BIO211 - Connect 2
Select all that correctly indicate the importance of NADH and FADH2 in aerobic cellular respiration.
-Their potential energy is converted to kinetic energy in the electron transport chain. -Their oxidation will result in NAD+ and FAD. -They will donate high energy electrons to the electron transport chain.
Amount of ATP formed directly in citric acid cycle
2 ATP
Amount of ATP formed directly in glycolysis
2 ATP
How many ATP are produced in glycolysis?
2 ATP
Products of intermediate stage
2 NADH
The net result of a single glycolysis run is the formation of
2 NADH & 2 ATP
Products of glycolysis
2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH
Amount of ATP formed directly in electron transport system
26 ATP
How many ATP are produced using the energy from each NADH?
3
Products of electron transport system
34 ATP
Although aerobic respiration produces _______ molecules, some of them are used during the process, resulting in a net production of _______ molecules.
38 ATP, 30 ATP
During glycolysis of a single glucose molecule, how many ATP are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation?
4 ATP
Glycolysis produces _______ per glucose, but only _______ can be used by the cell.
4 ATP, 2 ATP
How many ATP are produced in glycolysis?
4 are formed, but 2 are used during glycolysis reactions, so net gain is 2.
Products of citric acid cycle
6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, 4 CO2
Energy is used, converting _______ to ADP.
ATP
A net of two _______ molecules per glucose are produced by ____________.
ATP, substrate level phosphorylation
What is the molecule that enters the citric acid cycle?
Acetyl coenzyme A
When oxidized, FADH2 and NADH will form ______. The energy released from these electrons will help to move _________ ions across the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
FAD & NAD+, hydrogen
Pyruvate undergoes oxidation when it loses electrons to
NAD+
Which of the following best describes the reduction of the coenzyme NAD+?
NAD+ + H -> NADH
During oxidative phosphorylation, ________ and FADH₂ are oxidized to power ATP production.
NADH
Electron carriers called _________ are produced that will be transferred into energy later in cellular respiration.
NADH
Extended anaerobic conditions would result in shutdown of glycolysis within the cell because of the lack of ______________. This molecule must be generated if glycolysis is to continue.
NAD⁺
Which of the following is a common feature of electron carriers?
They can be reversibly oxidized and reduced.
A hydrogen atom consists of
a proton and an electron
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in __________ respiration.
aerobic
Molecules are synthesized in __________ reactions.
anabolic
The term _________ refers to cellular reactions that occur in the absence of ____________.
anaerobic, oxygen
A chemical reaction is the making or breaking of chemical ____________.
bonds
During the intermediate stage, a __________ group, consisting of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, is released from the pyruvate as ____________. This process is called _____________. Energy is released during this process as two __________ atoms that are transferred to _________ to form ____________.
carboxyl, carbon dioxide, decarboxylation, hydrogen, coenzyme NAD+, NADH
Molecules are broken down in _________ reactions.
catabolic
Pyruvate dehydrogenase ___________ the formation of acetyl CoA from pyruvate and coenzyme A.
catalyzes
Plants convert solar energy to ___________ energy (a potential energy source).
chemical
The breaking of old chemical bonds and forming of new ones is called a
chemical reaction
All chemical activities can be viewed as a series of _____________ between molecules.
chemical reactions
Oxidative phosphorylation utilizes __________ to transfer energy from glucose to ATP indirectly.
coenzymes
_______________ transfer the energy from glucose oxidation into ATP formation.
coenzymes
The electron transport system involves the transfer of electrons from the _________ NADH and FADH₂ that are produced in the first three stages of cellular respiration. The energy released from these molecules is used to form ____________. This is a critical stage because most of the ____________ captured in glucose oxidation is used to form _______ from NAD⁺ as well as smaller amounts of ____________ from FAD.
coenzymes, ATP, energy, NADH, FADH2
During the intermediate stage of cellular respiration, pyruvate dehydrogenase catalyzes a carboxyl group to be released from pyruvate as carbon dioxide. This is called _____________.
decarboxylation
Aerobic cellular respiration _______________, including activity of the electron transport system. This is because ___________ remain with the NADH and FADH₂.
decreases, electrons
Negative feedback control of multienzyme complexes works by the end product
decreasing its own production by inhibiting the complex allosterically.
NADH and FADH₂ donate ________ at different points in the electron transport system.
electrons
Glucose oxidation is an ______________ reaction. During the many enzymatic reaction steps, some of the energy of broken bonds is used to synthesize ________. The direct method of synthesizing this molecule is called ____________. In the indirect method of __________, energy is firs released to ___________ (i.e., NAD+, FAD) that then transfer the energy to form ATP.
exergonic, ATP, substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation, coenzymes
Examples of kinetic energy
falling water & electrons passing from a high to low energy state
True or false: Considering the equation for the oxidation of glucose, the cell must have a constant supply of carbon dioxide for this reaction to occur.
false
True or false: Under aerobic conditions, the end-product of glycolysis is further reduced to yield more ATP.
false
The cell becomes more dependent on the anaerobic processes of ______________, a metabolic pathway that requires NAD⁺ to continue.
glycolysis
The process of __________ does not require the presence of oxygen.
glycolysis
All the stages of cellular respiration.
glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport system
The process of glucose oxidation can be separated into four stages. The first stage, called ____________, occurs in the ___________ and is the only stage that can occur without ___________. The second stage, or the ________________, is the "link" to the third stage. This third stage, called the ______________, is a circular metabolic pathway that takes place in the mitochondria. The final stage is the _______________. It also occurs in the mitochondria and is involved in the transfer of energy from ________. The last three stages all require oxygen and are collectively referred to as _____________.
glycolysis, cytosol, oxygen, intermediate stage, citric acid cycle, electron transport system, coenzymes, aerobic respiration
The intermediate stage is the "link" between the multistep metabolic processes of ________ (first stage) and _____________ (third stage). The intermediate stage is catalyzed by a multienzyme complex called _______________. This complex brings together ___________ and a molecule of coenzyme A. This assists with the formation of ___________ (a two-carbon molecule with CoA attached). Concurrently, a ________ group, consisting of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, is released from the pyruvate as _____________. The intermediate stage must occur _________ for the complete digestion of the original glucose molecule because ______ pyruvate molecules were produced from each molecule that went through glycolysis.
glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, pyruvate dehydrogenase, pyruvate, acetyl CoA, carboxyl, carbon dioxide, two times, two
Eventually, all solar energy absorbed by plants dissipates as _______________.
heat
ATP synthase uses an electrochemical gradient of ________ to produce ATP.
hydrogen ions
Other fuel molecules, such as fatty acids and amino acids, may be oxidized to generate ATP. The use of these fuel molecules ___________ during conditions of fasting or starvation. The preferred fuel molecules for muscle tissue at rest are ___________. Through the process of ________, fatty acids are converted to ___________. his molecule enters cellular respiration at the citric acid cycle. The point of entry for proteins used for fuel is different. For the amino acids of protein to enter cellular respiration, __________ has to occur. Once this happens, different amino acids can enter the metabolic pathway at glycolysis, the intermediate stage, or the citric acid cycle. The _________ group hat was removed is considered waste and is converted to _________ and excreted by the kidneys.
increases, fatty acids, beta-oxidation, acetyl CoA, deamination, amine, urea
Higher temperature __________ kinetic energy, which will help _________ the activation energy barrier.
increases, overcome
During a fever, the body increases in temperature, which will affect internal chemical reactions by
increasing kinetic energy of the reactants, helping them overcome the activation energy.
Energy comes in two forms
kinetic and potential
Which of the following molecules is produced, along with the oxidation of NADH, when oxygen levels are limited?
lactate
Under anaerobic conditions, the end-product of glycolysis is converted to
lactic acid
The electron transport system is located in the inner membrane of the _______.
mitochondrion
Kinetic energy is the energy of ___________.
motion
Amount of ATP formed directly in oxidation of pyruvate
no ATP
The indirect pathway to generate ATP from glucose is called ______________.
oxidative phosphorylation
In the reaction Pyruvate + NADH -> Lactate + NAD, NADH is being ___________.
oxidized
Cells obtain energy by ________ food molecules such as glucose.
oxidizing
If __________ is not available for oxidative phosphorylation to occur, the following must be considered.
oxygen
The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is ___________.
oxygen
The final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain is
oxygen
Select all the reactants in the oxidation of glucose.
oxygen and glucose
In chemical reactions, the ____________ energy contained in chemical bonds is transferred between molecules or used to do work.
potential
Chemical energy is used to do work in cells because the bonds in molecules contain ______________.
potential energy
Classify the information with glycolysis
proceeds in the absence of oxygen; occurs in the cytosol
Classify the information with electron transport system
proceeds only in the presence of oxygen; occurs in the mitochondrion
Classify the information with intermediate stage
proceeds only in the presence of oxygen; occurs in the mitochondrion
Classify the information with the citric acid cycle
proceeds only in the presence of oxygen; occurs in the mitochondrion
Carbon dioxide is a _________, not a _________.
product, reactant
In chemical reactions, reactants are substances that participate in a reaction, while __________ are substances that form as a result of a reaction.
products
During the intermediate stage, pyruvate dehydrogenase catalyzes the formation of acetyl coenzyme A from coenzyme A and
pyruvate
Two ________ molecules are produced, which are then moved into the mitochondria.
pyruvate
Which of the following is a product of glycolysis?
pyruvate
For example, in the reaction C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6H2O + 36 ATP + 6CO2 + heat, the materials on the left are ________, and the materials on the right are the products.
reactants
In the reaction Pyruvate + NADH -> Lactate + NAD, pyruvate is being ___________.
reduced
Catabolic reactions __________ energy when bonds are broken
release
Anabolic reactions __________ energy input.
require
Anabolic reactions __________ while catabolic reactions ________ when bonds are broken.
require energy input, release energy
Examples of potential energy
sodium concentration outside of a cell (in relation to the inside concentration), water at the top of a dam, chemical bond
Potential energy is __________ energy.
stored
Anabolism is the collective term for all _______ reactions in the body. All of the ___________ reactions in the body are collectively referred to as catabolism.
synthesis, decomposition
Almost midway through glycolysis, two ________-carbon molecules are produced per glucose molecule.
three
True or false: During glycolysis, a six-carbon sugar diphosphate molecule is split into two 3-carbon sugar phosphate molecules.
true
True or false: Energy released from decarboxylation of pyruvate is used to form NADH.
true
True or false: Glycolysis does not require oxygen.
true
True or false: NADH serves as an electron carrier that can donate its hydrogen to other molecules.
true
True or false: Whenever a molecule is oxidized, another molecule must be reduced.
true
To do this regeneration, ___________ electrons and ____________ are transferred from NADH to pyruvate. The pyruvate is converted to ____________. This enzymatic reaction is catalyzed by ____________.
two, hydrogen, lactate, lactate dehydrogenase
Select all the products in the oxidation of glucose.
water and carbon dioxide
Energy is the capacity to do _________.
work
