Bio Exam 4 Study Guide Part 2

If you are hiking through the desert for several days, one would pack which of the following to ensure proper hydration? a)a drink with a combination of water and electrolytes b)caffeinated beverages c)bottled water kept at room temperature d)bottled water that had been frozen to ensure that it would be as cold as possible

a)a drink with a combination of water and electrolytes

An examination of a freshwater fish that died after being placed accidentally in saltwater would likely show that ________. a)loss of water by osmosis from cells in vital organs resulted in cell death and organ failure b)high amounts of salt had diffused into the fish's cells, causing them to swell and lyse c)the kidneys were not able to keep up with the water removal necessary in this hyperosmotic environment, creating an irrevocable loss of homeostasis d)the gills became encrusted with salt, resulting in inadequate gas exchange and a resulting asphyxiation

a)loss of water by osmosis from cells in vital organs resulted in cell death and organ failure

Terrestrial organisms lose water through evaporation. In what ecosystem might an entomologist find a good study organism to examine the prevention of water loss? a)wet rain forest b)desert c)prairie d)chaparral

b) desert

The force driving simple diffusion is ________, while the energy source for active transport is ________. a) the concentration gradient; ADP b) the concentration gradient; ATP c) transmembrane pumps; electron transport d)phosphorylated protein carriers; ATP

b) the concentration gradient; ATP

An examination of a marine sea star that had died after it was mistakenly placed in fresh water would likely show that it died because ________. a)it was stressed and needed more time to acclimate to the new conditions b)it was so hypertonic to the fresh water that it could not osmoregulate c)its kidney had ruptured d)its cells dehydrated and lost the ability to metabolize

b)it was so hypertonic to the fresh water that it could not osmoregulate

Among the following choices, the most concentrated urine is excreted by ________. a)frogs b)kangaroo rats c)humans d)freshwater bass

b)kangaroo rats

Processing of filtrate in the proximal and distal tubules ________. a)achieves the conversion of toxic ammonia to less toxic urea b)maintains homeostasis of pH in body fluids c)regulates the speed of blood flow through the nephrons d)reabsorbs urea to maintain osmotic balance

b)maintains homeostasis of pH in body fluids

A human who has no access to fresh water but is forced to drink seawater instead will ________. a)produce excessive antidiuretic hormone to remove more water but hold back salts b)passively excrete excess water in order to remove the high concentration of ingested salt c)release atrial natriuretic peptide to decrease blood pressure d)risk becoming overhydrated within twelve hours

b)passively excrete excess water in order to remove the high concentration of ingested salt

Materials are returned to the blood from the filtrate by which of the following processes? a)filtration b)reabsorption c)secretion d)excretion

b)reabsorption

The osmoregulatory process called secretion refers to the ________. a)reabsorption of nutrients from a filtrate b)selective elimination of excess ions and toxins from body fluids c)formation of an osmotic gradient along an excretory structure d)expulsion of urine from the body

b)selective elimination of excess ions and toxins from body fluids

Urea is ________. a)insoluble in water b)the primary nitrogenous waste product of humans c)the primary nitrogenous waste product of most birds d)the primary nitrogenous waste product of most aquatic invertebrates

b)the primary nitrogenous waste product of humans

The advantage of excreting nitrogenous wastes as urea rather than as ammonia is that ________. a)urea can be removed as a semi-solid paste b)urea is less toxic than ammonia c)urea does not affect the osmotic gradient d)less nitrogen is removed from the body

b)urea is less toxic than ammonia

To maintain homeostasis, freshwater fish must ________. a)excrete large quantities of electrolytes b)consume large quantities of water c)excrete large quantities of water d)take in electrolytes through simple diffusion

c) excrete large quantities of water

What role do transport epithelia play in osmoregulation of marine fish with bony skeletons? a)They actively transport salt into the animal through the gills. b)They mediate the movement of water from seawater through the gills. c)They are involved in excretion of excess salt. d)They allow the fish to produce dilute urine.

c)They are involved in excretion of excess salt.

After drinking alcoholic beverages, increased urine excretion is the result of ________. a)increased aldosterone production b)increased blood pressure c)inhibited secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) d)increased reabsorption of water in the proximal tubule

c)inhibited secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Compared to the seawater around them, most marine invertebrates are ________. a)hyperosmotic b)hypoosmotic c)isoosmotic d)both hyperosmotic and isosmotic

c)isoosmotic

The body fluids of an osmoconformer would be ________ with its ________ environment a)hyperosmotic; freshwater b)hyperosmotic; seawater c)isoosmotic; seawater d)hypoosmotic; seawater

c)isoosmotic; seawater

Animals have adapted different mechanisms for excreting nitrogenous waste products. Which of the following are selective pressures that likely influence which mechanism an animal uses? I) the amount of water available in the animal's habitat II) the energy needs of the animal III) the temperature of the animal's environment a)only I and III b)only II and III c)only I and II d)I, II, and III

c)only I and II

Birds secrete uric acid as their nitrogenous waste because uric acid ________. a)is readily soluble in water b)is metabolically less expensive to synthesize than other excretory products c)requires little water for nitrogenous waste disposal, thus reducing body mass d)can be reused by birds as a protein source

c)requires little water for nitrogenous waste disposal, thus reducing body mass

The transfer of fluid from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule ________. a)results from active transport b)transfers large molecules as easily as small ones c)is very selective as to which sub-protein-sized molecules are transferred d)is mainly a consequence of blood pressure in the capillaries of the glomerulus

d)is mainly a consequence of blood pressure in the capillaries of the glomerulus

Which nitrogenous waste has the greatest number of nitrogen atoms? a)ammonia b)ammonium ions c)urea d)uric acid

d)uric acid