BIOL 206 (lecture 2, exam 1)
~ ____ of children died from smallpox before 3 years old
1/3
death typically occurs within ___ - ___ days of first symptoms of the bubonic plague
2, 4
______ - ______ million people died from the smallpox in the 20th century
300 - 500
Anton van Leeuwenhoek's single lens magnified up to _____
300x
smallpox vaccine protects for ~ ___ years
5
__________ _____ __________ (1670s) described live microorganisms with the use of his microscope
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
who is known as the father of bacteriology?
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
the _________ ___________ took place in the 1300s and it killed more than 25 million people in Europe
Bubonic Plague
Louis Pasteur demonstrated A. using crooked neck flasks that microbes are present in air B. that microbes must be present to give rise to more microbes - that is abiogenesis C. that fermentation reactions were due to the actions of bacteria and yeasts D. A,B,C E. A,C
E
_________ __________ used a vaccination procedure to protect individuals from smallpox
Edward Jenner
_________ _________ suggested the use of agar to isolate colonies
Fannie Hess
__________ ___________ discovered oxygen in 1774 and then everyone began to use oxygen in experiments because no microbial growth could occur without it
Joseph Priestly (british)
_______ work led to discovery or development of - nutrient broth and nutrient agar - methods for isolating microorganisms - agar - petri dish
Koch's
Robert Koch established experimental steps to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease known as ________ __________
Koch's postulate
________ __________ experiments placed nutrient solution in flasks, created flasks with long, curved necks, boiled the solutions, and left the flasks exposed to air *resulted in no growth of microbes = BIOGENESIS
Louis Pasteur
_________ __________ demonstrated that microorgansims are present in the air
Louis Pasteur
Koch won the _________ _________ in medicine in 1905 based on his studies of ________
Nobel Prize, tuberculosis
_____________ showed that microbes are responsible for fermentation
Pasteur
___________ sealed flasks proving that yeasts (some microbes) could grow without _____
Pasteur, air
______ _________ developed the petri dish which allowed for isolation of pure cultures, stimulated progress in bacteriology
Richard Petri
spontaneous generation is also called _________
abiogenesis
________ is the extract of red algae and does not degrade by bacteria
agar
good wine (fermentation) produced _________
alcohol (yeast)
___________ ________ discovered the first antibiotic
alexander fleming
Anton van Leeuwenhoek discovered that microbes moved with purpose = _____________
animalcules (animals)
___________ are chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes = natural metabolic products
antibiotics
Joseph Lister is known as the father of __________ __________ because he proved that microbes caused surgical wound infections
antiseptic surgery
_______ techniques describes the process of preventing blood infections
aseptic
Robert Koch proved that _____________ __________ (sporeforming bacteria) caused ________ (disease)
bacillus anthracis, anthrax
in order to isolate pure cultures, you need individual colonies... what was the problem with gelatin?
bacteria can digest it (it is good for isolation of colonies)
Lazzaro Spallanzani (Italian) - boiled nutrient solutions (1 hour) in flasks then sealed them - nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, then sealed = no microbial growth spontaneous generation or biogenesis? *Needham argued: treated "vital forces" too harsh *Spallanzani responded: opened the flask and got growth
biogenesis
Louis Jablot (1680s french) experiment - nutrient broth placed in a flask, heated, and NOT sealed = microbial growth - nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, then SEALED = no microbial growth is this spontaneous generation or biogenesis?
biogenesis
Louis Pasteur experiment - nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, NOT sealed and with a STRAIGHT neck = microbial growth - nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, NOT sealed and with CROOKED neck = no microbial growth is this spontaneous generation or biogenesis?
biogenesis
__________ is the hypothesis that living organisms arise from preexisting life
biogenesis
Redi's experiment: - jars with maggots covered with fine net = no maggots - open jars with meat = maggots appeared is this spontaneous generation or biogenesis?
biogenesis (flies laid their eggs = maggots on the meat and created more flies)
_____________ refers to treatment with chemicals
chemotherapy (not only used for cancer)
Jenner used ___________ to protect against smallpox
cowpox
Edward Jenner ('s) A. created a vaccination method to protect individuals from the viral disease smallpox B. method used inoculation of variola virus into the arm to protect against smallpox C. method was enthusiastically received by the public when he introduced a way to avoid such a deadly disease D. A,B E. A,B,C
created a vaccination method to protect individuals from the viral disease smallpox
Koch's postulates were significant because they allowed the identification of a certain microbe causing a certain _________
disease
Beginning with Pasteur's work, discoveries included the relationship between microbes and ________, immunity, and antimicrobial _______
disease, drugs
Anton van Leeuwenhoek published his findings of microorgansims in ________ ______ _______ _____
english royal society 1676
smallpox was __________ worldwide in 1979
eradicated (first and only human disease eradicated via vaccine)
people who believed in spontaneous generation thought that _______________ was the result of a nonliving chemical reaction
fermentation
Franz Schultz use a ___________ ___________ that allowed air to pass through strong chemicals before entering flask * resulted in no bacterial growth
filtration approach
Theodore Schwann used a _________ _________ that allowed air to pass through a flame heated tube before entering the flask * resulted in no bacterial growth
filtration approach
___________ _____________ was the pioneer of modern nursing (formed the first nursing school), was a noted statistician, documented unsanitary conditions in hospitals during the Crimean War responsible for soldier death, instituted antiseptic techniques and cleanliness, and was the first female member of the royal statisticians society
florence nightingale
The ________ ________ ___ _________ worked towards controlling infection... Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis noticed a 20X mortality rate of mother from puerperal sepsis (streptococcus infection) in hospital ward compared to midwives - instituted handwashing with chlorinated lime solution - reduced mortality rate to <1%
germ theory of disease
Koch's Postulates 1. the microorganism must be present in every case of the disease but absent from ________ individuals 2. the suspected microorganism must be _________ and grown in a pure culture 3. the same disease must result when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy _____ 4. the same microorganism must be isolated again from the newly ______ host
healthy, isolated, host, diseased
Pasteur demonstrated that these spoilage bacteria could be killed by ________ that was not hot enough to evaporate the alcohol in wine (this did not affect flavor)
heat
survival of smallpox resulted in
immunity for life
_____________ is the study of immunity (vaccines and cell products are being investigated to prevent, treat, and cure microbial diseases)
immunology
smallpox spread by __________ of droplets and scabs carrying virus (scabs stay infectious for ~ 2 years)
inhalation
the _________ population did not get hit as hard with the bubonic plague because they had sanitation laws... they were thought to have started the disease because their population was not getting the disease
jewish
The Germ Theory of Disease - _______ _________ used a chemical disinfectant and heated instruments to prevent surgical wound infections
joseph lister
sour wine (fermentation) produced ________ ______
lactic acid (lactobacillus sp. bacteria)
symptoms of the Bubonic Plague include: swelling of the ___________ ________ (buboes), intravascular coagulation and subcutaneous __________ = necrosis/gangrene
lymph nodes, hemorrhaging
Schroder and Von Dusch experiment - air passed through cotton plug before entering flask - resulted in no bacterial growth - spontaneous generation is still not settled
microbes were filtered out
Pasteur also discovered that _________ __________ is also responsible for spoilage fo food
microbial growth
in order to isolate pure cultures, you need individual colonies... what was the problem with broth?
no isolation (could be more than one microbe present)
was Anton van Leeuwenhoek the first to create a microscope?
no, but his had the best optics
in order to isolate pure cultures, you need individual colonies... what was the problem with sliced potatoes?
not everything grows on them (you can get them isolated with individual colonies)
_____________ is the application of a high heat for a short time (162 degrees Fahrenheit/15 sec)
pasteurization
_________ was tested clinically and mass produced to treat soldiers during WWII
penicillin
Fleming discovered that ____________ made the antibiotic ________ that killed staphylococcus aureus (bacteria)
penicillium (fungus), penicillin
Jospeh Lister used ________ (carbolic acid) that was used to prevent odor and decay in sewage to perform surgery under antiseptic conditions
phenol
Louis Pasteur administered his ________ vaccine to _________ _________ that had been bitten by a dog
rabies, Joseph Meister
Pasteur made vaccines against _________, _________, and chicken cholera
rabies, anthrax
__________ __________ was the first doctor to prove that a bacterium causes a certain disease
robert koch
the _______ _______ ________ of 1918 occurred during WWII, killed people within hours, resulted in lung hemorrhaging (drowning in fluids), and killed 30 -40 million
spanish flu pandemic
John Needham (British, 1740s) experiment - briefly boiled nutrient broth then covered the flasks - nutrient broth heated, then placed in sealed = microbial growth *blocked entrance, but had growth is this spontaneous generation or biogenesis?
spontaneous generation
___________ ___________ is the hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter; a "vital force" forms life
spontaneous generation
pasteurization is NOT ___________
steralization
Pasteur proved biogenesis for living cells with his ______ ______ experiment
swan neck
cowpox
vaccinia virus
smallpox
variola virus
Pasteurization destroys many spoilage microbes, but does not kill __________
yeasts