Bio - final

When air entering the respiratory tract leaves the pharynx, it next enters the

larynx

hydrogen

maintains acid-base balance

activate the immune system when an antigen reenters the body

memory T cells

The fibrous sac that surrounds the heart and produces lubricant for heart contraction is the

pericardium

Electrical impulses that stimulate contraction of heart muscles are initiated in the

sinoatrial node

Most of the carbon dioxide released by cells is transported in the venous supply in what form?

soluble bicarbonate ion

Adrenal Cortex is the target organ to what hormone?

ACTH

stimulates the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex

ACTH

Kidneys are the target organ to what hormone?

ADH

The anterior pituitary gland produces all of the following EXCEPT which one?

ADH

Stomach is the target organ to what hormone?

Gastrin

The anterior pituitary is the target organ to what hormone?

GnRH

Antibodies are classified by size, location, and function, and which one of the following represents the most common type of immunoglobulin?

IgG

All of following statements are TRUE regarding estrogen and progesterone, EXCEPT which one?

They are peptide hormones that activate target cells through the cyclic AMP second messenger mechanism.

sensation of tightness and pain in the chest associated with insufficient blood circulation to the heart

angina pectpris

All of the following are involved in the inflammatory response EXCEPT

antibodies

this blood vessel transports blood from the heart to capillaries

artery

The inner walls are lined with endothelium to create a smooth, low-friction surface

artery, vein

During exhalation, the pressure inside the lungs

initially is higher than atmospheric pressure, but drops as air leaves the body

The release of chemicals from injured cells triggers histamine release from

mast cells

Which one type of cells is responsible for producing and releasing antibodies?

B lymphocytes

Ovaries and Testes are the target organs to what hormone?

LH

Which one of the following is TRUE regarding the lymphatic system?

The lymphatic system removes microorganisms from body fluid.

Blood pressure is highest in

arteries

. Medium - and large-size vessels maintain a partial state of muscle contraction, resulting in high intravessel pressure

artery

This blood vessel permits exchange of nutrients and gases between blood and tissues

capillary

The hormone ADH

causes the cells of the collecting duct to be more permeable to (absorb more) water

Muscles and bones are the target organs to what hormone?

growth hormone

Given the following events involved in the regulation of blood volume, which one of the following answers best represents the order in which these events occurs? 1. sodium reabsorbed from distal tubules and collecting ducts 3. secretion of renin from juxtaglomerular apparatus 2. secretion of aldosterone 4. decrease in blood volume 5. production of angiotensin II

4, 2, 5, 3, 1

Which one of the following is TRUE regarding deoxyhemoglobin?

Deoxyhemoglobin is found in blood returning to the heart from the lower extremities

All of the following statements about the endocrine system are TRUE EXCEPT which one?

Hormones act more quickly than the nervous system

Which one of the following is TRUE regarding erythropoietin?

It stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow.

causes release of the egg from the ovary

LH

Which one of the following blood vessels transports oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?

Pulmonary vein

An individual with an uncertain vaccine history has been brought to the emergency room after receiving severe lacerations in an accident with farm machinery. In addition to administering a tetanus toxoid vaccine, he is given a shot of tetanus immune globulin (TIG), a form of passive immunization. Why are both necessary?

The tetanus immune globulin provides immediate, short-term protection, and the tetanus vaccine provides long-term protection.

When comparing viruses and bacteria, which one of the following statements is CORRECT?

Viruses and bacteria both contain genetic material.

promotes sodium uptake and potassium excretion

aldosterone

Part complete Any substance that produces an inappropriate response of the immune system is referred to as a(an)

allergen

Which of the following structures is the location of gas exchange between the inhaled air and the blood?

alveoli

build-up of fatty deposits on the inner walls of arteries

atherosclerosis

The bubonic plague epidemic that swept through Europe between 1348 and 1350 A.D. was induced by a(n)

bacterium

Histamine is released from which one of the following types of leukocyte to stimulate the inflammatory response?

basophil

Aldosterone is secreted in response to changes in

blood pressure

lowers blood calcium levels

calcitonin

Bronchioles differ from bronchi in that they

can have alveoli attached to them.

Ventricular fibrillation is occurring in a patient who has just arrived in the emergency room. Which one of the following treatments may be applied immediately to correct this potentially fatal arrhythmia?

cardioversion

What is the accumulation of fluid in the tissues due to a weak heart becoming less efficient at pumping blood

congestive heart failure

Which of the following results from the stimulation by nerve impulses generated in the respiratory center when they arrive at the muscles involved in inspiration?

contraction of the diaphragm

The hairpin design of the loop of Henle allows events on one side of the loop to influence the events on the other side, by a process referred to as

countercurrent exchange

migrate through blood and lymph, directly attacking and destroying foreign cells

cytotoxic T cells

Air in the airways that does not participate in gas exchange is known as

dead space volume

Which response would be characteristic of the parasympathetic nervous system?

decrease the rate of heart contraction

sodium and chloride

determines the volume of extracellular fluid, including blood which can affect blood pressure

Bacteria are helpful to humans in many ways, including all of the following EXCEPT which one?

digestion of cellulose in the human intestine

Which one of the following is characteristic of T lymphocytes but NOT B lymphocytes?

direct attack of antigen-bearing cells

blockage of a blood vessel, usually due to a floating blood clot

embolism

Which layer of the heart is in contact with the blood?

endocardium

The ovaries of women function as endocrine organs by producing

estrogen and progesterone

death of a portion of the heart due to an inadequate oxygen supply

heart attack

The primary target of HIV is

helper T cells

stimulate the immune system by secreting lymphokines and interleukins; they activate B lymphocytes and macrophages

helper T cells

An increased risk for cardiovascular health problems is associated with

high blood levels of LDLs

When the force of blood on the walls of blood vessels drops below normal, the condition is referred to as

hypotension

During times of stress, which one of the following glands stimulates the anterior pituitary to release ACTH?

hypothalamus

antibody

identify this image

calcium

important in muscle and nerve activity

In which one of the following situations is hemoglobin most likely to bind oxygen?

in a tissue with a neutral pH

The respiratory control center is located

in the medulla oblongata

stimulates cell uptake of glucose by cells throughout the body

insulin

Viral-infected human cells often send out special proteins that serve as an early warning system to uninfected cells. In response, the uninfected cells develop antiviral proteins that protect them. The early warning proteins sent out by viral-infected cells are

interferon

HIV is classified as a retrovirus because

it makes a DNA copy of its RNA once inside the host cell

Lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disorder in which the body attacks

its own connective tissue

Renin is secreted by which one of the following structures?

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Eosinophils are especially important in defending the human body from infection by

large parasites

potassium

maintains electrical charges across cell membranes

All of the following are used in making monoclonal antibodies EXCEPT which one?

mouse T cells from thymus

Cardiac output can be calculated by

multiplying heart rate by stroke volume

Which of the following leukocytes kills its target cells, such as cancer cells or virus-infected cells, by releasing chemicals that break down the target cell membrane?

natural killer cells

inflammation natural killer cells release of interferons

nonspecific defense mechanism

Unlike white blood cells, red blood cells lose their ________ and ________ as they mature.

nucleus, organelles

Each of the following mechanisms plays a role in the return of blood to the heart via veins EXCEPT which one?

osmotic pressure exerted by plasma proteins in the blood

causes ejection of milk into ducts during breast-feeding

oxytocin

The efferent arteriole carries blood from the glomerulus to the

peritubular capillaries

earwax acidic pH of skin

physical or chemical barrier

A high hematocrit might indicate

polycythemia

Breasts are the target organ to what hormone?

prolactin

During inspiration, intercostal muscles function to

pull the rib cage up and out, so that lung volume increases

A scientist is interested in doing a research project on hemoglobin. From which one of the following could he extract the hemoglobin for his study?

rbc

Removal of the heme group from hemoglobin would result in

red blood cells not being able to bind oxygen

release of perforin and granzyme by cytotoxic cells cytotoxic T cells production of antibodies by plasma cells

specific defense mechanism

brain damage caused by an inadequate supply of blood

stroke

Which two endocrine glands exert the most control over blood calcium levels?

thyroid and parathyroid

Thyroid is the target organ to what hormone?

thyrotropin

Dexoygenated blood always flows

toward the right atrium

Water and nutrients that have been filtered from the glomerular filtrate are returned to circulation as they enter the

vasa recta and peritubular capillaries

In which one of the following blood vessels is blood under the lowest pressure?

vein

Skeletal muscle pumps aid blood flow

vein

This blood vessel transports blood from the capillaries to heart

vein

The atrioventricular valves are closed when the

ventricles contract