Bioethics Final
Vaughn gives good advice about how to pick out an argument from a written text: first look for the __________; then look for the ___________ the author gives in support of it.
Conclusion; premises
Many issues in bioethics involve __________ between one or more of the different principles
Conflicts
For Judith thomson, the main issue in the abortion debate concerns whether the fetus is a person from conception onwards
False
If justice demands that everyone be guaranteed a certain minimal amount of health care, that amount should not vary between wealthy and not wealthy societies
False
James rachel's famous example of the cousins in the bath tub is meant to show that killing is morally worse than letting die
False
Like thomson, little assumes that the fetus is a person from conception onwards
False
Marquis thinks that killing a fetus is all things considered wrong, not just prima facie wrong
False
The amount of money spent per person on health care in the US is nearly twice as much as is spent, on average, in comparable countries, but it pays off in greater average longevity and lower infant mortality rates in the US
False
Thomson's example of the people seeds that get in through a tear in a woman's window screen is analogous to a case where a woman has a tear in her uterus and the fetus is spontaneously aborted.
False
True or False: when the nazi's killed the Jews they were committing acts of euthanasia
False
True or false: Autonomy admits of degree; competence does not
False
True or false: While investigators did not tell subjects in the Tuskegee experiments that they had syphilis, they at least gave them penicillin when it was found to be an effective treatment for the disease
False
True or false: With terminal sedation drugs are given to relieve suffering and it is foreseen that they will also kill the person receiving them. People who defend it often invoke the doctrine of the double effect which is also invoked to defend taking the vital organs from one person to save five others (transplant)
False
True or false: most codes of ethics agree that it is never permissible to put children in experiments at more than minimal risk
False
True or false: most codes of ethics allow a competent person to consent to an experiment that puts them at grave risk, say, one where they are injected with live cancer cells to see if an experimental vaccine will prevent them form contracting the disease.
False
True or false: the courts have said that a jehovah's witness parent can refuse a life-saving blood transfusion for later children but not for the first born
False
buchanan tries to show that there is a universal right to health care
False
thomson's example of the rapidly growing baby that will crush you to death if you don't kill it is supposed to show that you do not have a right to kill a fetus even if it is threatening your life
False
true or false: all that a good slippery slope argument must establish is that if you start with allowing certain kinds of action it might lead in the end to people performing actions that are clearly immoral
False
marquis thinks that what makes killing wrong is that it prevents a being from having a future like ours (a FLO), that is, the value of usch a future. So that's why active euthanasia is wrong
False; in euthanasia, a person does not have a FLO
True or false: A valid deductive argument can have all false premises
True
True or false: Doctors have an obligation to tell their patients the truth if they want to hear it; they sometimes also have a conflicting obligation to prevent harm to their patients. Which obligation takes precedence is at least partly a function of how much harm is at stake and how probable it will occur if the truth is told
True
True or false: If the difference between active and passive euthanasia is the difference between killing and letting die, then removing a person from a respirator would be the case of active euthanasia
True
True or false: Some people argue that assisted suicide is morally preferable to active euthanasia because it leaves the decision of death in the hands of the person herself right up to the last minute
True
True or false: The following is a parallel case argument: since it is permissible for someone to volunteer for a "suicide mission" in wartime, it is permissible for someone to volunteer for a very risky experiment that will not benefit them but may benefit others
True
True or false: The standard for adequate disclosure of information by physicians has changed over the years from being physician centered to being more patient centered
True
True or false: Therapeutic experiments are ones that are expected or intended to benefit the subjects of the experiment
True
True or false: a counterexample to a conditional statement of the form: if P, then Q must be an example where P is true and Q is false. An example where P is false ad Q is true wont do.
True
True or false: the requirement that people give their voluntary or free consent is often taken to mean that their consent is not the result of coercion, manipulation, or undue influence
True
True or false: the standard of requiring free and informed consent is central to both treatment and experimental situations involving competent people
True
True or false: when it comes to justice, there are questions of macroallocation which concern how resources should be distributed among health care, education, housing, defense, infrastructure, etc., and questions of microallocation of the health care resources themselves. The latter questions include how to allocate scarce organs for transplant.
True
True or false: when there is already a medically accepted drug for the treatment of some disease, in most situations involving clinical trials testing a new drug to treat that disease, the control group should get the accepted drug and not a placebo because giving them a placebo would put them at too great a risk.
True
a QALY is defined as "one quality adjusted life year." some people argue that when allocating organs for transplant we should maximize QALYs. Against this others argue that is biased against old people and there is no precise way to assess the quality of different types of lives
True
a problem with daniels view is that it seems both over- and under-inclusive if it includes infertility services but excludes services for early abortion (say, by not paying for the morning after pill)
True
according to little, there are two considerations both of which could provide women with either a good reason to abort or a good reason not to abort, assuming the fetus is not yet a person, namely: what motherhood means to a woman and what respect for burgeoning human life means to her
True
for borderline cases, (e.g., concerning whether to pay for growth hormone for children who need it but not for children who are just genetically short), the best solution might be a procedural one, that is, one where the issue is decided by congress or some governmental body
True
marquis offers sufficient, but not necessary, conditions of what makes killing wrong
True
marquis thinks that defenders of abortion need to offer necessary conditions of what makes killing wrong and then argue that abortion does not meet those conditions
True
my example of carbon monoxide is supposed to show that the ovum can have a future with value
True
when it comes to how much health care must be provided, daniels says the state should otherwise be hampered by disease or disability.
True
True or false: The following argument is valid. If parents have a moral right to send their children to religious schools in order to save their souls, they have a moral right to refuse them life saving blood transfusions in order to save their souls. They do have a moral right to send their children to religious schools to save their souls. SO parents also have a moral right to refuse their children life-saving blood transfusions in order to saver their souls.
True; This argument is Valid because the conclusion MUST BE TRUE if the premises are. You might not think that one or more of the premises is false, but that means that the argument is NOT SOUND. VALIDITY is a matter of whether the conclusion FOLLOWS FROM the premises.
It is possible to accept both thompsons view that a woman is not required to make much of a sacrifice to keep a fetus alive and marquis' view that a normal fetus has a FLO. The two views are not inconsistent
True; thomson can admit that a fetus has a FLO but argue sill that a woman does not have an obligation to keep such a being alive
True or False: It is possible to act paternalistically without acting contrary to another person's wishes or decision.
True; you can do that by simply failing to determine their wishes.
fortunately, in the US, there is not much disparity in the kind of health care that minorities and non-minorities receive
false
what is called the "distribution problem" for utilitarianism is the problem of how we can get goods from one part of the country to another where they are more desperately needed
false
Judith thomson offers a now famous example of a _____________ who is hooked up to your kidneys one night as a means of saving his life. His kidneys are failing and you must stay in bed with him hooked to you for 9 months. After that, his kidneys will have recovered and he can be unhooked without dying. Thomson thinks that it is obvious that it is morally ________________ for you to unhook this man before 9 months, which will kill him. This example is meant to call into question which premise in the second anti-abortion argument?
(a) it is always wrong to kill an innocent person.
Contractualists (or contractarians) about morality see fundamental moral norms as determined by the norms of people would agree to when appropriately situated, which usually refers to some ideal, non-actual situation. In 1971, John Rawls, then a professor at Harvard, wrote a famous book titles, A Theory of Justice. In it he argued that the principles of social justice govern the basic structure of society, which includes the major economic, social, and legal institutions of a society. His basic idea was that the principles of social justice are those that would be chosen (or agreed to) in hypothetical conditions that ensure fair and unbiased choices. He assumes that to ensure this people should choose principles to govern their society from behind ___ ____ __ ____________ that is, where they are ignorant of their own social and economic status, their class, race, sex, abilities, talents, level of intelligence, psychological makeup, in short, where they know no particulars about themselves.
A veil of ignorance
Moral __________________ is the view that moral norms do not admit of exceptions, so if lying is, all-things-considered, morally wrong, it is always, all-things-considered, morally wrong.
Absolutism
Utilitarianism is a theory of right and wrong action. There are two versions of it. ________ utilitarianism says that an action is obligatory if and only if it will produce more good on balance than any other available alternative. _________ Utilitarianism says that an act is obligatory if and only if it is required by the set of rules that would produce the most utility on balance if those rules were adopted by everyone to guide their conduct. It is possible for these different forms of utilitarianism to give ___________ judgments about the rightness or wrongness of particular actions
Act; rule; conflicting
A second controversial case involves experiments conducted in a foreign country where the accepted medical treatment in the US for some disease is too expensive for most people in that country to afford. The question is whether it is permissible to conduct a placebo-controlled rather than ______________-controlled experiment on the grounds that the subjects in the experiment would not be made ________ off than had they not taken part in the experiment, unlike subject in the US
Active; worse
Cases like that of Elizabeth Bouvia involve conflicts between the principle of ______________ and the principle of ______________. Sometimes this conflict can be resolved by arguing that contrary to some persons' beliefs, treatment really will not make the person better off.
Autonomy; beneficence
The principle of _______________ says that people who are capable of exercising their capacity for self determination should be consulted before doing anything to them (treating them, involving them in research, etc.). This principle admits of _____________________ say, if their choices would harm, or threaten to harm, other innocent people, and it does not apply to young _______________.
Autonomy; exceptions; children
When it comes to treatment, competence is identified with decision-making capacity. This requires that the patient understand and appreciate the BRAN factors which are the: ____________, _____________, ________________, and _____________ of the proposed treatment and the alternatives including no treatment at all. The patient should also be able to give her reasons for her decision, even if those reasons do not seem to be __________ reasons for her decision
Benefit; risk; alternative; nature; good
Another objection to Utility is that it turns what are commonly thought to be supererogatory actions (those that go _________ the call of duty) into obligatory actions.
Beyond
Because there are serious objections to all the major moral theories, many people think that when it comes to applied ethics in general, and bioethics in particular, the best we can do is to engage in what is called __________ when addressing particular moral issues. We might appeal to what are considered moral ________ in cases and then draw analogies between those cases and the case at issue. Or in bioethics, we might appeal to the principles of bioethics AND our reflective intuitions about cases to reach reflective ___________, where a kind of consistency is reached between our intuitive judgements about cases and about principles.
Casuistry; judgements; equilibrium
Nancy Cruzan was 25 years old, got in a car accident, landed in a ditch, and did not breathe for at least 15 minutes. As a result, she was in a persistant vegetative state which involves minimal brain activity "without consciousness and purposeful behavior." She was kept alive by a feeding tube. After 3 years her parents asked that her feeding tube be removed, which would have meant her death. She was once competent, but there was not much evidence of what her wishes were regarding life-prolonging measures were she ever in a state like the one she was actually in. In June 1990 the US supereme court ruled that there was not _______________________ evidence of what nancy would have wanted when competent regarding removal of the feeding tube and so ________ that her parents had a right to order that the feeding tube be disconnected. However, the decision affirmed the right of a once competent person to refuse treatment regarding situations where she is incompetent, provided certain conditions are met. The supreme court also held that it does not matter if the "treatment" is just providing food and water or something else.
Clear and convincing; denied
The second type of slippery slope argument goes like this: if we permit A, then it will lead to our permitting B; if we permit B it will lead to our permitting C. But we should not permit C. So we should not permit A. In this type of argument, each premise is argued for pn ___________ grounds, not a priori ones.
Empirical
When it comes to clinical trials, there are three controversial cases. One involves the question of whether it is ever permissible to conduct a non-therapeutic experiment with competent adults as subjects where those subjects volunteer to put themselves at _____________ risk with no prospect of benefitting themselves. They just do it to help find a cure or treatment that will benefit others. The analogy that suggests that this can be permissible involves soldiers who volunteer to go behind enemy lines to blow up a bridge where it is almost certain that they will ______ in the mission.
Extreme; die
True or false: If you do something in order to benefit another, you act paternalistically.
False; necessary, but not sufficient. Also, need to act in disregard of, or without regard to, their wishes. Altruistic acts can meet the above condition.
Some people think that if B is cloned from A then B will be just like A. This ignores the effects of the environment on the person cloned and presupposed the false view that vaughn calls ________________ _____________.
Genetic determinism
A second anti-abortion argument goes like this: (a) it is always wrong to kill an innocent person; (b) a fetus is a person from conception onwards; (c) abortion kills the fetus; (d) therefore, abortion is always wrong. people disagree about (b). Some accept very strict criteria for being a person. The problem with that is that not even __________ satisfy these criteria; so on these criteria it would be possible to kill them.
Infants
__________ requires us to give each person his due, whether that pertains to punishment or to the distribution of various goods ad bads. Various theories give substantive accounts of what a person is due.
Justice
One version of the Golden Rule says that we should treat others the way we would want to be treated ourselves. But this requirement could be satisfied by a fanatical _________ who thinks he should kill jews, because he might agree that he, and his entire family, should be killed if they turned out to be jewish.
Nazi
There are two kinds of slippery slope arguments. the first type goes like this: if X is permissible, then Y is permissible; if Y is permissible, then Z is permissible; but Z is not permissible. So X is not permissible either. In this type of argument, it is assumed that all of the premises are _____________ true and knowable a priori.
Necessarily
Moral ___________________ is the view that there are moral norms that are true for everyone at all times and that their truth does not depend on whether people think they are true or not.
Objectivism
In one sense, treatment is futile if and only if it will provide no benefit ____ ____________ to the person.
On balance; recall the example of the elderly man who has pneumonia. Curing it with an antibiotic will not provide benefit ON BALANCE to him because it will just prolong his suffering, but it does provide SOME benefit.
Morality and the law don't always coincide. It can be morally ________ to jay walk (against the no-walk sign) but illegal, or morally wrong to betray a friend but _____ _____________.
Permissible; not illegal
It is ___________________ to accept the view of moral objectivism and reject the view of moral absolutism.
Possible
In the 19th century, US courts recognized _______________, that is, the point when a mother first detects fetal movement, as a legally relevant point in pregnancy and several states banned abortion after that point.
Quickening
________ V. Wade is a famous supreme court ruling (1973) dealing with abortion. The court recognized that a woman has a right to privacy, by which it meant a right to determine what happens to her body. However, it held that this right is not absolute, by which it meant that the right is limited by what they call two "compelling state" interests. Those two interests concerned: the ________ of the mother and protecting the _________ of human life. The first interest comes into play at the end of the first trimester (12 weeks); the second at ______________, which is that point in pregnancy when the fetus is capable to existing outside the womb, "albiet with artificial aid." The court said that a state may even ___________ abortion after that point, provided it is not needed to protect the health or life of the woman
Roe; health; potentiality; viability; prohibit
One objection to the principle of Utility is that it can permit, and even require, that the good of a few (even one) can be __________ for the good of the many, as in the example: __________.
Sacrificed; transplant
Another moral concern about surrogate parenting arrangements is that they involve baby ____________ because the surrogate mother receives money and at the end gives the baby to the couple who has paid her. One reply is that this is not the case because the surrogate is receiving money for her ___________, not for the baby
Selling; Services
There are two types of gene therapy: _____________-cell and __________-line. The latter is morally most problematic because it involves modifying the gametes (egg and sperm) of people. While intended to prevent horrible genetic diseases, or to enhance the characteristics of the children who are born, the latter type of gene therapy is generally morally condemned because of its possible, unforeseen, bad long-term _______________.
Somatic; germ; consequences
Trolley is the example where you can save five people on the main track from being killed by being run over by a trolley whose brakes have gone out only if you throw a switch that will turn the trolley down a spur where one person will be run over and killed. The principle that implies that turning the trolley is permissible because you only foresee the death of the one person on the spur is called: ______________. It is meant to distinguish trolley from ___________.
The doctrine of Double Effect; Transplant
If S has a negative right to X, then someone (perhaps even everyone) should not interfere with S's having X
True
If S has a positive right to X, then someone (perhaps even everyone) has a duty to help provide S with X
True
If a case can be made that a human egg has a FLO, then Marquis' view would imply that contraceptive methods that prevent it from having a FLO are wrong
True
A second formulation of the categorical imperative given by Kant is: "act in such a way that you always treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never simply as a means, but always at the same time as an end." This is sometimes summarized as: it's always wrong to use someone as a mere means and not treat them as an end-in-themselves. It is used to explain why it is wrong in __________ to cut one person up for his vital organs in order to save five others in desperate need of them. But it also implies that it is wrong of an egoist to save a child from drowning if he only does that because her parents paid him to. It is often said that violating this form of the categorical imperative involves not ____________ the person who is used as a mere means.
Transplant; respecting
A libertarian theory of justice says that a distribution of goods is just if it results from exchanges between normal adults that do not involve force, fraud, or manipulation. So on this theory, it need not be unjust for those who do not have anything to exchange (including money) for health care to be left without it.
True
A rule-utilitarian theory of justice applied to health care would say that a just health care systems is one that is determined by the rules of allocation of scarce resources that produce the most good on balance. This might mean that no health care should be provided to defective infants or old people with treatable but inexpensive conditions
True
In his famous book A theory of Justice (1973), John Rawls argued that principles of social justice are those that rational people would choose from behind a "veil of ignorance," that is, in conditions where people do not know any particular facts about themselves, e.g., whether they are rich or poor, men or women, smart or not so smart, handicapped or not handicapped, old or young, etc. Philosophers differ on whether people from behind the veil of ignorance would choose an egalitarian system of health care where everyone receives the same level and quality of care, or whether they would choose some "decent minimum" of health care for all, allowing the better off people to buy more, or something else.
True
Marquis thinks that it is clearly wrong to kill innocent adult human beings and not wrong to kill one of their cells. Early stage fetuses have something in common with both and the abortion problem, as marquis sees it, is to decide what moral status they have
True
My example where you safely drive you car to school and hit a child who jumps out in front of your car, when you could have taken a train instead, is supposed to be analogous to a woman getting pregnant when using contraceptives even though she could have avoided it by not having vaginal sex. It is supposed to show that in neither case are you morally responsible for providing care for the person in the example (the person hit by your car and the person who results from contraceptive failure).
True
Non-voluntary euthanasia concerns those who are not now and have never been competent to decide whether to die or not and those who were once competent but whose wishes about dying or not are unknown
True
One version of ethical relativism says that what makes actions right or wrong depends on what individuals, or societies, believe about their rightness or wrongness. If this were true, then if Hitler had won and killed all the Jews and all those who sympathize with them, so that everyone left thought that killing Jews is permissible, ethical relativism would imply that this is ________________.
True
Rights necessarily imply duties but duties don't necessarily imply rights
True
Some people argue that those most desperately in need of a vital organ should be at the top of the list for receiving one for transplant, others argue that the social value of recipients should not be considered, others that age should not be a consideration. Against this, people argue that those urgently in need of a transplant organ may not live long after receiving one, that doctors and nurses should receive treatment first in natural disasters so they can help others, that important political figures like nelson mandela should have priority at crucial times in their country's history. Utilitarian considerations seem to be the basis of these arguments against the first views.
True
Suppose there are five people drowning and that I am the lone lifeguard on the Beach. Assume, also, that there are no morally relevant differences between the five and that I can only save one of them. Then I have a duty to save one, but none of them has a right that I save him/her. This shows that there can be duties without corresponding rights (though the converse is not true: rights imply correlative duties). This is important for the discussion of health care because the better off in society may have a duty to provide health care to those who cannot afford it even if they do not have a right to it.
True
The example where henry fonda can save judith thompson by simply walking across the room and putting his cool hand on her head is supposed to show that strangers do not have an obligation to save people they dont know
True
The moral right to vote involves both positive and negative rights
True
There may be acts of active euthanasia that are morally permissible but it might still be wrong to make that sort of euthanasia legal because of the mistakes and abuses that might ensue
True
True or False: Elizabeth Bouvia is described in our book as a "25 year old, bright, articulate, and mentally competent......but her whole body was paralyzed except for her right hand and a few muscles allowing minor face and head movements. She was in constant pain from degenerative arthritis that could not be relieved entirely even with doses of morphine." She wanted various hospitals to provide hygenic care and pain medications while she slowly starved herself to death. After many failures in courts, in 1986 the california court of appeal finally ruled that Elizabeth was competent and that competent persons have a right to refuse medical treatment, even that which would save or prolong their lives, and includes the right to refuse food and water. They have that right regardless of whether their intention is to commit suicide or something else.
True
The principle of ___________ says that we should produce the most favorable balance of good over bad (or benefit over harm) for all concerned. Sometimes the good is identified with happiness; the bad, with unhappiness
Utility
__________ ethics focuses on what character traits are good or bad and what distinguishes a good person from a bad one. The Ethics of _______ is an ethics of that sort and focuses on the demands of specific situations and the good character traits and feelings (such as empathy, compassion, love, sympathy, and fidelity) that are central to close personal relations. As our book says, according to this view, "The heart of the moral life is feeling for and caring for those with whom you have a special, intimate connection," whether that be family, friends, or patients.
Virtue; Care
the principle of _______________ says that we should bring aid to others and prevent or remove what harms them
beneficence
People object that the discarding of defective embryos during IVF or the use of genetic testing in that or other contexts for a similar purpose "sends a message of disrespect now living with disabilities" (p. 546). A reply is, "Medical treatment presupposes that health is __________ than sickness, but those who believe that treat sick people as their equals," and show no disrespect for them
better
To give free or voluntary consent means to give consent that is not a result of ______________, _____________, or _____________ influence.
coercion, manipulation, undue
A major moral concern with surrogate parenting arrangements involves either the couple who pays the surrogate, or the surrogate mother herself, failing to abide by the ____________ they had agreed to in advance. Perhaps the couple does not want the baby and not want to __________, and the surrogate mother might become attached to the baby and not want to _____________. The moral issue concerns what should be done if these things happen.
contract; defect; give it up
It is not considered permissible to use children as subjects in experiments only if they assent. This amounts to their not ______________, which is not the same as giving their free and informed consent. ______________ or proxies are required to give that sort of consent for putting the children in experiments
dissenting; parents
One of the main moral concerns surrounding in vitro fertilization (IVF) involves the discarding of defective or extra ________. It's the same moral concern that some people have with ___________ performed early in pregnancy
embryos; abortions
Natural law theory holds that there are moral standards implicit in human nature that can be grasped by reason. There are natural human ends, we can know what they are, and they should guide how we should behave. An important principle that has application in bioethics is called The Doctrine of the Double Effect. It applies to actions that have both a good and a bad outcome. Roughly, it says that such an action is permissible if (a) the bad outcome is not directly intended, that is, is itself not intended as an _________, nor as a _______ to the good outcome; (b) the bad outcome must be proportional to the good outcome (that is, its badness cannot outweigh the goodness of the good outcome; (c) the action cannot be of a type that is wrong in itself (say, cannot be the case of exploitation). This principle, or something like it, is sometimes used to explain why it's wrong to cut one person up to save 5 but not wrong to ____ ______ _______ in Trolley to save 5 on the main track even though that will _______ the one person on the spur.
end; means; throw the switch; kill
Immanuel Kant is a famous 18th century german philosopher who is a non-consequentialist in ethics, which means that he thought that the rightness and wrongness of actions does not depend on the goodness or badness of the consequences of those actions. Instead he offered two versions of what he calls the categorical imperative as tests of the rightness or wrongness of actions. His first version, which has been called the "universal law test," says that you must ask "what if everyone did what I'm contemplating doing in the circumstances in which I find myself?" If you would not want them to do that in those circumstances, the action is wrong. If you would want them to, it is morally permissible. A problem with this test is that the fanatical person of the golden rule example could satisfy it. A second problem is no one could want ___________ to become a doctor (a farmer, a teacher, a fireman, etc.) so it implies that it is wrong for anyone to pursue any particular career.
everyone
Marquis does not think that it would be a significant problem if his theory implied that contraception is seriously immoral
false
The problem with the sort of ethical approaches of contractualists is that they often do not provide ________ about what to do in specific situations, or even sometimes seem to provide the wrong answer when, say, they imply that medical professionals should save a baby that they have taken care of for a long time, and so to which they have established an emotional attachment, instead of saving a newly arrived baby who has better life prospects.
guidance
Some people think pregnant women should be tested for drugs before receiving Medicaid care for their pregnancy so that those on crack cocaine can be placed in a drug treatment program. One justification for the testing might be paternalistic: it is best for the women to kick their addiction. Another might be that it is needed to prevent ______ to others, in this case the fetus and the eventual child.
harm
The Divine Command Theory (DCT) says that actions that God commands are obligatory, those that he commands us not to do, wrong, and all others permissible. It follows that if God commanded us to kill black people, it would be obligatory to do that. To avoid this absurd consequence, people sometimes say that a good God would not command such a thing. But that seems to imply that there is a standard of goodness _______________ of God's commands.
independent
There are two types of ampliative arguments whose premises do not guarantee, but can justify, their conclusions: enumerative __________ and __________ __ ___ _____ _____________.
induction; inference to the best explanation
Some action could be __________ __________ wrong (or obligatory) but all-things-considered the opposite.
prima facie
Transplant is the example where you can save five innocent people in need of vital organs by secretly killing one innocent person. There are no morally relevant differences between the six. Further, you are sure that transplants will be successful, and that you will not be caught for killing the one, if you kill the one person for his vital organs that will be transplanted into the five. Most people say that you should not save the five in this way; that it would be wrong to kill the one to save the five. The kantian moral principle that yields this judgment when applied to this case is:
it's wrong to use people as a mere means to benefit others; you should treat people as ends in themselves, never as a means
From a moral point of view, ________ term abortions of non-defective fetuses are the most problematic
late
The third controversial case involves children and vulnerable subjects. The question here is whether it is ever permissible to put them at _______________ risk, either as such, or when it is slight or great.
minimal
A deductive argument is valid if and only if its conclusion ________ _____ true if its premises are true
must be
Genetic testing on embryos might be used to eliminate _____________ traits or genetic disease, or to promote or enhance ____________ ones. One objection to enhancement is that not all people could afford it so allowing it would be ____________ by placing their children at a competitive disadvantage.
negative; positive; unfair
The principle of ______________ says that we should not intentionally or unintentionally inflict harm on others
nonmaleficence
many people think that morally it matters what a woman'e reasons are for having an abortion. Some think that it would be wrong to have an abortion just because the fetus has a cleft _____________ or has ___________ syndrome or is __________ rather than male (and vice versa)
palate (lip); Down; female
Three issues are very important in the abortion debates: (a) whether at some point in pregnancy the fetus is a ___________ and if so, when, (b) how ___________ the woman is for becoming pregnant, and (c) how much of a ________ a pregnant woman must bear to bring the fetus to term
person; responsible; burden
Suppose some moral principle says: (Necessarily): if P, then Q, say, if killing an innocent person is the only way to save more innocent lives, then it is at least morally permissible (if not also obligatory) to kill that person. To produce a counterexample to the principle, you need to think of a _____________ example that involves killing an innocent person but where doing that is ____________.
possible; wrong
The statement, "that begs the question," has come to mean, "that ________ the question." Vaughn takes it to mean that you have asserted something in the premises of an argument that assumes the conclusion that is argued for (say, the premise that says that "god wrote, or inspired the writing of, the Bible" where the conclusion is, "god exists."). A broader understanding of "that begs the question" says that it involves asserting without _____________ something that, in context, requires (same word)
raises; justification
Critics of thomson's argument say it is only analogous to cases of abortion where the woman is pregnat as a result of ____________.
rape
Parallel case arguments are often used in moral philosophy. They involve coming up with a hypothetical example that is ________ similar to a case you seek to judge morally. The moral status of the hypothetical example should be obvious. Because the cases are similar, you can then ____________ that the case you seek to judge has the same moral status as the hypothetical example.
relevantly; conclude
Buchanans main argument is that everyone would have a duty of beneficence to help provide health care to everyone if it were not for benevolent prisoner's dilemma and assurance problems. So the state should impose sanctions on people for not contributing to health care in order to solve these two problems.
rue
One worry about the drug testing program, is that it is _______________________ because it causes women not to seek prenatal care, which is bad for their fetuses and future children
self-defeating/counterproductive
a _________ deductive argument is valid and all of its premises are ________.
sound; true
Both daniels and buchanan think that the state should not require strict equality in the level of health care provided its citizens because it unduly restricts the liberty of people to purchase more if they can afford it
true
Daniels thinks that there is a universal right to health care founded on considerations of equal opportunity: disease and disability can severely restrict or hamper a person's chances of pursuing her rational life plan
true
If libertarians argue that we should provide "a ladder" to those born in lower social classes, or with native endowments that cannot be developed into skills that are in high demand, they seem to be abandoning their position since the state would have to take money from people to build "the ladders," that is, to provide the means to improve thier opportunities
true
If one holds that a being has a right to life only if it desires to continue to live or values its continued existence, then a severly depressed person who does not desire to live, or value continued existence, would not have the right to life
true
Marquis' main focus concerns what makes killing wrong
true
Medicare is for people 65 and older and for those with permanent disabilities; medicaid, for low-income people under 65, including children and the disabled
true
My graph of the abortion situation is supposed to show that how much burden you must bear to bring the fetus to term is a function of how responsible you are for the pregnancy.
true
True or false: An invalid deductive argument can have all true premises.
true
True or false: if I tell my psychiatrist that I like to dress up in short skirts, and wear make up and a blonde wig, and she tells my cross-dressing friends without my consent, she has acted wrongly in violating my privacy even if it results in good consequences for me because those friends become even closer
true
True or false: there is a moral difference between using a person as a means and using them as a mere means
true
both daniels and buchanan argue that the state should require its citizens to provide a decent minimum of health care, though on different grounds
true
consistency would seem to require that you consider counterfactual situations to test the correctness of the divine command theory if you think you should consider counterfactual situations like transplant to test the correctness of utilitarianism
true
doctors in managed care arrangements (HMOs and PPOs) face conflicting obligations to do what's best for their patients and to minimize costs/maximize profits for the organization
true
libertarians hold that insofar as a person's holdings were not unjustly acquired, then whatever holdings people have after exchanges are just insofar as no coercion, manipulation, or fraud was involved in the exchanges
true
There are two central anti-abortion arguments. One goes like this: (a) it is always wrong to kill an innocent human being; (b) the fetus is an innocent human being from conception onwards; (c) abortion kills the fetus; (d) therefore, abortion is always wrong. Some people claim that "human being" is used in _________ different senses and so the argument commits the fallacy of _______________.
two; equivocation
Some people condemn certain actions (gay sex, IVF, etc.) because they are __________-. but many drugs, surgeries, cures for diseases, etc., are (same word as first blank) but good. Also, certain bacteria, tsunamis, earthquakes, forest fires, droughts, etc. are just the opposite; they are _________ but bad. So this distinction does not seem to be ____________ significant.
unnatural; natural; morally
Triage is the example where you can save either one or five people, but not all six, with some scarce resource (blood, a drug, the amount of time you have, etc.) Assume that all six are good people and there are no morally relevant differences between them. Most people say that you should save the five; that it would be wrong to save the one. The moral theory that yields this judgment when applied to this case is:
utilitarianism (could have said act utilitarianism)
It seems morally _________ for a deaf woman to choose a deaf sperm donor to ensure that her child shares her deafness and so can become a part of her deaf community. But this suggests that deafness is an ______________ trait.
wrong; undesirable
