BIO211 - Connect 2

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Select all that correctly indicate the importance of NADH and FADH2 in aerobic cellular respiration.

-Their potential energy is converted to kinetic energy in the electron transport chain. -Their oxidation will result in NAD+ and FAD. -They will donate high energy electrons to the electron transport chain.

Amount of ATP formed directly in citric acid cycle

2 ATP

Amount of ATP formed directly in glycolysis

2 ATP

How many ATP are produced in glycolysis?

2 ATP

Products of intermediate stage

2 NADH

The net result of a single glycolysis run is the formation of

2 NADH & 2 ATP

Products of glycolysis

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

Amount of ATP formed directly in electron transport system

26 ATP

How many ATP are produced using the energy from each NADH?

3

Products of electron transport system

34 ATP

Although aerobic respiration produces _______ molecules, some of them are used during the process, resulting in a net production of _______ molecules.

38 ATP, 30 ATP

During glycolysis of a single glucose molecule, how many ATP are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation?

4 ATP

Glycolysis produces _______ per glucose, but only _______ can be used by the cell.

4 ATP, 2 ATP

How many ATP are produced in glycolysis?

4 are formed, but 2 are used during glycolysis reactions, so net gain is 2.

Products of citric acid cycle

6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, 4 CO2

Energy is used, converting _______ to ADP.

ATP

A net of two _______ molecules per glucose are produced by ____________.

ATP, substrate level phosphorylation

What is the molecule that enters the citric acid cycle?

Acetyl coenzyme A

When oxidized, FADH2 and NADH will form ______. The energy released from these electrons will help to move _________ ions across the inner membrane of the mitochondria.

FAD & NAD+, hydrogen

Pyruvate undergoes oxidation when it loses electrons to

NAD+

Which of the following best describes the reduction of the coenzyme NAD+?

NAD+ + H -> NADH

During oxidative phosphorylation, ________ and FADH₂ are oxidized to power ATP production.

NADH

Electron carriers called _________ are produced that will be transferred into energy later in cellular respiration.

NADH

Extended anaerobic conditions would result in shutdown of glycolysis within the cell because of the lack of ______________. This molecule must be generated if glycolysis is to continue.

NAD⁺

Which of the following is a common feature of electron carriers?

They can be reversibly oxidized and reduced.

A hydrogen atom consists of

a proton and an electron

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in __________ respiration.

aerobic

Molecules are synthesized in __________ reactions.

anabolic

The term _________ refers to cellular reactions that occur in the absence of ____________.

anaerobic, oxygen

A chemical reaction is the making or breaking of chemical ____________.

bonds

During the intermediate stage, a __________ group, consisting of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, is released from the pyruvate as ____________. This process is called _____________. Energy is released during this process as two __________ atoms that are transferred to _________ to form ____________.

carboxyl, carbon dioxide, decarboxylation, hydrogen, coenzyme NAD+, NADH

Molecules are broken down in _________ reactions.

catabolic

Pyruvate dehydrogenase ___________ the formation of acetyl CoA from pyruvate and coenzyme A.

catalyzes

Plants convert solar energy to ___________ energy (a potential energy source).

chemical

The breaking of old chemical bonds and forming of new ones is called a

chemical reaction

All chemical activities can be viewed as a series of _____________ between molecules.

chemical reactions

Oxidative phosphorylation utilizes __________ to transfer energy from glucose to ATP indirectly.

coenzymes

_______________ transfer the energy from glucose oxidation into ATP formation.

coenzymes

The electron transport system involves the transfer of electrons from the _________ NADH and FADH₂ that are produced in the first three stages of cellular respiration. The energy released from these molecules is used to form ____________. This is a critical stage because most of the ____________ captured in glucose oxidation is used to form _______ from NAD⁺ as well as smaller amounts of ____________ from FAD.

coenzymes, ATP, energy, NADH, FADH2

During the intermediate stage of cellular respiration, pyruvate dehydrogenase catalyzes a carboxyl group to be released from pyruvate as carbon dioxide. This is called _____________.

decarboxylation

Aerobic cellular respiration _______________, including activity of the electron transport system. This is because ___________ remain with the NADH and FADH₂.

decreases, electrons

Negative feedback control of multienzyme complexes works by the end product

decreasing its own production by inhibiting the complex allosterically.

NADH and FADH₂ donate ________ at different points in the electron transport system.

electrons

Glucose oxidation is an ______________ reaction. During the many enzymatic reaction steps, some of the energy of broken bonds is used to synthesize ________. The direct method of synthesizing this molecule is called ____________. In the indirect method of __________, energy is firs released to ___________ (i.e., NAD+, FAD) that then transfer the energy to form ATP.

exergonic, ATP, substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation, coenzymes

Examples of kinetic energy

falling water & electrons passing from a high to low energy state

True or false: Considering the equation for the oxidation of glucose, the cell must have a constant supply of carbon dioxide for this reaction to occur.

false

True or false: Under aerobic conditions, the end-product of glycolysis is further reduced to yield more ATP.

false

The cell becomes more dependent on the anaerobic processes of ______________, a metabolic pathway that requires NAD⁺ to continue.

glycolysis

The process of __________ does not require the presence of oxygen.

glycolysis

All the stages of cellular respiration.

glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport system

The process of glucose oxidation can be separated into four stages. The first stage, called ____________, occurs in the ___________ and is the only stage that can occur without ___________. The second stage, or the ________________, is the "link" to the third stage. This third stage, called the ______________, is a circular metabolic pathway that takes place in the mitochondria. The final stage is the _______________. It also occurs in the mitochondria and is involved in the transfer of energy from ________. The last three stages all require oxygen and are collectively referred to as _____________.

glycolysis, cytosol, oxygen, intermediate stage, citric acid cycle, electron transport system, coenzymes, aerobic respiration

The intermediate stage is the "link" between the multistep metabolic processes of ________ (first stage) and _____________ (third stage). The intermediate stage is catalyzed by a multienzyme complex called _______________. This complex brings together ___________ and a molecule of coenzyme A. This assists with the formation of ___________ (a two-carbon molecule with CoA attached). Concurrently, a ________ group, consisting of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, is released from the pyruvate as _____________. The intermediate stage must occur _________ for the complete digestion of the original glucose molecule because ______ pyruvate molecules were produced from each molecule that went through glycolysis.

glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, pyruvate dehydrogenase, pyruvate, acetyl CoA, carboxyl, carbon dioxide, two times, two

Eventually, all solar energy absorbed by plants dissipates as _______________.

heat

ATP synthase uses an electrochemical gradient of ________ to produce ATP.

hydrogen ions

Other fuel molecules, such as fatty acids and amino acids, may be oxidized to generate ATP. The use of these fuel molecules ___________ during conditions of fasting or starvation. The preferred fuel molecules for muscle tissue at rest are ___________. Through the process of ________, fatty acids are converted to ___________. his molecule enters cellular respiration at the citric acid cycle. The point of entry for proteins used for fuel is different. For the amino acids of protein to enter cellular respiration, __________ has to occur. Once this happens, different amino acids can enter the metabolic pathway at glycolysis, the intermediate stage, or the citric acid cycle. The _________ group hat was removed is considered waste and is converted to _________ and excreted by the kidneys.

increases, fatty acids, beta-oxidation, acetyl CoA, deamination, amine, urea

Higher temperature __________ kinetic energy, which will help _________ the activation energy barrier.

increases, overcome

During a fever, the body increases in temperature, which will affect internal chemical reactions by

increasing kinetic energy of the reactants, helping them overcome the activation energy.

Energy comes in two forms

kinetic and potential

Which of the following molecules is produced, along with the oxidation of NADH, when oxygen levels are limited?

lactate

Under anaerobic conditions, the end-product of glycolysis is converted to

lactic acid

The electron transport system is located in the inner membrane of the _______.

mitochondrion

Kinetic energy is the energy of ___________.

motion

Amount of ATP formed directly in oxidation of pyruvate

no ATP

The indirect pathway to generate ATP from glucose is called ______________.

oxidative phosphorylation

In the reaction Pyruvate + NADH -> Lactate + NAD, NADH is being ___________.

oxidized

Cells obtain energy by ________ food molecules such as glucose.

oxidizing

If __________ is not available for oxidative phosphorylation to occur, the following must be considered.

oxygen

The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is ___________.

oxygen

The final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain is

oxygen

Select all the reactants in the oxidation of glucose.

oxygen and glucose

In chemical reactions, the ____________ energy contained in chemical bonds is transferred between molecules or used to do work.

potential

Chemical energy is used to do work in cells because the bonds in molecules contain ______________.

potential energy

Classify the information with glycolysis

proceeds in the absence of oxygen; occurs in the cytosol

Classify the information with electron transport system

proceeds only in the presence of oxygen; occurs in the mitochondrion

Classify the information with intermediate stage

proceeds only in the presence of oxygen; occurs in the mitochondrion

Classify the information with the citric acid cycle

proceeds only in the presence of oxygen; occurs in the mitochondrion

Carbon dioxide is a _________, not a _________.

product, reactant

In chemical reactions, reactants are substances that participate in a reaction, while __________ are substances that form as a result of a reaction.

products

During the intermediate stage, pyruvate dehydrogenase catalyzes the formation of acetyl coenzyme A from coenzyme A and

pyruvate

Two ________ molecules are produced, which are then moved into the mitochondria.

pyruvate

Which of the following is a product of glycolysis?

pyruvate

For example, in the reaction C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6H2O + 36 ATP + 6CO2 + heat, the materials on the left are ________, and the materials on the right are the products.

reactants

In the reaction Pyruvate + NADH -> Lactate + NAD, pyruvate is being ___________.

reduced

Catabolic reactions __________ energy when bonds are broken

release

Anabolic reactions __________ energy input.

require

Anabolic reactions __________ while catabolic reactions ________ when bonds are broken.

require energy input, release energy

Examples of potential energy

sodium concentration outside of a cell (in relation to the inside concentration), water at the top of a dam, chemical bond

Potential energy is __________ energy.

stored

Anabolism is the collective term for all _______ reactions in the body. All of the ___________ reactions in the body are collectively referred to as catabolism.

synthesis, decomposition

Almost midway through glycolysis, two ________-carbon molecules are produced per glucose molecule.

three

True or false: During glycolysis, a six-carbon sugar diphosphate molecule is split into two 3-carbon sugar phosphate molecules.

true

True or false: Energy released from decarboxylation of pyruvate is used to form NADH.

true

True or false: Glycolysis does not require oxygen.

true

True or false: NADH serves as an electron carrier that can donate its hydrogen to other molecules.

true

True or false: Whenever a molecule is oxidized, another molecule must be reduced.

true

To do this regeneration, ___________ electrons and ____________ are transferred from NADH to pyruvate. The pyruvate is converted to ____________. This enzymatic reaction is catalyzed by ____________.

two, hydrogen, lactate, lactate dehydrogenase

Select all the products in the oxidation of glucose.

water and carbon dioxide

Energy is the capacity to do _________.

work


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