Biol 211L Practical Review

About how many species of arthropods have received scientific names?

1 million

About how many species of cockroaches have been named by biologists?

1.3 million species

Low (10x)

10um/ocular unit

What aspect of nutrition takes place in the intestine?

Absorption

How do members of Class Bivalvia obtain their food?

Filteration

How do members of Phylum Porifera obtain their food?

Filteration

Where do members of Phylum Platyhelminthes digest their food?

In their gut

Why are members of Phylum Echinodermata considered to be bilaterally symmetrical?

In their larval stage, they are bilaterally symmetrical

What is the function of spider chelicerae?

Inject their prey with venom, used to bring food to the mouth

What type of organism is the primary prey for sea stars?

Bivalves

What is the relationship between Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA?

Both pathogenic strains of the same species although MRSA is a strain that is resistant to methicillin.

What is the common name given to members of Phylum Cnidaria that are placed in Family Faviidae?

Brain coral

Members of this order can vector the bacterium Yersinia pestis to humans. What disease is caused by Yersinia pestis?

Bubonic plague

How do the eyespots function to increase survival of planarians?

Can detect light because if they are in too much light, they will dry out. Prevent body from drying out

Where would you be at risk of being parasitized by Dermoatobia hominis?

Central and West Africa

What protein is the cuticle primarily composed of?

Chitin

What is the primary prey of the member of Order Hymenoptera named Sphecius speciosus?

Cicadas

How do you focus on the stereoscope?

Close your left eye, use the course focus first, than use the fine adjustment knob to focus

Do fish have closed circulatory systems or open circulatory systems?

Closed

What type of circulatory systems do members of Phylum Annelida possess?

Closed circulatory system

What are the common names for the two main groups within Order Odonata? Where do larval forms ("nymphs") of members of Odonata live?

Dragonflies and damselflies; in water

What aspect of nutrition takes place in the pharynx?

Draws food from buccal cavity

What is the common name for members of this Order Dermaptera? What do they feed on?

Earwigs; dead plants and animal minerals

To what part of the world is the "night crawler" native?

Europe, but was introduced to North America

How do members of sub phylum urochordata obtain food?

Filteration

If you turn the light source on your scope and there is no light, what should you check?

First, the iris diaphragm creates an aperture that regulates the amount of light passing through the condenser and ultimately the ocular lenses. Second, the amount of light emitted from the light source can be adjusted by turning the illumination intensity control typically located near the on/off switch on a microscope.

Where is the "tiger mosquito" (Aedis albopictus) native, and what is the human medical significance of this species?

From Japan; causes malaria and west nile virus

What aspect of nutrition takes place in the gizzard?

Grinding

What is the function of the beak?

Helps to kill and eat prey

What is the scientific name of the "American Lobster" or the "Maine Lobster"

Homarus americanus

What species of mammal is infected by Ascaris lumbricoides?

Humans

What function do these ganglia serve?

Interpret sensory information

What is the function of the notochord in lancelets?

It Is the supporting structure of the lancelet

What is the function of the pharyngeal basket in lancelets?

It allows them to feed

Bacillus anthracis grows as a pathogen in various animals, including humans causing the disease called anthrax. Why is this species able to persist for decades or centuries in harsh conditions such as temperature extremes, lack of water, etc.?

It is a dormant endosperm

What is the function of the ink sac?

It sprays ink to confuse and distract predators so the squid can get away

What kind of specimens are best viewed using the stereoscope?

Large specimens, dissected specimens

How do you use an ocular micrometer to take measurements?

Look through the left lens and you will see the micrometers and count how many dashes the specimen or thing you are looking for has

What is the function of the mandibles?

Lower jaw bone, aids in chewing food

Where would you adjust magnification on the stereoscope?

Magnification knob

What kinds of specimens are poorly viewed using the stereoscope?

Microscopic specimens, small specimens

What is the relationship between a nematocyst and a cnidocyte?

Nematocyst are the stinging cells inside of the cnidocyte

Is the notochord present in adult tunicates?

No

Is the water vascular system of sea stars equivalent of the cardiovascular system of a mammal? why or why not?

No. Water vascular system is for feeding, moving, and waste. Cardiovascular transports blood in a mammal

What is the scientific name for rainbow trout? To what taxonomic class do they belong?

Oncorhynchus mykiss; Actinopterygii

What is the function of the madreporite?

Opening in to the water vascular system acts as a strainer to keep debris out of the system

How do most members of Sub-class Hirudinea obtain their food?

Parasitic host's blood

What four characteristics do all chordates share in common?

Pharyngeal basket, notochord, dorsal nerve cord, post-anal tail

Compared to butterfly, which life cycle stages are missing in members of Order Orthoptera?

Pupa stage

Given that barnacles are sessile (non-motile) as adults, how do males transfer sperm to females?

Release their sperm into the open water where females release their eggs?????

What is the role of the clitellum in earthworm reproduction?

Secrete a mucus ring into which eggs and sperm are released

Some species in Order Mantodea exhibit "sexual cannibalism." What is sexual cannibalism?

The female eats its mate

What could you do to adjust the contrast on your scope?

The light adjustment knob

What is the significance of Caenorhabditis elegans to the study of developmental biology?

They are transparent, so it is easier to study the cell diffusion of this species

What is the significance of members of the genus Hapalochlaena to human health?

They can bite

Where do the larval forms of "cicadas", members of Order Hemiptra, live and what do they feed on?

They live underground and feed on sap

What is the function of spinnerets?

Used to make silk

What is the function of the pharyngeal basket in tunicates?

Water is filtered through it

What is the function of the siphon?

Water leaves and enters the mollusk's body

Order Lepidoptera, butterflies

What class does this species belong to?

Intestine, Phylum Nematoda

What is this structure and what Phylum has this structure? (D)

Book gills, sub-phylum Chelicerata

What is this structure and what sub-phylum has this structure?

Spinnerets, Sub-phylum Chelicerata

What is this structure and what sub-phylum has this structure?

Carapace, Sub-Phylum Crustacea

What is this structure and what sub-phylum has this structure? (A)

This specimen is a member of the genus Anabaena. The goldish circles are called heterocysts which are nitrogen fixation cells. Notice the bead like structure.

What member of cyanobacteria is this?

This specimen is a member of the genus Gloeocapsa. Note the round structure.

What member of cyanobacteria is this?

This specimen is a member of the genus Spirulina. Notice the spiral like structures

What member of cyanobacteria is this?

This specimen is a member of the genus Tolypothrix. Notice the branched structure.

What member of cyanobacteria is this?

Order Hemiptra, true bugs

What order do theses species belong to? (Cicadas)

Order Blattodea, cockroaches

What order does this species belong to?

Order Coleoptera, beetles

What order does this species belong to?

Order Dermaptera, earwigs

What order does this species belong to?

Order Diptera, flies

What order does this species belong to?

Order Mantodea, praying mantis

What order does this species belong to?

Order Odonata, dragonflies and damselflies

What order does this species belong to?

Order Orthoptera, grasshoppers

What order does this species belong to?

Order Phthiraptera, lice

What order does this species belong to?

Order Siphonaptera, fleas

What order does this species belong to?

Order Hymenoptera, (bees, wasps, ants)

What order to these species belong to?

Phylum Chordata, Sub-phylum Urochordata, tunicates

What phylum and sub-phylum does this animal belong to?

Phylum Chordata, Sub-phylum Verterbrata, trout

What phylum and sub-phylum does this animal belong to?

Phylum Chordata, Sub-phylum Cephalochordate lancelets

What phylum and sub-phylum does this animals belong to?

Phylum Cnidaria, Coral

What phylum does this species belong to?

Phylum Echinodermata, sea cucumber

What phylum does this species belong to?

Phylum Echinodermata, sea star

What phylum does this species belong to?

Phylum Mollusca, bivalves

What phylum does this species belong to?

Phylum Mollusca, octopus and squid

What phylum does this species belong to?

Phylum Mollusca, snails

What phylum does this species belong to?

Phylum Nematoda, Ascaris

What phylum does this species belong to?

Phylum Platyhelminthes, planarian

What phylum does this species belong to?

Coelom, Phylum Annelida

What structure is this and to what Phylum has this structure?

Siphon, Phylum Mollusca

What structure is this and what Phylum does it belong to? (D)

Beak, Phylum Mollusca

What structure is this and what Phylum has this structure?

Clitellum, Phylum Annelida

What structure is this and what Phylum has this structure?

Dorsal Nerve cord, Phylum Chordata

What structure is this and what Phylum has this structure?

Gizzard, Phylum Annelida

What structure is this and what Phylum has this structure?

Hearts, Phylum Annelida

What structure is this and what Phylum has this structure?

Intestine, Phylum Annelida

What structure is this and what Phylum has this structure?

Pharynx, Phylum Annelida

What structure is this and what Phylum has this structure?

Pseudocoelom, Phylum Nematoda

What structure is this and what Phylum has this structure?

Ganglia, Phylum Annelida

What structure is this and what Phylum has this structure? (2)

Tube foot, Phylum Echinodermata

What structure is this and what Phylum has this structure? (4)

Madreporite, Phylum Echinodermata

What structure is this and what Phylum has this structure? (A)

Notochord, Phylum Chordata

What structure is this and what Phylum has this structure? (A)

Tentacles, Phylum Mollusca

What structure is this and what Phylum has this structure? (A)

Vas deferens, Phylum Nematoda

What structure is this and what Phylum has this structure? (A)

Cuticle, Phylum Nematoda

What structure is this and what Phylum has this structure? (Arrow pointing to outside layer of skin)

Arms, Phylum Mollusca

What structure is this and what Phylum has this structure? (B)

Ink sac, Phylum Mollusca

What structure is this and what Phylum has this structure? (C)

Uterus, Phylum Nematoda

What structure is this and what Phylum has this structure? (C)

Post-anal tail, Phylum Chordata

What structure is this and what phylum has this structure?

Digestive glands, Phylum Echinodermata

What structure is this and what phylum has this structure? (B)

Pharyngeal basket, Phylum Chordata

What structure is this and what phylum has this structure? (C)

Abdominal flexor muscle, Sub-phylum Crustacea

What structure is this and what sub-phylum has this structure?

Tentacle, Phylum Cnidaria

What structure is this and which Phylum has this structure?

Eyespots, Phylum Platyhelminthes

What structure is this and which Phylum has this structure? (little round dots)

Gastrovascular Cavity, Phylum Cnidaria

What structure is this and which Phylum has this structure? (white structure within the animal)

Ring canal and radial canal, Phylum Echinodermata

What structures are these and what Phylum has these structures? (A)(B)

Incurrent and excurrent siphons, Sub-phylum Urochordata

What structures are these and what sub-phylum has these structures? (1) (2)

Sub-class Oligochaeta

What sub-class does the earthworm belong to?

Phylum Cnidaria, Jellyfish

What type of cnidarian is this?

What is the relationship between the carapace and the process of ecdysis?

carapace is the outer protective covering and ecdysis is the shedding of the carapace

What is the function of the gills?

exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

What is the function of the kidney?

extracts waste from blood, balance body fluids and form urine

What is the function of the male swimmerets?

help to transfer sperm to the female

What is the role of the abdominal flexor muscles in locomotion?

helps the crustasians to flip and escape

What is the function of the gastric mill?

helps to grind food

What is the function of the incurrent and excurrent siphons?

incurrent draws in water and the excurrent pushes water out

What are three functions of tube feet?

locomotion feeding gas exchange

Why are the gills highly branched?

more surface area for more gas exchange

In what type of habitat are members of sub-phylum cephalochordata typically found?

sandy bottoms in shallow waters

What is the primary structural distinction between the dorsal nerve cord of a lancelet and the spinal cord of a human?

the spinal cord is within the vertebrae

What is the relationship between lymantria dispar and eastern deciduous forests in North America?

they eat foliage of these trees

Unlike fish, lancelets lack gills. How do lancelets achieve exchange of respiratory gases?

through the skin and use of their pharynx

In addition to book gills and book lungs, what 2 other types of respiratory systems are round in members of phylum arthropoda

trachaea and spiracles

Bacilli

What shape of bacteria is this?

Notochord, Sub-phylum Urochordata

What structure is this and what sub-phylum has this structure? (1)

Gills, Sub-phylum Vertebrata

What structure is this and what sub-phylum has this structure? (2)

Pharyngeal Basket, Phylum Chordata, Urochordata

What structure is this and what sub-phylum has this structure? (3)

Heart, sub-phylum Verterbrata

What structure is this and what sub-phylum has this structure? (A)

Swim bladder. Sub-phylum Vertebrata

What structure is this and what sub-phylum has this structure? (A)

Kidney, Sub-phylum Vertebrata

What structure is this and what sub-phylum has this structure? (B)

Male swimmerets, Sub-phylum Crustacea

What structure is this and what sub-phylum has this structure? (B)

Mandibles, Sub-phylum Crustacea

What structure is this and what sub-phylum has this structure?(c)

Phylum Cnidaria, Hydra

What type of cnidarian is this?

What is the human medical significance of blood from Limulus Polyphemus?

Blood contains amebocytes that aids defense from foreign bodies

What is the anatomical distinction between a coelom and pseudocoelom?

Coelom have 3 layers: mesoderm, endoderm, and exoderm; Pseudocoelom have 2 layers: endoderm and exoderm

What is the function of spicules?

Creates the skeleton of the sponge

What is the function of the swim bladder?

Enables the fish to maintain its depth without floating upward or sinking

What does the word "gastropod" mean?

Stomach foot

What is the relationship between tentacles and cnidocytes?

Tentacles capture the prey and the cnidocytes paralyze the prey. Cnidocytes are found on the tentacles.

Why are annelids considered to have a coelom rather than a pseudocoelom?

Their body cavity is completely lined with mesoderm

What structure do earthworms use to accomplish respiratory gas (ie, oxygen and carbon dioxide) exchange?

Their skin

How do members of Phylum Cnidaria eliminate undigested waste from their bodies?

Through the mouth

Where does non-digestible material leave the gastrovascular cavity? (Platyhelminthes)

Through the pharynx

When should you use the course adjustment?

Under 4x and 10x to focus the species

Class Bivalvia

What class do clams and oysters belong to?

Class Gastropoda

What class do snails and slugs belong to?

Class Cephalopoda

What class do squids, octopus, and nautilus belong to?

Phylum Arthropoda, Sub-phylum Chelicerata

What phylum do these species belong to?

Phylum Arthropoda, Sub-phylum Insecta

What phylum do these species belong to?

Phylum Annelida, earthworm

What phylum does this species belong to?

Phylum Annelida, leech

What phylum does this species belong to?

Phylum Arthropoda, Sub-phylum Crustacea

What phylum does this species belong to?

Phylum Porifera, cellulose sponge

What phylum does this species belong to?

Phylum Porifera, glass sponge

What phylum does this species belong to?

Cocci

What shape of bacteria is this?

Spirilla

What shape of bacteria is this?

Bacillus anthracis

What species of bacteria is this?

Clostridium tetani

What species of bacteria is this?

Staphylococcus aureus

What species of bacteria is this?

Chelicerae, Sub-phylum Chelicerata

What structure is this and what sub-phylum has this structure?

Gastric mill, Sub-phylum Crustacea

What structure is this and what sub-phylum has this structure?

Gills, Sub-phylum Crustacea

What structure is this and what sub-phylum has this structure? (They look like feathers, help them breathe)

Cirri, Sub-phylum Crustacea

What structure is this and what sub-phylum has thus structure? (Look like little tentacles coming from the head)

Gastrovascular cavity, Phylum Platyhelminthes

What structure is this and which Phylum has this structure?

Nematocyst, Phylum Cnidaria

What structure is this and which Phylum has this structure?

Spicule, Phylum Porifera

What structure is this and which Phylum has this structure?

Sub-class Hirudinea

What sub class does the leech belong to?

Does your scope have an micrometer?

Yes

If this Elodea cell was being viewed at 20X and the ocular calibration was 4 um/ocular unit, how long is this cell?

(20x)= 4um/ocular unit Cell size: 60 ocular units Cell size: 60 X 4um= 240um

What is the relationship between Euspira heros and various species of marine bivalves?

(They have holes in their shell) They prey on bivalves

What magnification ability do you have on the ocular lens?

10

Clostridium tetani produces a protein (tetanospasmin) that is a neurotoxin. About how much tetanospasmin is required for a lethal dose in a 70 kg human?

175 nanograms

High (40x)

2.5um/ocular unit

Approximately how many eggs can a Ascaris worm produce in a day?

200,000

Scanning (4x)

25um/ocular unit

About how many species have been named in order coleoptera? What is the approximate total number of species estimated to be present in this order?

400,000; 900,000

What are the magnification abilities of the objectives on this scope?

4x, 10x, 40x

Tolypothrix is a photoautotroph, what does this mean?

A photoautotroph that uses light energy as its food source.

Like all cyanobacteria, Spirulina is a "photoautotroph." What does that mean?

A photoautotroph uses light energy as its food source.

What disease of humans is caused by members of Order Phthiraptera vectoring Rickettsia prowazekii?

An STD?????

How is the tentacle of a cephalopod similar to the tentacle of a cnidarian? How is it different?

Arm like structures that help capture prey; cephalopods have suction scups and cnidarians have cndiocytes