynthetic. light capable. dark algae.

phosphorescent

Light energy from the sun travels to Earth in waves. These waves of light are made up of discrete packets of energy called

photons

What is the process by which plants produce food and oxygen? glycolysis citric acid cycle electron transport photosynthesis fermentation

photosynthesis

Energy from sunlight is captured by

pigments of Photosystem II

All plants carry out photosynthesis but not all photosynthetic organisms are

plants

Which of the following can produce biofuels? plants algae microalgae plants and algae plants, algae, and microalgae

plants, algae, and microalgae

Three basic types of autotrophs are:

plants, algae, some bacteria

A laboratory technique used to replicate, and thus amplify a specific DNA segment, is called: polymerase chain reaction. DNA replication. translation. transcription. protein synthesis.

polymerase chain reaction.

If a cell cycle check point is triggered:

potential for apoptosis (programmed cell death)

Release some "energy" to

power some members of the electron transport chain

mutations orginate in the

DNA

Chromosomes are made up of

DNA molecules would around proteins.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) ingredients

DNA template Nucleotides: A, T, G, C DNA polymerase DNA primers ATP, GTP, CTP, TTP

Coding sequence

Determines the sequence of amino acids in the protein.What you are going to make.

A patient has metastatic melanoma—skin cancer. Is surgery a viable option for this patient? a. Yes, because you can easily remove all the cancerous cells. b. No, because the cancerous cells have spread throughout the body. c. Yes, because metastatic refers to a cancer that is resistant to chemotherapy. d. No, because metastatic refers to a cancer that is not resistant to chemotherapy. e. Skin cancer can easily be surgically removed even if it has spread throughout the body.

b. No, because the cancerous cells have spread throughout the body.

True or false Each person carries the same number of STR repeats on both maternal and paternal chromosomes.

False

True or false G pairs with T

False

The site of triglyceride storage in the body

Fat cell

Which of the following statements does NOT accurately describe human DNA? Human DNA is located within the nucleus. Humans have 22 pairs of chromosomes and two gender chromosomes. Males receive one X chromosome from their mother. Human DNA is a unique combination of DNA inherited from both parents. Females receive two X chromosomes from their mother.

Females receive two X chromosomes from their mother.

Energizing the sugar (the 2nd step

First, 6 ATP molecules react with 6 3-PGA molecules Transfer phosphate onto the 3-PGA Then 3-PGA derivatives are reduced (accept electrons) while, 6 NADPH molecules are oxidized (give up electrons)

photosynthesis accomplishes two main things

First, it converts light energy from the sun into chemical energy that can be used as food and fuel by plants and animals . Second, it captures carbon dioxide gas from the air and incorporates those carbon atoms into sugar in a process called carbon fixation

Who imaged DNA using x-ray crystallography, leading to the discovery of DNA's structure?

Franklin

Centrosomes are duplicated during

G2 phase

What is GA3P?

GA3P is a three-carbon sugar

Concerns voiced regarding Biotechnology

Genetic manipulation is "unnatural" Genetically altered organisms are unsafe Genetically altered animals/crops are dangerous to the environment Genetically altered animals/crops are dangerous for humans to consume

The aerobic respiration of glucose can be summarized by this equation:

Glucose + Oxygen → Energy + Carbon dioxide + Water

A 5'6? female weighs 167 pounds. Use Infographic 6.2 to determine her BMI. Would she be considered underweight, normal weight, overweight, or obese?

Her BMI would be ~27, which would place her in the overweight category according to the CDC.

_________ chromosomes are the same size and contain the same genes

Homologous

Electrons are removed from

Hydrogen atoms and passed along an electron transport chain

Many types of algae can divert the sugars they make by photosynthesis into lipids that can be used to make biodiesel. Biodiesel is a promising replacement for fossil fuels. Describe the energy conversions required to make algal lipids for biodiesel and explain why biodiesel might be a more promising fuel than lipids extracted from animals.

In biofuel-producing algae, the energy of sunlight is converted to lipids. These store a large amount of energy per gram. Animals can produce lipids only after ingesting plant products. Animal lipids thus add a step (and additional energy transfer and loss) between the energy of sunlight and the energy stored in organic molecules.

FERMENTATION OCCURS WHEN OXYGEN IS SCARCE

In the absence of oxygen, fermentation reactions follow glycolysis. Fermentation occurs in the cytoplasm and converts the products of glycolysis into lactic acid (or alcohol in some organisms). The only ATP produced is the small amount produced during glycolysis.

Global warming is linked to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. How might this affect photosynthesis? If global warming should cause ocean levels to rise, in turn causing forests to be immersed in water, how would photosynthesis be affected?

Increased levels of carbon dioxide should increase the amount of photosynthesis by plants, algae and photosynthetic bacteria. However, if land plants are submerged (because of rising ocean levels), they will not be able to survive to carry out photosynthesis.

Produce a genetically modified organism (GMO)

Insert recombinant gene into goat embryo Implant embryo into surrogate female goat Produce transgenic offspring *insert gene from one species into another species

Each chloroplast has the following....

Inter membrane space, thylakoid, stroma, thlakoid lumen, Granum stack of thylakoids, Inner membrane, outer membrane

Which of the following statements about DNA replication is FALSE? It is called semiconservative. It uses complementary base pairing. Before it can occur, DNA must be unwound from the proteins. It is used in STR analysis. It does not require the enzyme DNA polymerase when it occurs in the cell.

It does not require the enzyme DNA polymerase when it occurs in the cell.

Which of the following is a function of photosynthesis? It provides the oxygen we breathe. It indirectly provides fossil fuels. It produces firewood for us to burn. It provides the oxygen we breathe and indirectly provides fossil fuels. It provides the oxygen we breathe, it indirectly provides fossil fuels, and it produces firewood for us to burn.

It provides the oxygen we breathe and indirectly provides fossil fuels.

Why are energy-rich lipids from algae more useful as a fuel than energy-rich sugars and other carbohydrates produced by photosynthetic organisms like corn and wheat?

Lipids store more energy per gram than carbohydrates. This means that more energy is stored per gram of lipid than of carbohydrates.

How does the ribosome know where to start and stop?

Look for the start codon, which is AUG

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR):

Making DNA in a test tube

Microtubules have formed mitotic spindle (cage-like structure) Chromosomes line up at the spindle midline or equator (metaphase plate)

Metaphase

Nuclear membrane has completely disintegrated Microtubules attached to sister chromatids of each chromosome via kinetochor

Metaphase

Chromatin is packaged into chromosomes during

Mitosis

The site of glycogen storage in the body

Muscle and liver

Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP

Must occur in at least 1% of human population variation in a single nucleotide at a defined position in the genome

What are the products of the light reactions?

NADPH and ATP

How does the cell know when to express a specific gene?

Need to employ: DNA regulatory sequences and proteins that recognizes these sequences

Five molecules of G3P (GA3P) are used to regenerate RuBP (step 4

Need to reform RuBP to be able to start cycle all over aga

Can animals directly use the energy of sunlight to make their own food (in their own bodies)?

No. Animals cannot carry out photosynthesis. However, they rely on photosynthesis, as they eat plant material that is the product of photosynthesis, and animal material that is sustained by eating plants.

DNA Regulatory Sequences

Non-coding DNA segments Include: promoters, enhancers silencers

How many province acids are directly produced by the Electrong transport chain 1 2 3

None of the above

There are two important features of the genetic code.

One, the code is redundant: multiple codons specify the same amino acid. Two, the genetic code is universal, which means that it is virtually the same in all living organisms.

Which of the following statements about the Polymerase Chain Reaction is FALSE? Amplification of DNA requires DNA, primers, DNA polymerase, and nucleotides. Only a specific region of DNA is copied in the reaction. Only a single strand of DNA can be amplified at a time. The amount of DNA in each PCR cycle is doubled. Amplification of DNA occurs if a single DNA molecule is present.

Only a single strand of DNA can be amplified at a time.

Types of regulatory sequences (DNA sequences)

Operator, promoter, enhancer, silencer

Heterotrophs

Organisms, such as humans and other animals, that obtain energy by eating organic molecules that were produced by other organisms.

If DNA polymerase doesn't correct it self the error rate is

Original error rate: 1 error/100,000 base pairs

The BMI estimates body fat from the indirect measures of height and weight, and translates it into an easy-to-digest number.

People with a BMI between 25 and 29.9 are considered overweight; people with a BMI of 30 and above are considered obese.

Photosynthesis and respiration form a continuous cycle, with the outputs of one process serving as the inputs of the other.

Photosynthesis -> glucose -> oxygen -> respiration-> carbon dioxide ->

Compare and contrast the ways photosynthetic algae and animals obtain and use energy

Photosynthetic algae rely on photosynthesis for the production of sugars that can be used for short-term energy needs or for longer-term energy storage. Animals cannot make their own sugars (or other energy-rich organic molecules) from scratch, so must obtain them from their diet.

Transporting Electrons Energetically "downhill" from

Photosystem II to Photosystem I

Translation:

Polypetide chains (proteins) are synthesized by ribosomes using mRNA as a template

There are four levels of structure in proteins

Primary protein structure is the sequence of a chain of amino acid. Secondary protein structure occurs when the sequence of amino acids are linked by hydrogen bonds.

Many biofuels require arable land for their production. Discuss competing needs for arable lands in the context of human needs for food and fuel, and how algae may alleviate this tension.

Producing biofuels from traditional crops (e.g., corn) means that these crops are grown on land that could otherwise be used to for human food. By replacing food crops with fuel crops, the demand for (and price of) of crops to feed humans rises. In contrast, given water and nutrients, algae can be grown (in vats or closed systems) on land that is otherwise unsuitable for food crops. In this case, fuel crops are not competing with food crops for valuable arable land.

Centrosome copies move to the "poles" & synthesize microtubules Chromosomes begin to line up along equatorial plane of cell

Prophase

Chromatin condensed into visible chromosomes Nuclear membrane disintegrates

Prophase

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes during which stage of mitosis

Prophase

Transcription Factors

Proteins Activators & repressors

How did the bases fit together?

Purine and a pyrimidine; consistent with x-ray diffraction data

If reaction X is more efficient than reaction Y, what would you predict in terms of energy? Reaction Y will occur faster than reaction X. Reaction X will be less costly to carry out than reaction Y. Reaction Y will heat up the environment more than reaction X. Reaction X will occur faster than reaction Y. Reaction X will heat up the environment more than reaction Y.

Reaction Y will heat up the environment more than reaction X.

How do the redundant properties of the genetic code protect humans from some mutations?

Some mutations will not change the amino acid coded by the mRNA codon.

photosynthesis can be summarized in the following equation

Sunlight + Water + Carbon dioxide → Oxygen + Glucose

Which of the following occurs during the "photo" reactions of photosynthesis? Carbon dioxide is converted to glucose, and chemical energy is used. Sunlight is captured. Carbon dioxide is converted to glucose. Chemical energy is used. Water is formed from hydrogen and oxygen.

Sunlight is captured.

Chromosomes de-condense back into chromatin-only form Nuclear membrane reforms

Telophase

Microtubules begin to disintegrate Two sets of protein filaments (microfilaments) form at equatorial plane 1 cell with 2 nuclei (plural of nucleus)

Telophase

NUCLEOTIDE:

The building block, or monomer, of a nucleic acid.

Mitotic Spindle forms Spindle fibers (aka microtubules) become attached to the sister chromatids of each chromosome via kineochores

Transition to Metaphase

The molecule that serves as long-term energy storage.

Triglyceride

True or false DNA evidence can be obtained from saliva left in a bite mark.

True

True or false _ Genetic information is passed on to the next generation in the form of DNA molecules.

True

A gene has the sequence ATCGATTG. What is the sequence of the complementary RNA?

UAGCUAAC

Appotosis

When a normal cell sustains irreparable damage, it udergoes programmed cell death. The cellular suicide prevents cells from producing more damage daughter cells.

In the presence of oxygen we use ________ to fuel ATP production. What process do plants use to fuel ATP production from food? a. aerobic respiration; photosynthesis b. aerobic respiration; aerobic respiration c. fermentation; aerobic respiration d. fermentation; photosynthesis e. glycolysis; photosynthesis

b. aerobic respiration; aerobic respiration

What is a genetically modified organism?

b. any modified organism that produces a product it does not normally make

Which of the following properties should a promising new ovarian cancer drug have? a. blocks mitosis in noncancerous cells b. blocks mitosis in cancerous cells c. prevents entry into S phase in normal cells d. enhances the activity of cell cycle checkpoints in noncancerous cells e. b and d

b. blocks mitosis in cancerous cells

During fermentation, how does NADH give up electrons to regenerate NAD+? a. by giving electrons to O2 b. by giving electrons to pyruvate c. by giving electrons to glucose d. by giving electrons to the electron transport chain e. by giving electrons to another NAD+

b. by giving electrons to pyruvate

In addition to the base, what are the other components of a nucleotide? a. sugar and polymerase b. phosphate and sugar c. phosphate and polymerase d. phosphate and helix e. helix and sugar

b. phosphate and sugar

The sugars & phosphates make up the

backbone of the helix

If the synthesis reactions do not require sunlight, why does carbon dioxide fixation stop in the dark? because the plant runs out of ATP from the "photo" reactions in the dark because the plant runs out of oxygen from the "photo" reactions in the dark because the plant runs out of glucose in the dark because the plant runs out of carbon dioxide in the dark because the plant runs out of water in the dark

because the plant runs out of ATP from the "photo" reactions in the dark

Which of the following is NOT a fossil fuel? biofuels coal nuclear electric power natural gas petroleum

biofuels

Algae also make proteins and carbohydrates (sugars), which can be converted into other

biofuels, like ethanol and butanol. These biofuels can be mixed with gasoline to power cars.

Antithrombin prevents

blood clots

The measurement we use to estimate body fat based on height and weight is called _____. body height index body fat present fat index body mass units body mass index

body mass index

A gene contains instructions for

building RNAs & proteins

Taxol is not a "silver bullet"

but it prolongs survival

During aerobic respiration in a human cell, how does NADH give up electrons to regenerate NAD+? by giving electrons to another NAD by giving electrons to molecular oxygen by giving electrons to pyruvate by giving electrons to glucose All of the above.

by giving electrons to molecular oxygen

Each chromosome contains a. DNA only. b. proteins only. c. DNA and proteins. d. the same number of genes and STRs. e. the entire genome of a cell.

c. DNA and proteins.

If the sequence of one strand of DNA is AGTCTAGC, what is the sequence of the complementary strand? a. AGTCTAGC b. CGATCTGA c. TCAGATCG d. GTCGACGC e. GCTAGACT

c. TCAGATCG

Which is the best definition of cancer? a. a disease in which there are tumors b. a disease in which cells are the problem c. a disease in which unregulated cell division occurs d. a disease in which cell division does not occur e. a disease in which chemotherapy helps cells divide

c. a disease in which unregulated cell division occurs

If you ingest carbon in the form of sugar, how is that carbon released from your body? a. as sugar b. as fat c. as CO2 d. as protein e. in urine

c. as CO2

The energy in a cereal bar is_______energy. The energy of a cyclist pedaling is_______energy a. light; chemical b. potential; chemical c. chemical; kinetic d. potential; potential e. kinetic; potential

c. chemical; kinetic

What process is most directly prevented in the absence of adequate oxygen? a. citric acid cycle b. glycolysis c. electron transport chain d. a, b, and c e. glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

c. electron transport chain

Which process is not correctly matched with its cellular location? a. glycolysis—cytoplasm b. citric acid cycle—mitochondria c. glycolysis—mitochondria d. electron transport—mitochondria e. none of the above; they are all correctly matched

c. glycolysis—mitochondria

Glucose is a product of photosynthesis. Where do the carbon atoms in glucose come from? a. starch b. cow manure c. molecules in air d. water e. soil

c. molecules in air

DNA replication is said to be semiconservative because a newly replicated, double-stranded DNA molecules consists of a. two old strands. b. two new strands. c. one old strand and one new strand. d. two strands, each with a mixture of old and new DNA. e. any of the above, depending on the cell type

c. one old strand and one new strand.

Kinetic energy is best described as a. stored energy. b. light energy. c. the energy of movement. d. heat energy. e. any of the above, depending on the situation.

c. the energy of movement.

When cells accumulate enough DNA damage to interfere with multiple checkpoints, the result is

cancer. Cancer cells plow through the cell cycle uninhibited, divide uncontrollably, and in many cases eventually form a mass of cells called a tumor

The chemical energy generated in the "photo" step is used in the "synthesis" step to convert

carbon dioxide into the energy-rich sugar glucose.

Mutations in proteins involved in

cell cycle checkpoints

Point mutation:

change in sequence without change in length

The bonds that hold molecular subunits together represent a form of stored called

chemical energy; breaking these bonds releases that stored energy, making it available to power cell functions.

The molecule that absorbs and reflects these wavelengths of light is the pigment chlorophyll—a crucial player in photosynthesis.

chlorophyll that actually captures the energy of sunlight.

In plants, photosynthesis occurs in an organelle called the chloroplast

chloroplast found in cells that make up the green parts of the plant.

Before Mitosis:

chromatin

DNA found in the nucleus is called

chromatin

Prophase:

chromatin condenses into chromosomes

Genetic information is stored in the nucleus in dense structures called

chromosomes

Exons:

coding regions of DNA

Amino acids are specified by groups of three nucleotides; each group is called a

codon. Each codon is like a word: its letters name a particular amino acid (for example, the codon GGU specifies the amino acid glycine).

Which of the following is the correct sequence in creating a DNA profile? collect DNA→gel electrophoresis→extract DNA→PCR to amplify STRs→ gel electrophoresis PCR to amplify sample→extract DNA→gel electrophoresis→analyze gel collect DNA→PCR to amplify sample→gel electrophoresis→extract DNA→ gel electrophoresis collect DNA→extract DNA→gel electrophoresis→PCR to amplify STRs→ analyze gel collect DNA→extract DNA→PCR to amplify STRs→gel electrophoresis→ analyze gel

collect DNA→extract DNA→PCR to amplify STRs→gel electrophoresis→ analyze gel

Genetic engineering

combine regulatory sequence of 1 gene with coding sequence of another gene

Before 1945, there were basically two ways to treat cancer:

cut it out or zap it with radiation. T

If we were to perform a cell cycle backwards which is the correct answer

cypotokinesisi, mitosis, interphase

Where in the cell does fermentation take place? Fermentation does not occur in cells. mitochondria cytoplasm nucleus both in the cytoplasm and mitochondria

cytoplasm

A cell with 46 chromosomes undergoes mitosis and cytokinesis before fully completing S-phase. Which of the following would be a likely result? b. 1 normal daughter cell with 46 chromosomes and 1 abnormal daughter cell with 46 chromosomes and 1 abnormal doughtier cell with 23 chromosomes. c. 2 daughter cells with 23 chromosomes. d. 2 daughter cells with 46 chromosomes

d. 2 daughter cells with 46 chromosomes

The_______chromosomes in a human cell from inside the cheek are found in the_____. a. 46; cytoplasm b. 23; nucleus c. 24; cytoplasm d. 46; nucleus e. 22; nucleus

d. 46; nucleus

Which of the following series has the stages of the cell cycle in the proper order? a. mitosis, S, G1, G2, cytokinesis b. G1, S, cytokinesis, mitosis c. G1, G2, interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis d. G1, S, G2, mitosis, cytokinesis e. S, Mitosis, G1, cytokinesis, G2

d. G1, S, G2, mitosis, cytokinesis

You are starting your own forensics lab and need to purchase the proper elements for PCR analysis. In addition to the DNA samples from the crime scenes, what other molecular items would you need? primers and RNA polymerase primers, DNA polymerase, and nucleotides only primers primers, RNA polymerase, and nucleotides primers and nucleotides

primers, DNA polymerase, and nucleotides

Electronegativity:

different substances have different affinities for electrons

If a person wants to lose weight, which of the following are viable strategies? a. substituting plain water for regular soda b. eating the same number of Calories, but eating them all as fruit and veggies instead of burgers and fries c. adding more fruits and veggies on top of the current diet d. exercising more e. a and d

e. a and d

When considering which biofuel is the most sustainable, which of the following must be considered? a. water use b. energy use c. fertilizer and pesticide use d. a and c e. a, b, and c

e. a, b, and c

Which of the following statements correctly reflects the interactions between aerobic respiration and photosynthesis? a. The carbon in the glucose that plants make is the same carbon in the carbon dioxide we breathe out. b. The carbon dioxide we breathe out is the same carbon in the food we eat. c. The oxygen we use in aerobic respiration is the same oxygen produced by plants in photosynthesis. d. a and c e. a, b, and c

e. a, b, and c

Which of the following processes require normal cell division? a. embryonic development b. wound healing c. replacement of blood cells d. intestinal tract and skin cell replacement e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Why are algae considered more valuable for biofuel than plants (such as corn)? a. because their photosynthetic products are an oil b. because they are cheaper to grow c. because they do not require as much CO2 d. because they do not require as much fertilizer e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Following mitosis and cytokinesis, daughter cells are __________. a. genetically unique b. genetically identical to each other c. genetically identical to the parent cell d. contain half of the parent cell's chromosomes e. b and c

e. b and c

which of the following could be possible if a single nucleotide in the regulatory sequence of DNA controlling transcription was changed? a. the protein could be produced at a faster rate. b. the protein controlled could be produced in a different tissue. c. the function of the protein could change. d. shape of the protein could change e. both the first and second are correct.

e. both the first and second are correct.

Which step of aerobic respiration actually consumes oxygen? glycolysis citric acid cycle electron transport both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle All steps of aerobic respiration consume oxygen.

electron transport

Why are energy-rich lipids from algae more useful as a fuel than energy-rich sugars and other carbohydrates produced by photosynthetic organisms such as corn and wheat? a. The sugars contain less chemical energy than the lipids. b. The sugars require an additional fermentation step to produce usable chemical energy. c. The lipids can be used directly as fuel. d. a and c e. a, b, and c

a, b, and c

Which of the following statements about PCR is true? a. DNA polymerase is the enzyme that copies DNA in PCR. b. Primers are not necessary for PCR. c. PCR does not require nucleotides. d. PCR does not generate a complementary DNA strand. e. PCR can make only a few copies of a DNA molecule.

a. DNA polymerase is the enzyme that copies DNA in PCR.

Which STR will have migrated farthest through an electrophoresis gel? a. GAAG repeated twice b. GAAG repeated three times c. AGCT repeated five times d. GAAG repeated seven times e. AGCT repeated seven times

a. GAAG repeated twice

Why is recombinant protein production in the milk of transgenic animals an efficient strategy?

a. because milk is secreted, so the protein can be obtained noninvasively b. because milk is produced in relatively large quantities c. because mammary glands naturally secrete large quantities of proteins into milk d. because milk is easier to obtain than other secretions (e.g., urine, sweat, and saliva)

Where in the cell does fermentation take place? a. cytoplasm b. mitochondria c. nucleus d. cytoplasm and mitochondria e. Fermentation doesn't occur in cells, it occurs in circulating blood.

a. cytoplasm

In the development of chemotherapeutic agents for cancer, what factors must be considered?

a. environmental costs if the agent is from a living specimen b. production costs if the agent is rare or hard to isolate c. side effects the drug may have on noncancerous cells

Photosynthetic algae are a. eukaryotic autotrophs. b. prokaryotic autotrophs. c. eukaryotic heterotrophs. d. prokaryotic heterotrophs

a. eukaryotic autotrophs.

iven 1 g of each of the following, which would yield the greatest amount of ATP by aerobic respiration? a. fat b. protein c. carbohydrate d. nucleic acid e. alcohol

a. fat

Which step of aerobic respiration generates the most ATP? glycolysis the citric acid cycle fermentation electron transport They all generate the same amount of ATP.

electron transport

In the electron transport chain between photosystem II and photosystem I, and the

electron transport chain between photosystem I and NADP+, the electrons are transferred energetically "downhill"

Most cellular activities (e.g. protein synthesis, locomotion, etc...) are

endergonic (require the cell to use energy)

DNA polymerase adds nucleotides but also

proofreads each new nucleotide against the template

Algae is not a plant it belongs to what kingdom

protista

Possible treatment options for

radiation therapy

Each amino acid is joined to the correct tRNA by an enzyme that

recognizes the subtle differences in shape of each tRNA

The combined reduction and oxidation is known as a:

redox reaction

Enhancer:

region of DNA that increases the rate of RNA transcription

Silencer:

region of DNA that slows down RNA transcription

Operator:

region of DNA upstream of the gene itself, before the "START" codon

Promoter:

region of DNA where RNA polymerase binds

Transcriptional regulation involves

regulatory sequences and transcription factors

Splicesomes

remove introns from RNA and "splice" together eons

biofuels

renewable fuels made from living organisms

DNA sequencing led to the identification of the

sequence of genes (the blue prints of proteins)

Shivering (uncontrolled muscle contractions) warms you up because: shivering muscles attract heat from other parts of the body, and shivering muscles produce a lot of sweat, and sweat heats you up. shivering muscles produce a lot of sweat, and sweat heats you up. shivering muscles are contracting more, therefor there are more reactions occurring, each of which releases some energy as heat. shivering muscles are better at collecting heat from sunlight. shivering muscles attract heat from other parts of the body.

shivering muscles are contracting more, therefor there are more reactions occurring, each of which releases some energy as heat.

Building blocks for glycogen is

simple sugars

In mitosis, ____ separate during anaphase

sister chromatids

Anabolic

small molecules are assembled into large ones. Energy is required.

The two strands of linked nucleotides pair up and twist around each other to form a

spiral-shaped double helix. The sugars and phosphates form the outside "backbone" of the helix and the bases form the internal "rungs," like steps on a twisting ladder. The bases are held together by hydrogen bonds.

In the "photo" step, chloroplasts capture the energy of sunlight, converting it to chemical energy. During the process, water is

split releasing oxygen as a by-product.

In humans, fermentation takes place primarily during bursts of energy-intensive tasks, such as

sprinting or power weight-lifting.

What determines how a protein folds?

a. the interaction of the shared core structure of all the amino acids in the protein b. the interaction of the side chains of each individual amino acid c. the interaction of the amino acids with water in the proteins environment

Which of the following photon wavelengths contains the greatest amount of energy? a. violet b. red c. green d. yellow e. blue

a. violet

During electron transport, these energetic electrons are passed like hot potatoes from NADH down a chain of molecules in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Eventually the electrons are passed to oxygen molecules, which

accept the electrons and combine with hydrogen atoms to produce water. As electrons pass down the chain, they supply the energy needed to form ATP. This electron transport chain fuels the bulk of ATP production

Energy from food is ultimately captured in a molecule called

adenosine triphosphate (ATP) that our cells use to carry out energy-requiring functions.

Does production of large amounts of ATP happen during fermentation or aerobic respiration?

aerobic respiration

Requires oxygen applies to fermentation or aerobic respiration?

aerobic respiration

produces carbon dioxide and water applies to fermentation or aerobic respiration?

aerobic respiration

The primary process that all eukaryotic organisms, including plants, use to convert food energy into ATP is a form of cellular respiration called

aerobic respiration. "Aerobic" means "in the presence of oxygen," and this form of cellular respiration predictably requires a continual source of oxygen.

organisms, like certain fungi and bacteria, fermentation is the main way of obtaining energy. In some of these organisms, fermentation produces

alcohol rather than lactic acid as a by-product.

The first eukaryotic forms of life to appear on the planet Earth were the: eubacteria. algae. animals. None of the above.

algae

Which of the following requires the least amount of fertilizer to grow? algae rapeseed, canola soybeans corn wood residue

algae

In Paris, which of the following are likely to have smaller portion sizes relative to Philadelphia? restaurant meals supermarket packages of food recipe portion sizes All of the above. both restaurant meals and supermarket packages of food

all of the above

Different versions of antithrombin is known as

alleles

Proteins are polymers of

amino acids

Is photosynthesis catabolic or anabolic

anabolic

During which stage of the cell cycle do sister chromatids separate from each other? a. telophase b. interphase c. prophase d. metaphase e. anaphase

anaphase

Example of pharming, The drug Atryn

antithrombin human protein anti-clotting or anticoagulant

When we ingest more Calories than our bodies need, they are stored as glycogen molecules in muscle and liver cells. Once the body's glycogen stores have been replenished,

any excess Calories are stored as triglyceride molecules in fat cells.

Oil reserves buried deep underground are: finite. take millions of years to replenish. lie outside U.S. borders. finite and take millions of years to replenish. are finite, take millions of years to replenish, and lie outside U.S. borders.

are finite, take millions of years to replenish, and lie outside U.S. borders.

Centrosomes are organelles where microtubules

are synthesized and organized

Each nucleotide consists of a: sugar. phosphate. base. both sugar and phosphate. sugar, phosphate, and base.

sugar, phosphate, and base.

photosynthesis, organisms like plants and algae capture the energy of

sunlight and convert it into the chemical energy of energy-rich molecules—otherwise known as food.

The input for the overall reaction of photosynthesis are

sunlight, water(h20) and carbon dioxide (C02)

autotrophs

synthesize their own food, which is then used to synthesize ATP in respiration

Anti-condon is found in the

tRNA

The ribosome relies on complementary base pairing (hydrogen bonding) between the

tRNA's anticodon and the mRNA's codon

Photosynthesis has two main steps

the "photo" step and the "synthesis" step

Glucose and these other sugars provide the building materials for a variety of metabolic reactions in the cell—for example,

the assembly of amino acids for protein synthesis and the synthesis of the oils that make up biofuels.

Energy—defined as

the capacity to do work—is critical to all life on earth. Energy powers every activity we perform, from the more obvious ones like breathing, thinking, and running to less obvious activities like building the molecules that make up our bodies.

During the second stage, the citric acid cycle, a series of reactions strips electrons from the bonds between

the carbon and hydrogen atoms that were originally in glucose (and are now in pyruvate). The process releases CO2, which is ultimately exhaled from an organism's lungs.

The electrons then go through the third and last stage of aerobic respiration:

the electron transport chain.

In the reaction center of photosystems I and II, energy from sunlight is transferred to

the electrons, boosting them to a higher energy level (energetically "uphill")

Just as a gold bar must be converted to currency in order to buy merchandise,

the energy in food must be converted to ATP before it can be used by the cell.

One of the reasons photosynthetic organisms are so important on the planet Earth is that: they are necessary for all of life's various processes. they produce coal. they produce biofuels. they produce oil. the energy-rich molecules they produce are used by all living organisms to fuel cellular processes.

the energy-rich molecules they produce are used by all living organisms to fuel cellular processes.

Photosynthesis takes place in

the leaves of a plant

What controls the timing of gene expression?

the regulatory sequence for a gene

Once the mRNA copy is made, it leaves the nucleus and attaches to a complex piece of cellular machinery in the cytoplasm called

the ribosome. This is the start of translation.

NADPH and ATP enter the Calvin cycle which takes place in

the stroma of the chloroplast

But chlorophyll is the main pigment involved in photosynthesis. When red and blue photons of sunlight hit chlorophyll, the electrons in its atoms become excited. These excited electrons are used to generate an energy-carrying molecule known

as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used in the "synthesis" part of photosynthesis to make sugar

tRNAs supply the amino acids to the ribosome to use appropriately

as building blocks based on the mRNA template

For the large majority of us, when we eat Calories beyond what our bodies require, the extra energy is stored in one of two places:

as glycogen in muscle and liver cells, or as triglycerides in fat cells.

When energy is used to power our cars—or our brain cells—that energy is not destroyed, it merely changes form, a principle known

as the conservation of energy.

Chromosome pairs 1-22 are known as

autosomes

Why would the cell make apoptosis the default mechanism when a problem in the cell cycle is detected? a. Apoptosis ensures the survival of the cell by fixing the problem with the cell cycle. b. Apoptosis ensures that the cell dies instead of leading to cancer. c. Apoptosis causes the cell to enter the cell cycle without control checkpoints. d. a and c

b. Apoptosis ensures that the cell dies instead of leading to cancer.

During aerobic respiration, what molecule has (and carries) electrons stripped from food? a. NAD+ b. NADH c. O2 d. H2O e. pyruvate

b. NADH

Photosynthesis occurs in:

the thylakoid membranes (light reactions) and the chloroplast stroma (calvin cycle)

algae remove CO2 from the atmosphere as they grow, they release little net CO2 when they are burned

they are basically just returning to the atmosphere the same carbon they had removed.

Photosystem I energetically boosts electrons against and

they are passed to the electron carrier NADP+ to form NADPH

heterotrophs

this energy comes from food obtained by eating other organisms

Heterotrophs can then either use

this energy to grow, in which case the energy will become stored in the chemical bonds in their bodies, or to move and power other chemical reactions in cells.

As the energy-rich bonds in glucose and pyruvate are broken, the electrons from

those bonds are picked up by a molecule known as NAD+

Chemical energy is potential energy, meaning that it is stored and waiting for use. When the cyclist eats and digests the bar, digestion breaks then

those chemical bonds, and the stored energy is released.

Gel electrophoresis is best described as a laboratory technique used: to analyze DNA samples (it separates DNA fragments by size). to separate DNA into coding and non-coding DNA. to analyze DNA by separating them in chromosomes. to stain chromosomes different colors (for identification purposes). None of the answer options is correct.

to analyze DNA samples (it separates DNA fragments by size).

Which of the following best describes the "point" of the "photo" reactions of photosynthesis? to capture the energy of sunlight in a chemical form to split water and to generate oxygen to split water to make glucose to generate oxygen

to capture the energy of sunlight in a chemical form

Why do cells need ATP? to make glycogen for long-term energy storage in case of famine to make sugar to power cell functions to make proteins

to power cell functions

In living cells, reduction and oxidation occur

together

The enzyme NADP+ reductase "reduces" NADP+ by

transferring electrons to NADP+ to form NADPH.

So our bodies store most excess Calories as

triglycerides in fat cells, which actually allows us to carry around less weight overall. The body burns this fat only after it has already used up food molecules in the bloodstream and in stored glycogen.

Light reactions take place in

two molecular structures known as photosystems (found in the thylakoid membrane)

AFTER interphase, chromatin condenses into chromosomes, each chromosome is composed of:

two sister chromatids joined by a centromere

A gene is a

unit of heredity

Which of the following lists the colors of light in order from shortest wavelength to longest wavelength? red, yellow, green, violet violet, red, yellow, green green violet, yellow, red violet, green, yellow, red yellow, green, red, violet

violet, green, yellow, red

The portion of the spectrum between 400 and 750 nanometers is called

visible light

chloroplast,

which is present in the leaf cells of plants and the cells of photosynthetic algae

The central dogma of biology: DNA is transcribed into RNA,

which is translated into proteins

. Without oxygen, glycolysis still occurs, but its products are shunted into a different process, fermentation,

which takes place in the cell's cytoplasm (as opposed to the mitochondria).

Radiation types include:

x-rays, gamma rays, & charged particles

1 molecule of glucose broken down to produce

36 ATP molecules, CO2 and H2O waste products

Purine Bases

Adenine Guanine

Alternative splicing;

Another level of regulation is processing of the RNA produced by transcription

True or false All DNA sequences encode information to produce proteins.

False

The reaction to synthesize glucose from carbon dioxide and water has a ___ & is ____

+ (Delta sign)G, endergoinc

How many nucleotides does it take to code for an amino acids?

3 nucleotides (1 condon) = 1 amino acid 4^3=64

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): Steps

1.)Open double-stranded DNA template using heat normally helicase does this job in the cell 2.)Drop temperature and allow DNA primers to bind (anneal) normally primase does this job in a cell 3.)Raise temperature and allow DNA polymerase to synthesize DNA

During examination of a gel containing 10 STRs from a heterozygous mother and her biological child, how many bands should be identical in size? 1 5 8 10 20

10

Currently, forensic scientists use _____ STRs on _____ different chromosomes. 15; 14 12; 22 7; 8 1; 23 2; 12

15; 14

How many ATPs are produced during fermentation? 1 2 3 4 5

2

How many molecules of G3P are needed to from one glucose molecule

2

In general, humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes. How many pairs?

2

When you look at the genome composition of Organism X, you determine that is made up of 30% Adenine (A). Based on this information, you determine that it must contain ______ Cytosine. A. 30 B. 60 C. 40 D. 20 E. 0

20%

What energy source drives the Calvin cycle (Carbon reactions) of photosynthesis, and where does it come from? a. The kinetic energy ATP made from light absorption drives the Calvin cycle. b. The chemical energy ATP made from light absorption is a requirement of the Calvin cycle. c. The chemical energy of light made from glucose drives the Calvin cycle. d. The kinetic energy of light absorption made from ATP drives the Calvin cycle. e. The chemical energy ATP made from glucose drives the Calvin cycle.

?? e. The chemical energy ATP made from glucose drives the Calvin cycle.

CANCER:

A disease of unregulated cell division: cells divide inappropriately and accumulate, in some instances forming a tumor.

GEL ELECTROPHORESIS:

A laboratory technique that separates fragments of DNA by size.

UNSATURATED FAT:

A plant fat, such as olive oil; unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature.

gene

A sequence of DNA that contains the information to make at least one protein.

CHROMOSOME:

A single, large DNA molecule wrapped around proteins. Chromosomes are located in the nuclei of most eukaryotic cells.

Why would a dark dust cloud that prevented sunlight from reaching Earth's surface be potentially devastating to animal life?

A thick and dense dust cloud could prevent sunlight from reaching photosynthetic organisms at Earth's surface. If these organisms are not able to "harvest" the energy in sunlight, they will not be able to grow and store valuable molecules. This will seriously (and negatively) affect the ability of animals (including humans) to meet their nutritional and energetic needs.

TRANSFER RNA (TRNA):

A type of RNA that transports amino acids to the ribosome during translation.

TRANS FAT:

A type of vegetable fat that has been hydrogenated, that is, hydrogen atoms have been added, making it solid at room temperature.

Which enzyme is directly responsible for ATP synthesis

ATP synthase

What do you think are some of the advantages and disadvantages of growing algae in enclosed tubes or bags compared to growing them in open vats? Make a table listing the advantages and disadvantages of each approach and explain your reasoning.

Advantages include the ability to control conditions (e.g., carbon dioxide concentration, temperature, nutrients, pH) to maximize lipid production from sunlight and carbon dioxide. The major disadvantage is the cost of maintaining such a sophisticated system. Growing algae in vats is far less expensive, but the process may be less efficient and is vulnerable to competing or harmful species entering and attacking the algae in the vats.

If DNA polymerase corrects it self the proofreading rate is

After proofreading: 1 error/1 billion basepairs

What are issues with mass producing algae?

Algae needs to be stirred frequently to incorporate carbon dioxide. Also during the summer sunlight is so intense that is actually over saturates the microbes, limiting their growth.

Which of the following can be used to grow algae? freshwater that may be contaminated in some way (and as such could not be used to water agricultural crops) saltwater derived from oceans, or artificially created by mixing freshwater and salt land that has been depleted of nutrients by over-farming land that would not be considered suitable for raising livestock All of the answer options are correct

All of the answer options are correct

A young husband and wife have decided that they want to grow algae to produce biofuels. They successfully harvest oils, carbohydrates, and proteins from the algae they have grown; however, they are left with hundreds of pounds of algal cell walls. How can they use these cell walls to assure that nothing from their operation is wasted? They can burn these algal cell walls to generate electricity, which can be used to light several homes in their community. They can burn these algal cell walls to generate heat, which in turn can be used to warm houses during the cold months. They can donate or sell these algal cell walls to nearby agricultural farms to be used as fertilizer for crops. All of the answer options are ways in which this couple could use algal cell walls. They cannot use these cell walls for any purpose; they will have to be discarded (winding up as "waste" from this algae-growing operation).

All of the answer options are ways in which this couple could use algal cell walls.

2nd Step to creating a DNA profile

Amplify multiple STR regions by PCR.

SATURATED FAT:

An animal fat, such as butter; saturated fats are solid at room temperature.

Sister chromatids are pulled apart by the mitotic spindle -Degradative enzymes -Motor proteins Once separated, each former sister chromatid is now referred to as a daughter chromosome

Anaphase

The energy of sunlight exists in the form of a. glucose. b. photons. c. gamma rays. d. ions. e. particles.

B. Photons

What organelle(s) would a nonphotosynthetic alga need to be able to carry out photosynthesis? a. mitochondria b. nucleus c. chloroplast d. solar transformer e. cell membrane

C. Chlorplast

Which of the following statements does not accurately describe human DNA? A.Human DNA is a unique combination of DNA inherited from both parents B.Males receive one X chromosome from their mother. C.Females receive two X chromosomes from their mother. D. human have 22 pairs of chromosomes and two sex chromosomes and two sex chromosomes. E. Human DNA is located within the nucleus.

C. Females receive one X chromosomes from their mother.

AEROBIC RESPIRATION TRANSFERS FOOD ENERGY TO ATP

During aerobic respiration, our cells use the oxygen we inhale to help extract energy from food. Cells convert the energy stored in food molecules into the bonds of ATP, the cell's energy currency.

Cell cycle checkpoints

During the cell cycle, a system of checkpoints regulates a cell progress. Checkpoints prevent a cell from progressing to the next stage unit it accurately finishes the current stage.

Choose the statements that correctly describe the organization of DNA ___ is/are made of_____, and contains many_____ A.) DNA; chromosomes; chromosomes;genes B.)Chromosomes;DNA;Chromosomes;genes C.) DNA; genes; genes; chromosomes D.) Genes; DNA; genes; chromosomes E.) Both B & D

E.) B&D

DNA replication is semi-conservative

Every DNA molecule is half old and half new A base pairs with T G base pairs with C Base pair: hydrogen bonds

3rd Step to creating a DNA profile

Separate STR's by gel electrophoresis. PCR products are inserted into a gel. An electric current applied to the gel causes polar DNA to migrate through it. Shorter fragments travel farther; longer fragments remain near the top.

Homologous Chromosomes exist as pairs with ONE exception...

Sex chromosomes Chromosome pair 23: X & Y are not homologous to each other

Light energy

The energy of the electromagnetic spectrum of radiation that is visible to the human eye.

On which of the following items could a crime lab use PCR? saliva- and bloodstained nightshirts fingernail clippings vaginal swabs The first two answers are correct. The first three answers are correct.

The first three answers are correct.

Gene expression:

The information encoded in a gene is transcribed and then translated into a protein

Why do many species of algae appear green?

The main photosynthetic pigment is chlorophyll, which reflects green wavelengths.

DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA):

The molecule of heredity, common to all life forms, that is passed from parents to offspring.

ANTICODON:

The part of a tRNA molecule that binds to a complementary mRNA codon.

CYTOKINESIS:

The physical division of a cell into two daughter cells.

CELL DIVISION:

The process by which a cell reproduces itself; cell division is important for normal growth, development, and repair of an organism.

Heating a protein can cause it to denature, or unfold. What do you think would happen to the function of a protein in a denatured state?

The protein would not be functional because the three-dimensional shape dictates protein's function.

MITOSIS:

The segregation and separation of duplicated chromosomes during cell division.

GENETIC CODE:

The set of rules relating particular mRNA codons to particular amino acids.

As a college student, you are trying to be healthy and Calorie conscious by making yourself a lettuce and tomato sandwich for supper. After making the sandwich, you decide it needs something extra. In the store you find bacon (20 g of fat), lean chicken (20 g of protein), or sprouts (20 g of carbohydrates) that you would add. Which of these would provide the lowest Calorie count for your sandwich? Both meats would be identical if you add 20 g of each. The sprouts or the chicken would add the fewest Calories. The sprouts would add the fewest Calories. The bacon would add the fewest Calories. The chicken would add the fewest Calories.

The sprouts or the chicken would add the fewest Calories.

CHEMOTHERAPY:

The treatment of disease, specifically cancer, by the use of chemicals.

Why do you think that longer meal times translate into fewer Calories consumed?

There are many possibilities. One is that by spending longer eating each meal (eating more slowly), there is time for the body to register that it is "full"—that it has had enough—before an excessive amount of Calories have been wolfed down.

What would happen to humans and other animals if algae, cyanobacteria, and plants were wiped out? Would we only lose a food source (e.g., plants), or would there be other repercussions?

There would be several repercussions for humans if photosynthetic organisms were wiped out. First, critical food and energy sources would be eliminated. Second, in the absence of photosynthesis by plants and algae, there would be a reduction in oxygen levels in the atmosphere, affecting our ability to carry out key energy-related reactions in our cells.

What do algae, cyanobacteria, and plants have in common?

They are all photosynthetic—that is, they carry out photosynthesis, using the energy from sunlight and carbon dioxide from air to synthesize sugars.

What do the lungs have to do with aerobic respiration? They are the major sites of aerobic respiration. They take up carbon dioxide from the air. They take up glucose from the air. They take up oxygen from the air. The first two choices are correct.

They take up oxygen from the air.

If you wanted to get the most possible energy from photosynthetic algae, should you eat algae directly or feed algae to a cow and then eat a burger made from that cow? Explain your answer.

You should eat the algae. If you eat the algae directly, you ingest 100% of their energy. If you feed the algae to a cow, only ~10% of the stored algal energy makes it into stored cow (burger) energy. A great deal of energy is lost between the algae and the cow.

Thrombosis:

a blood clot that restricts blood flow

ATP is both: a long-term and short-term energy storage molecule. a building block of DNA and an energy-storing molecule. a sugar and a fat. an amino acid and a nucleotide. The first two choices are correct.

a building block of DNA and an energy-storing molecule.

Which of the following would provide a more sustainable fix for one's body weight? a change in eating culture moving to Paris using only single-serving sizes eating more energy-dense foods All of the above.

a change in eating culture

. Glycogen is the energy-storing carbohydrate found in animal cells. You can think of glycogen as

a short-term storage system. When we require short bursts of energy—in a sprint, for example—the body breaks down glycogen to obtain energy.

A chromosome is: a large protein complex that surrounds and protects DNA. the sequences that do not hold the instructions for proteins. all the genetic material found within a person's cells. a single, large DNA molecule found in the nucleus of human cells. a large protein found in the Golgi complex of human cells.

a single, large DNA molecule found in the nucleus of human cells.

By preventing blood from clotting in the wrong place at the wrong time, antithrombin helps prevent

a stroke or a heart attack.

nucleotide—has three parts:

a sugar, a phosphate, and a base. The phosphate group of one nucleotide binds to the sugar group of the next nucleotide to form a chain of interlinked nucleotides

A type of vegetable fat that has been hydrogenated is: both trans fat and unsaturated fat. a saturated fat. both saturated fat and trans fat. an unsaturated fat. a trans fat.

a trans fat.

Light energy is used to split

a water molecule into Hydrogen and Oxygen

Which of the following individuals with inherited antithrombin defiecny would be most likely to require immediate treatment with antithrombin? a women giving birth a young boy undergoing surgery a man who also has type 1 diabetes an elderly woman

a women giving birth a young boy undergoing surgery

Photons of different wavelengths contain

different amounts of energy, and different objects on earth absorb and reflect different wavelengths of light.

A moderately active 21-year-old female has a choice of eating a 2,500-Calorie meal that is primarily protein or a 2,500-Calorie meal that is primarily sugar. What would be the result, in terms of energy, of choosing one over the other? a. Nothing; she would burn all these Calories, given her age, gender, and activity level. b. She would store the excess Calories as protein, regardless which meal she ate. c. She would store the excess Calories as protein if she ate the protein meal, and as glycogen if she ate the sugar meal. d. In either case, once her glycogen stores are replenished, she will store the excess Calories as fat. e. Regardless of the number of Calories, she will get more energy from the sugar meal.

d. In either case, once her glycogen stores are replenished, she will store the excess Calories as fat.

What would be the result if a cell completed interphase and mitosis but failed to complete cytokinesis? a. You would only have one cell. b. You would have twice as many chromosomes as the parent cell. c. You would have two cells that are half the size of the parent cell. d. a and b e. b and c

d. a and b

During aerobic respiration, how does NADH give up electrons to regenerate NAD+? a. by giving electrons to O2 b. by giving electrons to pyruvate c. by giving electrons to glucose d. by giving electrons to the electron transport chain e. by giving electrons to another NAD+

d. by giving electrons to the electron transport chain

Which type of organic molecule stores the most energy per gram? a. proteins b. starch c. nucleic acid d. fats (triglycerides) e. glycogen

d. fats (triglycerides)

Compared to aerobic respiration, fermentation produces ________ ATP. a. much more b. the same amount of c. a little less d. much less e. no

d. much less

What allows different cells types the ability to produce different proteins and therefore have different identities? a. different cell types have different genes b. the type of ribosome found in cell varies c. all cells produce all proteins, but some cells secrete proteins they do not need. d. only certain cells are able to turn on regulatory sequence and express certain genes.

d. only certain cells are able to turn on regulatory sequence and express certain genes.

An individual's STR may vary from the same STR of another individual by a. the order of nucleotides. b. the specific bases present. c. the specific chromosomal location of the STR. d. the number of times a particular sequence is repeated. e. the number of coding regions.

d. the number of times a particular sequence is repeated.

Which of the following represents genetic variation between individuals? a. whether or not G pairs with C or T b. the presence of STRs in their genomes c. the number of chromosomes in the nucleus d. the sequence of nucleotides along the length of each chromosome e. the number of chromosomes received from each parent

d. the sequence of nucleotides along the length of each chromosome