BIOL 206 (lecture 2, exam 1)

~ ____ of children died from smallpox before 3 years old

1/3

death typically occurs within ___ - ___ days of first symptoms of the bubonic plague

2, 4

______ - ______ million people died from the smallpox in the 20th century

300 - 500

Anton van Leeuwenhoek's single lens magnified up to _____

300x

smallpox vaccine protects for ~ ___ years

5

__________ _____ __________ (1670s) described live microorganisms with the use of his microscope

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

who is known as the father of bacteriology?

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

the _________ ___________ took place in the 1300s and it killed more than 25 million people in Europe

Bubonic Plague

Louis Pasteur demonstrated A. using crooked neck flasks that microbes are present in air B. that microbes must be present to give rise to more microbes - that is abiogenesis C. that fermentation reactions were due to the actions of bacteria and yeasts D. A,B,C E. A,C

E

_________ __________ used a vaccination procedure to protect individuals from smallpox

Edward Jenner

_________ _________ suggested the use of agar to isolate colonies

Fannie Hess

__________ ___________ discovered oxygen in 1774 and then everyone began to use oxygen in experiments because no microbial growth could occur without it

Joseph Priestly (british)

_______ work led to discovery or development of - nutrient broth and nutrient agar - methods for isolating microorganisms - agar - petri dish

Koch's

Robert Koch established experimental steps to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease known as ________ __________

Koch's postulate

________ __________ experiments placed nutrient solution in flasks, created flasks with long, curved necks, boiled the solutions, and left the flasks exposed to air *resulted in no growth of microbes = BIOGENESIS

Louis Pasteur

_________ __________ demonstrated that microorgansims are present in the air

Louis Pasteur

Koch won the _________ _________ in medicine in 1905 based on his studies of ________

Nobel Prize, tuberculosis

_____________ showed that microbes are responsible for fermentation

Pasteur

___________ sealed flasks proving that yeasts (some microbes) could grow without _____

Pasteur, air

______ _________ developed the petri dish which allowed for isolation of pure cultures, stimulated progress in bacteriology

Richard Petri

spontaneous generation is also called _________

abiogenesis

________ is the extract of red algae and does not degrade by bacteria

agar

good wine (fermentation) produced _________

alcohol (yeast)

___________ ________ discovered the first antibiotic

alexander fleming

Anton van Leeuwenhoek discovered that microbes moved with purpose = _____________

animalcules (animals)

___________ are chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes = natural metabolic products

antibiotics

Joseph Lister is known as the father of __________ __________ because he proved that microbes caused surgical wound infections

antiseptic surgery

_______ techniques describes the process of preventing blood infections

aseptic

Robert Koch proved that _____________ __________ (sporeforming bacteria) caused ________ (disease)

bacillus anthracis, anthrax

in order to isolate pure cultures, you need individual colonies... what was the problem with gelatin?

bacteria can digest it (it is good for isolation of colonies)

Lazzaro Spallanzani (Italian) - boiled nutrient solutions (1 hour) in flasks then sealed them - nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, then sealed = no microbial growth spontaneous generation or biogenesis? *Needham argued: treated "vital forces" too harsh *Spallanzani responded: opened the flask and got growth

biogenesis

Louis Jablot (1680s french) experiment - nutrient broth placed in a flask, heated, and NOT sealed = microbial growth - nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, then SEALED = no microbial growth is this spontaneous generation or biogenesis?

biogenesis

Louis Pasteur experiment - nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, NOT sealed and with a STRAIGHT neck = microbial growth - nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, NOT sealed and with CROOKED neck = no microbial growth is this spontaneous generation or biogenesis?

biogenesis

__________ is the hypothesis that living organisms arise from preexisting life

biogenesis

Redi's experiment: - jars with maggots covered with fine net = no maggots - open jars with meat = maggots appeared is this spontaneous generation or biogenesis?

biogenesis (flies laid their eggs = maggots on the meat and created more flies)

_____________ refers to treatment with chemicals

chemotherapy (not only used for cancer)

Jenner used ___________ to protect against smallpox

cowpox

Edward Jenner ('s) A. created a vaccination method to protect individuals from the viral disease smallpox B. method used inoculation of variola virus into the arm to protect against smallpox C. method was enthusiastically received by the public when he introduced a way to avoid such a deadly disease D. A,B E. A,B,C

created a vaccination method to protect individuals from the viral disease smallpox

Koch's postulates were significant because they allowed the identification of a certain microbe causing a certain _________

disease

Beginning with Pasteur's work, discoveries included the relationship between microbes and ________, immunity, and antimicrobial _______

disease, drugs

Anton van Leeuwenhoek published his findings of microorgansims in ________ ______ _______ _____

english royal society 1676

smallpox was __________ worldwide in 1979

eradicated (first and only human disease eradicated via vaccine)

people who believed in spontaneous generation thought that _______________ was the result of a nonliving chemical reaction

fermentation

Franz Schultz use a ___________ ___________ that allowed air to pass through strong chemicals before entering flask * resulted in no bacterial growth

filtration approach

Theodore Schwann used a _________ _________ that allowed air to pass through a flame heated tube before entering the flask * resulted in no bacterial growth

filtration approach

___________ _____________ was the pioneer of modern nursing (formed the first nursing school), was a noted statistician, documented unsanitary conditions in hospitals during the Crimean War responsible for soldier death, instituted antiseptic techniques and cleanliness, and was the first female member of the royal statisticians society

florence nightingale

The ________ ________ ___ _________ worked towards controlling infection... Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis noticed a 20X mortality rate of mother from puerperal sepsis (streptococcus infection) in hospital ward compared to midwives - instituted handwashing with chlorinated lime solution - reduced mortality rate to <1%

germ theory of disease

Koch's Postulates 1. the microorganism must be present in every case of the disease but absent from ________ individuals 2. the suspected microorganism must be _________ and grown in a pure culture 3. the same disease must result when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy _____ 4. the same microorganism must be isolated again from the newly ______ host

healthy, isolated, host, diseased

Pasteur demonstrated that these spoilage bacteria could be killed by ________ that was not hot enough to evaporate the alcohol in wine (this did not affect flavor)

heat

survival of smallpox resulted in

immunity for life

_____________ is the study of immunity (vaccines and cell products are being investigated to prevent, treat, and cure microbial diseases)

immunology

smallpox spread by __________ of droplets and scabs carrying virus (scabs stay infectious for ~ 2 years)

inhalation

the _________ population did not get hit as hard with the bubonic plague because they had sanitation laws... they were thought to have started the disease because their population was not getting the disease

jewish

The Germ Theory of Disease - _______ _________ used a chemical disinfectant and heated instruments to prevent surgical wound infections

joseph lister

sour wine (fermentation) produced ________ ______

lactic acid (lactobacillus sp. bacteria)

symptoms of the Bubonic Plague include: swelling of the ___________ ________ (buboes), intravascular coagulation and subcutaneous __________ = necrosis/gangrene

lymph nodes, hemorrhaging

Schroder and Von Dusch experiment - air passed through cotton plug before entering flask - resulted in no bacterial growth - spontaneous generation is still not settled

microbes were filtered out

Pasteur also discovered that _________ __________ is also responsible for spoilage fo food

microbial growth

in order to isolate pure cultures, you need individual colonies... what was the problem with broth?

no isolation (could be more than one microbe present)

was Anton van Leeuwenhoek the first to create a microscope?

no, but his had the best optics

in order to isolate pure cultures, you need individual colonies... what was the problem with sliced potatoes?

not everything grows on them (you can get them isolated with individual colonies)

_____________ is the application of a high heat for a short time (162 degrees Fahrenheit/15 sec)

pasteurization

_________ was tested clinically and mass produced to treat soldiers during WWII

penicillin

Fleming discovered that ____________ made the antibiotic ________ that killed staphylococcus aureus (bacteria)

penicillium (fungus), penicillin

Jospeh Lister used ________ (carbolic acid) that was used to prevent odor and decay in sewage to perform surgery under antiseptic conditions

phenol

Louis Pasteur administered his ________ vaccine to _________ _________ that had been bitten by a dog

rabies, Joseph Meister

Pasteur made vaccines against _________, _________, and chicken cholera

rabies, anthrax

__________ __________ was the first doctor to prove that a bacterium causes a certain disease

robert koch

the _______ _______ ________ of 1918 occurred during WWII, killed people within hours, resulted in lung hemorrhaging (drowning in fluids), and killed 30 -40 million

spanish flu pandemic

John Needham (British, 1740s) experiment - briefly boiled nutrient broth then covered the flasks - nutrient broth heated, then placed in sealed = microbial growth *blocked entrance, but had growth is this spontaneous generation or biogenesis?

spontaneous generation

___________ ___________ is the hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter; a "vital force" forms life

spontaneous generation

pasteurization is NOT ___________

steralization

Pasteur proved biogenesis for living cells with his ______ ______ experiment

swan neck

cowpox

vaccinia virus

smallpox

variola virus

Pasteurization destroys many spoilage microbes, but does not kill __________

yeasts