BIO EXAM 3

Topic 4: Which of the following observations support the statement that not all traits are adaptive or increase fitness.

Vestigial traits such as the human tailbone by definition confer no known benefit.

Which statement describes viruses?

Viruses use host cells to make more viruses.

__________ derived similar ideas to those of Charles Darwin.

Wallace --> Wallace communicated with Darwin as both did their work.

What role does photosynthesis play in the water cycle? select all that apply

Water is pulled into plant from soil and evaporates into the atmosphere in the process of evapotranspiration Water, H2O, is pulled into plants and the hydrogens are broken into protons and electrons for use in the light cycle, releasing O2 as a by-product.

What form does exponential growth make on a line graph?

a J-shaped curve

Though there are many definitions for species the one we use is the biological species concept defined as:

a group of individuals that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring but cannot reproduce with members of other species.

What process occurs as individual water molecules move fast enough to rise into the air as water vapor?

evaporation

The modern synthesis combines the principles of __________ and __________.

evolution; genetics

Though Darwin did not use the term his theory that a species of finch for the South American Continent was blown out to sea and onto the Galapagous Islands, where no finch had existed before, is an example of

founder effect

In plant leaves, what cells regulate gas exchange by opening and closing the stomata?

guard cells

Plants need to respond to changing environmental conditions over the course of a 24 hour cycle. What leaf cells directly regulate the amount of water and gas exchange to the environment?

guard cells

Fenway Park, home of the Boston Red Sox, is built on a type of wetland called a fen. What environmental consequence results from replacing the fen?

habitat destruction

Humans are classified most precisely with _______.

hominins --> These are human and human-like primates.

Traits that are similar in two species as a result of common ancestry are referred to as:

homologous

Which trait would be considered a vestigial trait?

human tailbone

Photorespiration results

in a reduction of photosynthesis efficiency because Rubisco catalyzed Oxygen instead of Carbon dioxide to RuBP

Strong directions on a population of individuals in one generation would result in which of the following patterns in the next generation.

increase of number of individuals in either the right or left side of the distribution.

Topic 2 Applying the information in the previous slide, how should you correct the statement: "Humans are higher and more advanced than tapeworms.

All the choices are correct -All populations have evolved by natural selection based on their ability to gather resources and produce offspring. A human is no higher than its tapeworm parasite; each is well adapted to its environment. -All organisms are adapted to their environment, and are related by common ancestry. A human is no higher than its tapeworm parasite -Scientifically, there is no such thing as "higher" or "lower" organisms.

How is artificial selection different from natural selection?

Artificial selection is directed by human choice -->Artificial selection occurs when humans decide which organisms survive and reproduce. See Section 12.2.

Darwin and Wallace made independent observations in different parts of the world. Which statements are true?

Both witnessed nature up close and realized it was a battlefield with massive casualties. Both collected huge numbers of specimens and realized that individuals vary within species.

Just to make sure he gets his due credit . . . How did Alfred Russel Wallace contribute to the history of ideas about evolution?

He proposed a theory of evolution similar to Darwin's. --> He recognized Darwin as the senior author of the theory. They remained life long friends

Topic 6: Which of the following is a good example where natural selection is not able to select for a trait due to historical constraints?

Humans will be selected to evolved wings like bats even though we both have the same underlying bone structure because in humans selection has put us on the path for increased finger dexterity not extreme finger elongation.

Why might anthropogenic global warming be dangerous?

Living organisms may not be able to adapt to the rapid changes in climate.

What did Wallace conclude from observing that the bones in manatee flippers look similar to the bones in a human arm and hand?

Manatees' arm and finger bones are evidence that manatees share a common ancestor with land mammals. --> For Wallace, the unnecessary arm and finger bones in manatee flippers show that they descended from an ancestor with arms. These vestigial structures are evidence that every species is a modified form of an older species.

What was the connection between mosquitoes and sickle cell Anemia?

Mosquitoes carry the parasite that causes malaria, sickle cell offers some protection against malaria

When Charles Darwin set sail on the HMS Beagle, what did he and most of his contemporary scientists think about the origin of species?

Most scientists, including Darwin, thought each species was specially created by God in its present form and did not change over time.

How is new water created and added to the Earth's water cycle?

New water is not created, all water is continually recycled

Which chemical may be recycled from ammonia in the soil and then converted to organic proteins in plants?

Nitrogen

Wallace and Darwin independently came up with the theory now known as Natural selection. Which of the following states the basis for how natural selection works to select individuals in a population?

Not all individuals in a population survives in every generation. Those individuals that have even a small edge will survive and outnumber those that lack the advantage.

Which of the following observations support the statement:Selection is not able to optimize all aspects of a trait due to certain genetic constraints.

Selection can only act on existing variation. If there is no "better" allele to select for, further adaptation of a trait to the environment will not happen.

Topic 4. Which of the following observations support the statement:Selection is not able to optimize all aspects of a trait due to certain genetic constraints.

Selection favoring alleles for one trait can also favor a suboptimal change. For example a gene that enhances young people's survival can also increase the chance of heart disease when older but by that time they are past prime reproductive years.

The Spaniard sailors told Darwin they could tell which island in the Galapagos archipelago they were on by the shape of the shells of the giant tortoises. He himself noticed each island had a distinct type of mocking bird. Darwin spent 5 weeks on the Galapagos but had a lot of time to ponder what all his observations meant. What was his momentous discovery?

Species change. One species may have come from the mainland and then changed in different ways on the different islands.

After his journey on the HMS Beagle, Darwin made this now-famous sketch in his notebook. Which ideas does it represent?

Species descend from other species just as naturally as children come from parents. All species are connected to one another in a "family tree."

What type of selection relates to the average birth weight of human babies?

Stabilizing selection

What happens during photorespiration?

The enzyme rubisco uses oxygen as its substrate for the reaction with ribulose bisphosphate.

True or false: If only a small amount of radioactivity remained, a fossil subjected to radiometric dating would be considered very old.

True

Which category accounts for most of the carbon dioxide emissions for a country?

industry --> Most emissions come from industrial manufacturing; followed by transportation; and then by commercial, residential, and agricultural emissions.

The use of the pesticide DDT was responsible for the near extinction of the California Condor. All Condors alive to day are related to the last few birds left alive in the wild who were captured and bred in captivity. The genetic variability of these birds _________

is lower than the population prior to the use of DDT

During the 1980s, wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park after decades of absence because of attempted extermination in the early part of the 20th century. Within 20 years, not only had the wolf population increased, but a dramatic increase also occurred in other species, such as aspen, cottonwood, and willow trees, beavers, warblers, insects, and fish. These changes in Yellowstone Park are examples of the important ecosystem roles of a(n) ________.

keystone species

What is the first step of photosynthesis?

light reactions

Observing the fossil record on an island, you see a new species form. You have evidence of __________.

macroevolution --> Macroevolution leads to the appearance of new species or of larger groups.

Excessive fishing can lead to a decline in the fish population because of __________.

overexploitation --> Correct, this is the same as the horseshoe crab example we talked about in class. Overexploitation happens when the rate of human use of a species outpaces its reproduction. Many commercial fisheries are overexploited. Be sure to be able to recognize this and the other major human impacts on species biodiversity survival

During the light independent reaction rubisco catalyzes the reaction between CO2 and RuBP. During photorespiration rubisco catalyes the reaction between _____ and RuBP

oxygen

What gas is produced during the light reactions?

oxygen

Which individuals will have sickle cell disease?

people homozygous for sickle cell hemoglobin

The root _______ means light

photo-

The word _______ means release of carbon dioxide in the presence of sunlight.

photorespiration

What evolutionary mechanism results from a dramatic reduction in population size?

population bottleneck

Plants are producers in the carbon cycle, you eat plants. When you eat plants what role do you play in the food chain? ________ _________ {two word answer no capital letters.}

primary consumer

Which organism comprises the largest and bottom base level of the trophic pyramid?

producers

When head lice become resistant to chemicals used to treat them, it is because __________.

pyrethrin acts as the selection agent that removes more non-resistance than resistant forms --> Natural resistance leads to phenotypic changes in a population.

All viruses have high mutation rates, corona viruses use _________________ as a mechanism to increase genetic variation.

recombination

By Ewald's reasoning which of the following would result in a less virulent form of COVID-19?

reduce ease of transmission from host to host

An issue that has come up repeatedly in research circles is the accuracy of the data on COVID-19 fatality rate. The crux of the problem is a series of problems encountered in testing for the virus. First the government was not sampling, then the testing kits were faulty, and then and this problem still exists there are not enough testing kits available. Until this problem can be resolved accurate data on COVID-19 will be impossible to analyze. Nearly all scientific population research projects share this common problem. A population ecologist would call this problem a

sampling error

Which organism would be considered a keystone species in this food web?

smaller-toothed whale --> The smaller-toothed whale has more connections in the food web than do the other species shown in the figure. Thus, it is more likely to be a keystone. See Section 16.2.

What structures in land plants allow carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen gas to be released?

stomata

What law was passed to address the problem of rapid species loss in the United States?

the Endangered Species Act of 1973

What is heat?

the energy of atoms and molecules moving in a substance

What characteristic gives C3 and C4 plants their names?

the first stable carbon compounds produced during the second portion of photosynthesis

In the figure, what do the branching points of the tree represent?

the origin of a new species from an ancestral form

During the process of Photosynthesis ____ from carbon dioxide is removed and used to build 3-carbon sugars and regenerate RuBP.

carbon

What gas do plants release during photorespiration?

carbon dioxide

Which greenhouse gas is the most important to control changes in global warming?

carbon dioxide

What is the basis for fossil fuels?

carbon-rich remains of plants and microorganisms

The process of photosynthesis transform solar energy into ATP a form of _________ energy.

chemical

Which is the largest kind of grouping in the Linnaean system?

Kingdom --> Kingdoms are the largest groups, including all others besides the newly-introduced Domains.

How does the carbon footprint of the average American compare with other global residents?

3 times as much as the average global citizen

Wildlife biology students captured and banded 300 Canadian geese. At a later time, 300 more geese were captured and 30 were already banded. What estimate would be possible for the entire population?

3000

Which example relates to adaptive evolution?

A horned lizard is the same color as the rocky soil it rests upon.

Which of the following is an example of a population that has no genetic variation?

A population where every individual has the same allele for every gene

In a food chain, which organism would receive the energy provided by a primary consumer?

A secondary consumer

The root _______ means green

chloro-

The word _______ refers to the green pigment molecule found in leaves.

chlorophyll

Inside which specialized organelle does photosynthesis occur?

chloroplast

The word _______ refers to the green organelle in plant cells where photosynthesis takes place

chloroplast

Human activity has greatly increased the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. Which of the following is the major source of the current higher atmospheric CO2?

combustion of coal, oil, and natural gas

Which human activity has directly contributed to global warming?

combustion of coal, oil, and natural gas

The principle behind organisms sharing ancestors is called __________.

common descent --> Organisms are related when they descend from a common ancestor.

What connects all living organisms on a tree?

common descent --> Part of Darwin's ideas involve descent from a common ancestor.

What biological group would include all individuals of all species living within a specific habitat area?

community

Which process of the water cycle releases heat into the atmosphere?

condensation

Which plant is most likely to be a C4 plant?

corn

Which of the following are directly involved in returning nutrients to the ecosystem?

decomposers

Greenhouse gases such as carbon ____ and ___ vapor in the atmosphere allow short wave radiation to pass through to the earth surface but absorb long range radiation.

dioxide, water

What is the role a species plays in an ecosystem?

ecological niche

Rara Avis is a private reserve in the heart of Costa Rica. Visitors can hike high into the mountains of a tropical cloud forest to take guided nature hikes and learn about this unique ecosystem. What principle applies to this tactic of habitat preservation?

ecotourism

Seasonal flu vaccine reduces probability of contracting the flu by 55% because natural selection has acted on the flu virus so that only viruses immune to the vaccine survive. Select all the answers below that explain why this statement is true or false Genic Drift a form of genetic driftIt is due to random mutation, selection is not involved Take away message Evolution can happen through random processes such as genetic drift- no selection no adaptation involved

-The reduced effectiveness of the vaccine is largely due to random mutation of the viruses causing seasonal flu -Virus evolution happened through random mutation -Virus evolved through genetic drift

Matching: The units of evolution -Species -Gene Pool -population

-a group of individuals..... -all the alleles present.... -an interbreeding group....

Select all of the following choices that are mechanisms producing evolution in a population

-mutation -natural selection -genetic drift -gene flow

The root _______ means leaf

-phyll

The bars in this figure represent the amount of biomass at each trophic level. As a rule of thumb, each trophic level contains about what percentage of the biomass of the level below it?

10% of the level below

What causes the reproductive isolation that can lead to speciation?

Group members cannot produce fertile offspring with other groups.

The primary function of leaves is to absorb sunlight that powers photosynthesis. As a consequence, leaves tend to be ______A_______, in order to maximize surface area exposed to______B_______. If you look at the idealized cross section of a leaf, you can see that the blade can be likened to a kind of cellular sandwich with layers of cuticle (a waxy out covering) on the outside, and a layer of epidermal cells just inside them. There are several layers of mesophyll cells. It is these are the sites of most of photosynthesis The passage of gases into and out of the leaf is controlled by the pores call ____C____, located mostly on the underside of the leaf. This is facilitated through ___D_____ around the____C______. During the day, sunlight shining on the leaf causes the_____C_______ to engorge with water. this forces them to bow apart, opening the ____C_____ and permitting gas to flow though them. Conversely, when sunlight is reduced the______C_______close because water flows out of the_____D_______, returning them to their 'unbowed' shape. To conserve water plants may be selected to have _____E______ leaves and smaller ______C_______ openings, and thicker cuticles.

A: broad and flat B: sunlight C: stomata D: guard cells E: narrow

What energy molecule is produced during the light reactions and helps to power the Calvin cycle?

ATP

Topic 5: Which of the following is an example of because selection acts on many traits at once, every adaptation is a compromise?

All choices are correct -Trade-offs between rapid growth and long life span -Trade-offs between the size of eggs or seeds that an individual makes and the number of offspring it can produce Correct! -All choices are correct -Trade-offs between bright coloration and tendency to attract predators.

Darwin and Wallace independently arrived at the same conclusion that species change over time. Which observations supported their conclusions?

All of the choices are correct Bird families clustered geographically: cockatoos in the Malay Archipelago and Australia, macaws and hummingbirds in the Americas. Mockingbirds from different Galapagos islands had subtle, consistent differences. Birdwing butterflies were found throughout the Malay archipelago, but species differed slightly from island to island. The bony shells of armadillos resembled fossilized shells from the extinct Glyptodon. Tortoises from different Galapagos islands have distinct shells. Correct! All of the choices are correct The fossilized remains of giant sloths were similar to the smaller, living sloths Darwin encountered. --> The resemblance between species and the variations among distant species led both Darwin and Wallace to conclude that species change over time.

topic 3. Applying the information in the Topic 3 slide - organism do not act for the good of the species. Which of the following statement(s) refutes the inaccurate dialog from an animal documentary. "An injured monkey moves to the outside edge of her tribes' territory so she will be eaten rather than her healthy companions.

All of the statements are correct -Individuals with self-sacrificing alleles die and do not produce offspring. -Individuals with selfish, "cheater" alleles survive and produce offspring.As a result,selfish alleles increase in frequency whileself-sacrificing alleles decrease in frequency. -Taking all answers into account, it is not possible for individuals to sacrifice themselves for the good of the species.

Which types of plants undergo the most photorespiration?

C3

Which plants are best adapted for very dry, hot environments such as deserts?

CAM plants

Plants specialized to capture CO2 at night when temperatures are cooler are called __________.

CAM plants --> CAM plants are specialized to survive in hot and arid conditions. They are able to store carbon dioxide as an organic acid and use it in the Calvin cycle during the day.

What type of plants open their stomata only at night?

CAM plants --> With increased temperature challenges Plant water balance during Photosynthesis

Rubisco is the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction between _________ and ___________ the high energy molecule necessary to break up the bonds of the former.

CO2, RuBP

During the water cycle, water evaporates from plants through a process called transpiration. Which similar process occurs during the carbon cycle?

Carbon dioxide is exhaled by animals.

How does carbon move through the carbon cycle?

Carbon is recycled among plants, animals, water, soil, and the atmosphere.

What situation results when a spotted salamander population in vernal pools remains stable for many years due to resource limits?

Carrying capacity has been reached.

Which is the primary mechanism by which new species arise?

Diversifying selection --> Diversifying selection reduces the most common variant and favors two or more of the rare variants, so over time those could become different enough to become different species.

What happens first after chlorophyll absorbs light energy?

Electrons are released and move to a higher energy level.

Breaking up carbon dioxide is hard. How is sunlight energy used to process carbon dioxide?

Energy from the sun is used to raise make high energy electrons that can be used in chemical reactions

Topic 1. Applying the information from slide 1 EVOLUTION IS NOT GOAL DIRECTED How should you correct the statement: "Because we need to be survive COVID-19 my immune system will make me immune to the corona virus."

Evolutionary change does not respond to need for an adaptation, it just sorts existing heritable variants in organisms in a population.

Why are misunderstandings of how natural selection works so common?

Incorrect analogies are used in business or social situations. --> The application of terms like "survival of the fittest" to business or social situations, where individuals can change, leads to misunderstandings about natural selection, where only populations change. See Section 12.3.

Why do people plant trees to try to decrease global warming?

Increase global photosynthesis of C3 plants

Which is one of the effects of deforestation?

Increases the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere --> Deforestation increases the amount of carbon dioxide directly due to burning and cutting of forests and indirectly because of decrease in photosynthesis. This leads to less carbon dioxide being removed from the atmosphere by that photosynthesis.

What can happen to the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?

It can be converted to glucose by plants.

How can deforestation increase global warming?

It can decrease the total amount of photosynthesis as C3 plants are harvested.

What is the role of a CAM plant?

It slows water loss by opening stomata only at night.

Which is an example of natural selection?

Only lice resistant to permethrin survive until population is composed only of lice resistant to permetrin --> This example is discussed at length in the text.

Why hasn't natural selection removed sickle cell from the population? [check all that are correct]

Only people homozygous for sickle cell hemoglobin died meaning they were selected against before modern medicine people heterozygous for sickle cell hemoglobin were selected for as they were protected from malaria and survived at a higher rate.

Which individuals were most likely to survive malaria?

People heterozygous for the sickle cell gene i.e. they had one normal hemoglobin gene and one sickle cell hemoglobin gene

How are populations involved in speciation?

Population gene pools must become isolated.

Think about how burning fossil fuels disrupts the carbon cycle. Which of the following is a correct statement.

Releases carbon stored for millions of years faster than the carbon cycle can handle so increases the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere

The most common enzyme in the world is the one that catalyzes the reaction between atmospheric CO2 and the high energy molecule produced in the Calvin cycle. What is the nickname of this enzyme?

RuBisCo

Which falls outside Darwin's ideas that led to the theory of natural selection?

Survival and reproduction occur at random.

Which observations led Darwin to establish a relationship between extinct and living animals? Select all that apply.

The fossilized remains of giant sloths were found in places where smaller sloths now live. The bony shells of armadillos resembled the shells of ancient Glyptodon fossils.

What is biological evolution?

The gene allele frequency changes occurring in populations over many generations -->Changes in gene frequency (evolution) happen to populations over time. See Section 11.1.

Which situation occurs after mutation results in the development of a new allele?

The gene pool becomes more diverse. (increase in genetic diversity)

Which example shows non-evolutionary change in a population?

The number of people diagnosed with colon cancer has increased.

Why do a higher percent of people with COVID-19 die than those with seasonal flu?

The virus evolved with a non-human animal a much greater percent of people will lack an antibody that will mount an immune response

As Wallace traveled the Malay Archipelago, he noticed that western islands had placental mammals, like monkeys. Eastern islands had marsupial mammals, like kangaroos. How did Wallace explain this distribution?

The western islands were once connected to Asia and the eastern islands had been connected to Australia. The islands had never been connected to each other. --> Different kinds of animals were restricted to different regions because species come from pre-existing, nearby species. Because the western islands were once all connected, they would have the same species, which are also found in the mainland in Asia. The eastern islands were once also all connects and had the same species, which are also found in Australia.

According to the graph, by how many parts per million (ppm) has the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide changed between 1980 and 2017?

about 70 ppm

Natural selection is the only mechanism of evolution that leads to _______________

adaptation

Which is the primary cause of habitat destruction?

agricultural development

You can decrease the amount of greenhouse emission you create by doing which of the following?

all choices are correct -Carry your own water bottle and refill it with tap water -Walk or ride the DTA bus to UMD -Don't waste food, keep track of your groceries, prepare and eat all that you buy

Which group would be an ecological population of organisms?

all gray squirrels in a city park

This figure from chapter 15 shows the exponential growth of the human species over the past 10,000 years or so. Which of the following is a possible future scenario for human population growth?

all of these options are possible -long-term boon and bust cycle -population crash -population stabilization at carrying capacity

Evolution is the most important theory in the life sciences. How do scientists define the term theory?

an explanation of findings supported by repeated testing

The temperature of the earth is warmer than it would be without an ___________

atmosphere

Why hasn't natural selection removed sickle cell from the population?

because the sickle cell trait is protective against malaria

High relative fitness of an individual means __________.

better ability of that individual to survive and reproduce --> The relative fitness measures the survival and reproduction of one variant compared to others in the same population.

Approximately how many people have sickle cell disease in US

between 70,000 and 125,000

What term includes the variety of species in an area of interest?

biodiversity

Which of the trees below is more accurate?

both

What produces gene flow?

mating between populations

Scientists have observed that people who live in Africa have developed higher resistance to malaria. This is an example of __________.

natural selection --> Humans that live in areas where malaria is prevalent have evolved to be more resistant to malaria by natural selection. The humans who are more resistant have a better chance to survive, reproduce, and pass their genes along to the next generation.

All of these are necessary in order for natural selection to occur except __________.

no change in the allele frequency --> Natural selection causes the allele frequencies in a population to change, because the frequency of the alleles that increase survival and reproduction will increase.

What process recycles molecules from inorganic areas to living parts of an ecosystem?

nutrient cycling

According to the competitive exclusion principle, if species A and species B live in the same environment and compete for the same resources, __________.

one of the species will be the better competitor --> One species will be the better competitor, and it will outcompete the other species.

Choose the correct statement that explains why can't natural selection remove sickle cell trait from the population? Sickle cell disease only causes death in the homozygous recessive form and is protective against malaria in the heterozygous form. And the sickle cell allele will remain in the population in people with one copy of the normal hemoglobin allele and one copy of the sickle cell allele because _____

only homozygous recessive individuals are removed from the population

What is the molecular clock?

the rate at which mutations accumulate in DNA within a species

What definition describes the background extinction rate?

the rate of species loss through normal evolutionary process

What does temperature measure?

the speed of molecules moving in a substance

What is the fitness?

the survival of one variant compared with others in the same population

The root _______ means across or to the other side

trans-

During which process does water vapor exit plant stomata?

transpiration

The word _______ means evaporation of water from the inside of leaves.

transpiration

Which activity could help you to slow the rate of global warming?

using a high efficiency washing machine

If you wanted to study evolution, you would need to find organisms that __________.

varied among themselves --> Variation is needed for evolution and for studying that phenomenon.

When can photorespiration occur in plants?

when stomata are closed

Is Sickle Cell Anemia inherited as a genetic trait?

yes, wild type hemoglobin is dominant to the sickle cell mutation