BIO120 Chap 7

What's an antigen? Antibody?

- Antigen: non-self protein, foreign to the body - May be on a cell from another individual or on the cell of an invading microorganism - Antibody: a defensive protein made by the body, directed against specific antigens - Antibodies are gamma globulins, proteins found in the plasma - Many antibodies are directed against infectious microbes - Other antibodies may be directed against other antigens, such as those found on the cells of blood received in a blood transfusion - Antibodies may clump and inactivate antigen-bearing cells

Plasma is 90% water and 10% dissolved solutes. What are these solutes?

- Proteins - Hormones - Ions - Amino acids - Carbohydrates - Vitamins - Metabolic wastes

What types of WBC (leukocytes) are there?

- Two general types: - Granular: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils - Agranular: lymphocytes and monocytes - Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas - Neutrophils - Lymphocyte - Monocytes - Eosinophils - Basophils

What are the three primary functions of blood?

1.) Transportation of nutrients, waste, hormones 2.) Regulation of body temperature, water volume, pH 3.) Defense against infections and bleeding

In what order do the following substances participate in the formation of a blood clot? 1.) fibrinogen 2.) thrombin 3.) prothrombin activator 4.) fibrin 5.) prothrombin

3.) Prothrombin activator 5.) Prothrombin 2.) Thrombin 1.) Fibrinogen 4.) Fibrin

The steps in the hemostasis process are (1) platelets become sticky and form a platelet plug; (2) prothrombin is converted to thrombin by prothrombin activator; (3) walls of a damaged blood vessel undergo spasms; (4) a clot forms from fibrin, platelets, and trapped red blood cells; and (5) fibrinogen is converted to fibrin. What sequence represents the correct order of these steps?

3.) Walls of a damaged blood vessel undergo spasms 1.) Platelets become sticky and form a platelet plug 2.) Prothrombin is converted to thrombin by prothrombin activator 5.) Fibrinogen is converted to fibrin 4.) A clot forms from fibrin, platelets, and trapped red blood cells

How many RBC are there per cubic millimeter?

5 million

Where do RBC die?

Aged RBC's are removed by macrophages (large phagocytic cells) in the liver and spleen

How is osmotic balance maintained in plasma?

Albumins

Which of the following influence(s) the bonding of oxygen to hemoglobin? temperature oxygen concentration pH all of these

All of these.

What granular leukocyte releases histamines involved in the inflammatory response?

Basophils. Basophils release histamine at wound or injury sites to stimulate the release of plasma from adjacent blood vessels; this response causes the itching, redness, and swelling associated with inflammation.

What is the process that happens when a blood vessel is damaged?

Blood clots. - Damage to blood vessels initiates the process - Platelets release prothrombin activator - Prothrombinactivator converts prothrombin(plasma protein) to thrombin(active enzyme) - Thrombin converts fibrinogen(soluble plasma protein) to fibrin(insoluble fibers) - Mass of fibrin, platelets, trapped RBCs forms blood clot - Clot contracts and tightens

Which property do red blood cells and platelets have in common?

Both lack a nucleus

Which of the following steps in the formation of a blood clot occurs LAST? -Platelets in the blood swell and form sticky extensions. -The injured blood vessel constricts, reducing blood flow. -A platelet plug forms. -Clotting proteins form an insoluble mesh.

Clotting proteins form an insoluble mesh

What kind of blood does cord blood contain?

Fetal stem cells

The circulatory system consists of __________.

Heart, blood vessels, blood.

Which of the following statements can we accurately use to describe hemoglobin? -Hemoglobin is the protein that is either found in decreased amounts or totally absent in persons with hemophilia. This lack then prevents normal blood clotting. -Hemoglobin is a protein found in white blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to individual cells. -Hemoglobin is the four-stranded protein molecule found in red blood cells that carries oxygen to the individual body cells. -Hemoglobin is the protein that is responsible for turning megakaryocytes into doughnut-shaped red blood cells.

Hemoglobin is the four-stranded protein molecule found in red blood cells that carries oxygen to the individual body cells.

All of the following proteins are associated with blood. Which of these is found specifically inside red blood cells? hemoglobin prothrombin fibrinogen albumin

Hemoglobin.

Which of the following conditions increases the release of oxygen from hemoglobin? high concentration of dissolved oxygen in the body tissues increased body heat increased pH in the tissues decreased metabolic rate

Increased body heat

Jason has just spent four weeks in Rocky Mountain National Park, studying plants that grow above 10,000 feet elevation. What would be a likely change in his blood because of time spent at high elevation?

Increased number of red blood cells

What is Hemostasis? What are the stages of it?

It stops blood loss. 1.) Vascular spasm: constriction of blood vessels to reduce blood flow 2.) Platelet plug formation: sealing of the ruptured blood vessel 3.) Coagulation: formation of a blood clot - Blood changes from a liquid to a gel - Complex series of reactions involving at least 12 different clotting proteins in the plasma

What makes up the greatest volume of whole blood?

Plasma

What can we say about the origin and structure of platelets? -Platelets are fragments of red blood cells. -Platelets are distinct cells that arise when red blood cells divide. -Platelets are distinct cell types that originate in the spleen. -Platelets are cell fragments derived from megakaryocytes. -Platelets are cell fragments formed when leukocytes burst.

Platelets are cell fragments derived from megakaryocytes. Pieces of cytoplasm from megakaryocytes break off to form platelets.

What makes up 45% of whole blood?

RBC, WBC, platelets

What do erythroblasts, myeloblasts, lymphoblasts, and megakaryoblasts have in common?

They are immature cells found in bone marrow.

Red blood cells have a short life span because __________.

They have no nuceleus

What are the components of plasma?

Water Electrolytes Proteins (albumins, globulins (anti-bodies), clotting proteins (fibrinogen)) Hormones Gases Nutrients and wastes

What is agglutination?

When substances, typically in blood, clump together

What blood component protects the individual from a variety of infectious agents such as bacteria and viruses?

White blood cells

Hemophilia results from __________.

a lack of one or more plasma proteins involved in blood clotting

Specific recognition proteins found on all cell surfaces (including red blood cell surfaces) are called ________.

antigens

Jaundice is caused by the presence of __________ in the blood plasma, which is a breakdown product of __________.

bilirubin; hemoglobin

A deficiency of platelets would result in __________.

bleeding and bruising

Which white blood cells are present in the greatest number in the blood and are the body's first responders to infection?

neutrophils

In the process of hemostasis, when a blood vessel breaks, __________.

platelets swell, develop spiky extensions, and begin to clump together

Erythropoietin stimulates production of __________ in response to __________.

red blood cells, low oxygen availability

Stem cells in the bone marrow produce __________.

red cells, white cells, and platelets

Which of the following is NOT a function of the blood? regulation of body temperature and fluid balance protection against infection and illness secretion of erythropoietin transportation

secretion of erythropoietin

Antigens on cell surfaces help a cell know the difference between ________.

self and non-self cells

What is hematocrit?

the percentage of whole blood that consists of red blood cells