BIOL 224 Ch 22

What region of an antibody molecule that determines its class?

constant

Pre-B cells mature into B cells within the ______. Pre-T cells mature into T cells within the ______.

bone marrow, thymus

Lymph from the organs of the thoracic cavity drain into the the ______ trunks while lymph from the abdominal organs drain into the ______ trunks.

bronchomediastinal, intestinal

Chemicals or microbial components that attract white blood cells to a particular site are called ______ factors.

chemotaxic

The process by which white blood cells move toward a chemical signal is called

chemotaxis

A group of identical lymphocytes, all of which target the same antigen, is called a(n) ______.

clone

Enhanced phagocytosis, inflammation and chemotaxis, as well as lysis of cells occurs as a result of ______.

complement

The fluid that moves from the interstitial fluid into lymphatic capillaries is called .

lymph

As lymph flows through the lymphatic vessels, the lymph flows through structures in series that filter the lymph. These structures are ______.

lymph nodes

What structure functions to filter lymph?

lymph nodes

Excess fluid in the interstitial spaces is collected by ______.

lymphatic capillaries

Interstitial fluid becomes lymphatic fluid when it enters the ______.

lymphatic capillaries

Lymphatic nodules found within lymph nodes are called ______.

lymphatic follicles

In the figure, the structures indicated within the cortex are called ______.

lymphatic nodules

Peyer patches are examples of ______.

lymphatic nodules

Lymph is the fluid located within ______.

lymphatic vessels

The accumulation of tissue fluid in an area of the body due to blockage of lymphatic drainage is called ______.

lymphedema

The white blood cell that is a primary component of lymphatic tissue is the

lymphocyte

Cells called ______ are located within lymph nodes, where they detect and respond to microorganisms and other foreign antigens by proliferating and initiating immune reactions.

lymphocytes

Cells that are produced in red bone marrow, mature in either the red bone marrow or thymus, then circulate to and reside in lymphatic tissue are ______.

lymphocytes

Natural killer cells protect the body by ______. Select all that apply.

lysing non-specific tumor cells. lysing non-specific virally infected cells.

The effects of complement activation include ______. Select all that apply.

enhances phagocytosis attraction of neutrophils cell lysis

The epithelium of the lymphatic capillaries have one-way valves that allow for fluid to _____ the lymphatic capillaries but not to _____.

enter, leave

IgD and IgM are both classes of antibodies that ______.

function as antigen receptors on B cells

Autoimmune diseases occur when defense mechanisms attack __________ antigens

self

Antigens can be differentiated based on their source. An antigen that is produced by the body is a ______ antigen while an antigen that is introduced from outside of the body is a ______ antigen.

self, foreign

Lymphatic tissues are built upon ______ and contain primarily ______.

reticular fibers, lymphocytes

Lymphatic vessels are anatomically very similar to ______.

veins Reason: Lymphatic vessels are very similar in anatomy to cardiovascular veins. The tunica interna has an endothelium and valves. The tunica media has elastic fibers and smooth muscle. The thin tunica externa is the outer layer of the lymphatic vessel.

Within the spleen, Blank 1 of 2 pulp is associated with arteries and consists of lymphatic tissue (periarterial lymphatic sheath). The Blank 2 of 2 pulp is associated with veins and contains macrophages and erythrocytes.

white red

Which is the most important cellular component of the immune system?

white blood cell

As blood enters the spleen, it first passes through the ______ pulp, then through the ______ pulp.

white, red

Identify the basic functions of cytotoxic T cells. Select all that apply.

Lysing of cells Secretion of cytokines

Place the structures that lymph flows through a lymph node in order.

Afferent lymphatic vessel Subcapsular sinus of the cortex Sinuses of the cortex and medulla Efferent lymphatic system

What are mucosal associated lymphatic tissues?

Aggregates of lymphatic tissue scattered throughout the lamina propria of mucous membranes

Identify the function of regulatory T cells.

Inhibit helper and cytotoxic T cell activity

Indicate the function of interferons.

Interferons stimulate cells to produce antiviral proteins

Describe the thymus gland. Select all that apply.

Is an endocrine gland. Bilobed gland

What is the fate of a cytotoxic T cell once it destroys a target cell?

It can destroy another target cell but only one displaying the same MHC/antigen complex as the first target cell.

True or false: All cells in a lymphocyte clone have the same antigen receptor.

True

True or false: Lymphatic vessels are found in all body tissues.

True Reason: Lymphatic vessels penetrate most body tissues but are absent in the central nervous system, cartilage, cornea, bone, and bone marrow.

An MHC class II/antigen complex on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell (APC) binds to a T-cell receptor. What results from this interaction?

Other immune cells are stimulated to respond to the antigen

Identify the components of the white pulp of the spleen. Select all that apply.

Periarterial lymphatic sheath Lymphatic nodules

Lymphatic nodules located in the lamina propria of the intestinal mucosa are called ______.

Peyer's patches

Match the name of the tonsil(s) with the correct location.

Pharyngeal tonsil-Near junction of nasal cavity and pharynx Lingual tonsil-Posterior surface of tongue Palatine tonsils-At junction between oral cavity and pharynx

Place the structures that lymph flows through a lymph node in order.

Place the structures that lymph flows through a lymph node in order. Afferent lymphatic vessel Subcapsular sinus of the cortex Sinuses of the cortex and medullaEfferent lymphatic system

What can serve as costimulation of lymphocytes. Select all that apply.

Release and binding of cytokines the surface of the lymphocyte Combining of surface molecules between the lymphocyte and another cell

Chemotactic factors _____ white blood cells to/from a particular site.

attract

Identify locations of macrophages. Select all that apply.

Dermis Mucous membrane Subcutaneous tissue

Match the specific type of macrophage with the correct location.

Dust cells = Lungs Kupffer cells = Liver Microglia = Central nervous system

Identify the functions of the lymphatic system. Select all that apply.

Fluid balance Defense Lipid absorption

Match the labeled structure with the correct lymphatic vessel.

A - Jugular trunk B - Subclavian trunk C - Bronchiomediastinal trunk D - Thoracic trunk

Match the labeled lymphatic structures with the correct name.

A - Lymph node B - Lymphatic vessel C - Tonsils D - Spleen

Correctly pair the labeled structures with the name of the lymphatic structure.

A - Thoracic duct B - Lymphatic vessel C - Bone marrow D - Thymus E - Spleen

The two types of lymphocytes in lymphatic tissue are ________?

B cells and T cells

Exemplify active natural immunity.

Being exposed to the influenza virus by a classmate that has the flu

Inflammation is a defense mechanism of the body. Explain how inflammation protects the body. Select all that apply.

Movement of fibrinogen into the tissue to allow for clotting and preventing the spread of the infection Increased permeability allows for complement to enter the tissue Promotes vasodilation that brings more phagocytes to the area

Match each cell of innate immunity with its primary function.

Natural killer cell-Lyses tumor cells and virally-infected cells Eosinophil-Fight parasitic infections Basophil-Blood cell that enters tissue and releases substances that promote inflammation Mast cell-Cell of connective tissue that promotes inflammation Monocyte-Leaves the blood to become macrophage

Identify the function of pyrogens.

Promote fever

Indicate the functions of lymph nodes. Select all that apply.

Site of lymphocyte activation and proliferation Filter lymph

Prior to antibody production by plasma cells, which must occur? Select all that apply.

Some activated B cells convert to plasma cells Helper T cell binds to MHC class II/antigen complex on B cell B cell proliferates in response to cytokines B cell binds to, endocytotizes, processes, and presents antigen

Identify organs of the lymphatic system. Select all that apply.

Spleen Tonsils Lymph nodes Thymus

Match the lymphatic structures and organs with their correct functions.

Spleen - Filters blood Lymph node - Filters lymph Lymphatic capillaries - Removes tissue fluid and absorbs lipids from the small intestine.

Many individuals receive a flu shot each year. The flu shot contains dead viral antigens. Once a flu shot is received, individuals will produce antibodies against those antigens in approximately two weeks. This is an example of ______ immunity.

active

An individual develops a cold from a co-worker. This is an example of ______ immunity.

active natural

When an individual is exposed to an antigen that stimulates an immune response it is referred to as _______ immunity; however when an immunity is transfered from one organism to a nonimmune individual it is referred to as ______ immunity.

active, passive

Body defenses that are acquired through exposure to different pathogens make up our body's ______ immunity.

adaptive

NK cells, T cells and B cells are all lymphocytes important in defense mechanisms in the body; however the T and B cells are part of ______ immunity and NK cells are part of _______ immunity.

adaptive; innate Reason: Adaptive and specific immunity mean the same thing. T cells and B cells are part of the adaptive or specific immunity.

Lymph enters a lymph node via ______ vessels and exits a lymph node via ______ vessels.

afferent, efferent Reason: Lymph enters a lymph node via afferent vessels, where it enters the subcapsular sinuses of the cortex then medulla, before exiting via one of the three efferent lymphatic vessels that emerge from the hilum.

When would an increase in eosinophils be expected? During ______. Select all that apply.

allergic reactions parasitic infections

Lymph nodes are found ______.

along lymphatic vessels

Extracellular proteins that are produced during an immune response and bind to antigens, aiding in their destruction or neutralization, are called ______.

antibodies

An ____________-mediated immune response is effective against extracellular antigens, such as bacteria, viruses, and toxins when they are outside the cell..

cell

Intracellular antigens are targeted primarily by ______ -mediated adaptive immunity while extracellular antigens are targeted primarily by ______ -mediated immunity.

cell, antibody

T Cells are the primary cells involved in _____ immunity.

cell-mediated

During parasitic infections or allergic reactions it would be expected to see an increase in the number of ______.

eosinophils

Normally the first type of lymphocyte to proliferate is during a response to an antigen is the ______.

helper T cell

Histamine, kinins, eicosanoids, and complement proteins are examples of ______.

inflammatory mediators

Compared to neutrophils, macrophage ______. Select all that apply.

ingest a larger quantity of particles. live longer. ingest larger particles.

Diffuse lymphatic tissue and lymphatic nodules are examples of ______.

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

The defense cell of innate immunity that lyses tumor and virally infected cells is the ______.

natural killer cell

Lymphocytes called ______ cells respond to tumor cells or virally-infected cells in general and lack a memory response, unlike the lymphocytes called ______ cells which respond to specific tumor cells and specific viral infections and do have a memory response.

natural killer, B and T

The elimination of T and B cells that target self-antigens occurs through a process called ______ selection.

negative

The first type of white blood cell to enter infected tissue where they act as phagocytes and release chemicals that are chemotactic and that enhance inflammation are ______.

neutrophils

MHC class I molecules are found on ______.

nucleated cells

Complement activation can result in the attachment of complement proteins to bacterial cell surfaces, enhancing the phagocytosis of the bacteria. This process is called ______.

opsonization

An individual had been bitten by a venomous snake. He is given an antivenom that is antibodies against the poisonous venom. This is an example of ______ immunity.

passive artificial

During the development of lymphocytes, some pre-T and pre-B cells survive and develop into cells capable of an immune response, this is referred to as ______ selection. However some cells are suppressed from responding to self antigens, this is referred to as ______ selection.

positive, negative

The purpose of an MCH II molecule/antigen complex is to ______.

present the antigen to an immune cell thus stimulating other cells to respond

The function of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) is to ______.

prevent microorganisms from penetrating mucous membranes

Negative selection is the process that ______.

prevents development of T and B cells that target self-antigens

Antigen presentation followed by costimulation of a helper T cell will promote the helper T cell to ______.

proliferate

The accumulation of dead cells, fluid and tissue debris is called .

pus

A chemical that stimulates fever production is a

pyrogen

Where are lymphocytes produced?

red bone marrow

Immune responses are inhibited by ______ T cells.

regulatory

Defense mechanisms that exhibit specificity and memory are classified as _____________ immunity.

specific

The ability of the immune system to respond to a particular foreign substance is referred to as ______ and the ability of the immune system to mount a longer-lasting and more rapid response as a result of previous exposure is referred to as ______.

specificity, memory

The structure that destroys old and defective erythrocytes, contains immune cells that respond to foreign substances in the blood, and acts as a blood reservoir is the ______.

spleen

A surgical procedure in which the spleen is removed is called a(n)

splenectomy

The function of thymosin, the hormone produced by the thymus gland, is to ______.

stimulate maturation of T lymphocytes

An antigen is a substance that ______.

stimulates an adaptive immune response

Shock can accompany ______ inflammation.

systemic

Describe the structure of lymphatic vessels. Select all that apply.

Consist of 3 layers of tissue Contains one-way valves

Identify the typical requirements for the production of an immune response by either T or B cells. Select all that apply.

Costimulation Recognition of an MHC-II/antigen complex

Exemplify active artificial immunity.

Receiving a shot that contains dead viruses for whooping cough

Exemplify passive artificial immunity.

Receiving tetanus immunoglobulins

What are the signs and symptoms of local inflammation? Select all that apply.

Redness Pain Heat Edema or swelling

Identify the function of macrophage within the lymph nodes.

Remove substances from lymph

Define tolerance.

The state when lymphocytes are unresponsive to a specific antigen.

What is true of an individual who is lacking a thymus?

They will not have mature T-cells in circulation.

Describe the wall of lymphatic capillaries.

Thin-walled, with overlapping squamous cells

Correctly match each lymphatic structure or organ with its correct function.

Thymus gland-Site of T cell maturation Lymphatic ducts-Drain lymph into veins Mucous associated lymphoid tissue-Prevent microorganisms penetrating the digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts Spleen-Destroys defective red blood cells and serves as a blood reservoir

What is the function of a lacteal?

To absorb triglycerides and other lipids from digested food

Release and binding of cytokines to the surface of a lymphocyte or interaction between surface molecules of two cells can function in ______ of lymphocytes.

costimulation

Perforin, tumor necrosis factor, the interferons, and the interleukins are examples of ______.

cytokines

Compare the roles of MHC proteins in stimulating immune responses. MHC class I with a bound antigen binds to a T-cell receptor and ultimately results in ______. MHC class II with a bound antigen binds to an antigen receptor and results in ______.

destruction of cell, stimulation of response(s) by other immune cells which destroy antigen

Accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces of the tissue is called

edema

The specialized lymphatic capillaries located in the villi of the small intestines are called ____________.They are specialized to absorb fat from the intestines.

lacteals

A small secondary lymphatic organ found along the course of a lymphatic vessel that filters the lymph and functions as an activation site for B and T cells is a [Blank][Blank].

lymph node

Identify the structure(s) located along the course of lymphatic vessels.

lymph nodes

Small, spherical lymphatic structures that are distributed along lymphatic vessels are ______.

lymph nodes

Natural killer (NK) cells are a type of white blood cell, more specifically they are a type of

lymphocyte

While both neutrophils and macrophages are phagocytic, larger particles are ingested by ______. They are also longer-living of the two cell types.

macrophages

The thymus gland produces the hormone ______, that aids in the maturation of ______.

thymosin, T cells

The bilobed lymphatic gland located within the mediastinum is the ______ gland.

thymus

The lymphatic structure that increases in age until 1, then remains the same until approximately 60 when it decreases in size is the ___________.

thymus

Maturation of T-cells occurs in the ______.

thymus gland

Groups of lymphatic nodules and diffuse lymphatic tissue found deep to the mucosa within the pharynx (throat) are the

tonsils

The lymphatic structures found deep to the mucosa within the pharynx (throat) are called ______.

tonsils

The hormone, produced by the thymus, that stimulates T-cell maturation is

thymosin

Severe systemic inflammation can lead to shock, a life threatening condition where blood volume drops significantly. What causes the shock?

A movement of fluids from the blood into the tissues due to increased vascular permeability

Describe phagocytosis.

A process where foreign particles are engulfed by a cell

What is chemotaxis?

Ability of a white blood cell to migrate toward a chemical signal

Identify interactions between antibody mediated immunity and innate immunity.

Antibodies secreted in antibody mediated immunity stimulate phagocytosis. Antibodies secreted in antibody mediated immunity stimulate the activation of complement. Antibodies secreted in antibody mediated immunity stimulate inflammation

Identify interactions between antibody mediated immunity and innate immunity.

Antibodies secreted in antibody mediated immunity stimulate phagocytosis. Antibodies secreted in antibody mediated immunity stimulate the activation of complement. Antibodies secreted in antibody mediated immunity stimulate inflammation.

What type of cell can phagocytize foreign antigens and then put pieces of the antigens on their surface?

Antigen-presenting cells

Describe the process of opsonization.

Attachment of complement proteins to bacterial surface to enhance phagocytosis

Match each cell of adaptive immunity with its primary function.

B cell-Becomes a plasma or memory cell following differentiation Plasma cells-Produce antibodies Cytotoxic T cell-Destroy cells via lysing or production of cytokines Helper T cell-Activates B cells and cytotoxic T cells Dendritic cells-Present antigens to B and T cells Regulatory T cell-Inhibits activity of B cells, T helper and T cytotoxic cells

Match the defense cell with the correct function.

Basophil = Motile cell that stimulates inflammation Mast cell = Non-motile cell that stimulates inflammation Eosinophil = Fight parasitic infections

Identify the purpose of the variable region of the antibody.

Binds to the target antigen

The three groups of tonsils include the paired [Blank] tonsils, the [Blank] tonsil or the adenoids and the [Blank] tonsil.

Blank 1: palatine Blank 2: pharyngeal Blank 3: lingual

A form of endocytosis in which a cell surrounds a foreign particle with pseudopods and engulfs is called _______.

Blank 1: phagocytosis

Lymph is drained from the entire left side of the body along with the right side of the body inferior to the thorax by the ____________ uct and the lymph from the right side of the head is drained by the right ______________ duct.

Blank 1: thoracic Blank 2: lymphatic

Identify tissues that are lacking lymphatic vessels. Select all that apply.

Bone marrow Cartilage central nervous system

Identify interactions between cell mediated immunity and innate immunity. Select all that apply.

Cytokines secreted by helper T cells stimulate inflammation. Cytokines secreted by helper T cells stimulate phagocytosis. Macrophage of innate immunity present antigens to helper T cells.

Identify the functions of the spleen. Select all that apply.

Destruction of old and defection RBCs Blood reservoir Site of immune responses

Describe innate immunity. Select all that apply.

Determined genetically Response time is typically the same upon repeated exposure Typically present at birth

Identify examples of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). Select all that apply.

Diffuse lymphatic tissue Tonsils Lymphatic nodules

Match the lymphatic structure with the correct description.

Diffuse lymphatic tissue-Tissue lacking a clear boundary blending with surrounding tissue. Lymphatic nodules-Dense arrangements of lymphatic tissue organized into spherical structures

Indicate the effects of inflammatory mediators within an area of damaged tissue. Select all that apply.

Emigration of phagocytes from blood to tissue Increased vascular permeability

True or false: Both lymphatic tissues and lymphatic organs have distinct connective tissue capsules surrounding them.

False

True or false: Lymphocytes are produced in lymph nodes.

False

True or False: Lymphocytes only mature in the thymus.

False Reason: Lymphocytes also mature in red bone marrow.

Identify the functions of lymph nodes. Select all that apply.

Filtration of lymph Site of B and T cell activation

Identify the main functions of the lymphatic system. Select all that apply.

Fluid balance between blood capillaries and the interstitial fluid Protection from microorganisms Absorption of lipids

Where in a lymph node do B-cells undergo proliferation, differentiation, and activation?

Germinal center Reason: The germinal center is an area within the lymph node and spleen where B cell proliferation, differentiation and activation occurs.

Describe Peyer patches. Select all that apply.

Groups of lymph nodules Associated with the appendix

Antigens produced within a cell (such as viral proteins made within a virally-infected cell) are displayed on the cell surface by MHC class ______ molecules.

I

Antigens can be presented to helper T cells by B cells when the antigen is paired with an MHC ______ molecule.

II

B cells can display antigens for helper T cell activation when the antigen is paired with an MHC _____ molecule.

II

Identify chemical mediators that stimulate the inflammatory response. Select all that apply.

Kinins Eicosanoids Complement proteins Histamine

Match the labeled tonsils (A, B, or C) on the figure with the correct name.

Label A-Pharyngeal tonsil Label B-Palatine tonsil Label C-Lingual tonsil

The antigen presenting cells of the skin are called ______.

Langerhans cells

The dendritic cells of the skin are also called ______.

Langerhans cells

Match the lymphatic vessel with the area of the body that it drains.

Lumbar trunks - Lower limbs, pelvis, pelvic organs Bronchomediastinal trunks - Thoracic organs, deep thoracic wall Jugular trunks - Head and neck Intestinal trunks - Abdominal organs Subclavian trunks - Upper limbs

Indicate the characteristics of neutrophils. Select all that apply.

Part of innate immunity. Enhance inflammation Stimulate chemotaxis of other WBCs

Correctly pair each lymphatic structure with their correct function.

Lymph nodes - Filter lymph Lymphatic ducts - Drain lymph into veins Tonsils - Prevent microorganisms from entering into the pharynx Spleen - Destroys defective red blood cells and serves as a blood reservoir

Lymph nodes filter ______ and the spleen filters ______.

Lymph; Blood

What component of the lymphatic system is comprised of dead-end vessels with walls of simple squamous epithelium but lacking a basement membrane?

Lymphatic capillaries

Identify examples of secondary lymphatic structures. Select all that apply.

Lymphatic nodules Spleen Lymph nodes Tonsils

Distinct connective tissue capsules surround which of the following?

Lymphatic organs

Identify the basic components of lymphatic tissue. Select all that apply.

Macrophage Reticular cells Reticular fibers Lymphocytes

Identify the cells lining lymphatic sinuses of lymph nodes that function in the removal of foreign substances as lymph is being filtered.

Macrophages

What are monocytes that migrate to the tissue and function as phagocytes called?

Macrophages

During a secondary response, what cell type responds to the exposure to the antigen?

Memory B cells

Which feature of the lymphatic capillaries allows fluid to enter from the interstitial space, but prevents the lymph from returning to the interstitial space.

Overlapping squamous cells of vessel walls

Identify the basic components of lymphatic tissue. Select all that apply.

Reticular cells Reticular fibers Macrophage Lymphocytes

Match the characteristics of adaptive (specific) immunity with the correct definition.

Specificity - The ability of the defense mechanism to respond to a particular foreign substance The ability of the defense mechanism to respond to a particular foreign substance Memory - The ability to recognize a foreign substance that the immune system has previously encountered The ability to recognize a foreign substance that the immune system has previously encountered

What cells are activated by a self-cell with MHC class I/antigen complex on its surface?

T cells

Identify the types of lymphocytes found within lymphatic tissue. Select all that apply.

T cells B cells

Lymphotoxins are secreted by _____ cells. They function by _____.

T cytotoxic, lysing target cells

The thymus is the site of maturation of ______ cells (lymphocytes). The ______ cells (lymphocytes) mature in the bone marrow.

T, B

There are approximately 5 _____ lymphocytes for every one _____ lymphocyte.

T, B

List the actions of the cell-mediated immune response. Select all that apply.

Targets intracellular microorganisms Responsible for delayed hypersensitivity reactions Targets tumor cells

What is the function of a lacteal?

To absorb triglycerides and other lipids from digested food Reason: Lacteals are specialized lymphatic capillaries located in the villi of the small intestines. They function to absorb triglycerides and other lipids from digested food.

True or false: Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell found in the blood and in lymphatic tissues.

True

True or False: Lymphedema is a result of the blockage of lymphatic drainage.

True Reason: The blockage causes swelling known as edema; hence the name lymphedema.

True or False: Lymphocytes are found in blood and lymph nodes.

True Reason: Lymphocytes are found in other tissues as well.

Match the regions of the spleen with the correct description.

White pulp - Lymphatic tissue of spleen associated with arteries Red pulp - Lymphatic tissue of spleen associated with veins

Specificity and memory are characteristics of ______ immunity.

adaptive

Defense mechanisms that are acquired through exposure to different pathogens and respond to pathogens more quickly and stronger upon repeated exposure are referred to as

adaptive immunity

T cell activation results when a foreign antigen, presented with a self _____ protein, is presented to the T cell for binding and recognition.

antibody

The mechanisms by which antibodies (Ab) can inactivate or affect the functioning of antigens (Ag) include ______. Select all that apply.

antibody binding causes clumping or precipitation of antigens by binding to two separate antigens antibody binding to antigen, blocking its ability to function antibody/antigen binding causes inflammation antibody/antigen bonding causes activation of complement cascade

Cells that display a foreign antigen along with a MHC-II molecule in order to display the antigen to other immune cells is called a(n) ______.

antigen presenting cell

In order for lymphocytes to be activated against a specific antigen, the lymphocyte must be able to recognize the ______ and ______ in the number of lymphocytes.

antigen, increase

MHC class II molecules are found on ______.

antigen-presenting cells

The specific region of an antigen that is recognized by a lymphocyte is called a(n) ______.

antigenic determinant

Antigenic determinant sites are found on _____.

antigens

The cells that contain granules with inflammatory mediators inside are ______.

basophils, mast cells and eosinophils

The primary lymphatic organs include ______.

bone marrow and thymus

In some individuals, an enlarged sac is found at the inferior end of the thoracic duct. This sac is called the ______.

cisterna chyli

The dilated area of the lymphatic structure indicated in the figure is the ____________ __________ of the thoracic duct.

cisterna chyll

The term __________ refers to a group of identical lymphocytes, all of which target the same antigen.

clones

The function of lymphatic capillaries is to ______.

collect excess fluid in the interstitial spaces

Within a lymph node, the lymphatic nodules (follicles) are located in the ______.

cortex

Interferon activity is an example of ______ immunity.

innate

Body defenses that are present at birth, are genetically determined, and that always involve the same degree of response make up our body's

innate immunity

Defense mechanisms that respond at the same speed and efficiency upon repeated exposure are classified as ______ immunity and defense mechanisms that increase in speed and strength upon repeated exposure are classified as ______ immunity.

innate, adaptive

Proteins produced by virally-infected cells that stimulate neighboring cells to produce antiviral proteins to inhibit viral reproduction are called ______.

interferons

Edema occurs when there is an accumulation of fluid in the ______.

interstitial fluid

Cell-mediated adaptive immunity targets primarily ______ antigens, while antibody-mediated immunity targets ______ antigens.

intracellular, extracellular

Lymph is comprised of water and ______.

ions, nutrients, hormones, gases, and cellular waste products

The flow of lymph is induced by ______.

rhythmic contractions of the lymphatic vessels squeezing of the surrounding skeletal muscles

Lymphatic structures that allow for interactions between lymphocytes, antigens and antigen-presenting cells are ______ lymphatic structures. Lymphatic structures that allow for maturation of lymphocytes are ______ lymphatic structures.

secondary, primary

Autoimmune diseases occur when defense mechanisms attack _________ antigens.

self

Autoimmune diseases target ______ antigens.

self

Describe the change is size of the thymus gland throughout life. The thymus gland increases in size until ______.

the age of 1 and then remains the same until approximately 60

The lymphatic vessel found along the posterior midline of the abdominal and thoracic cavities from about the 12th thoracic vertebra to the base of the neck is the

thoracic duct

The lymphatic vessel indicated in the figure of the thorax is the ______.

thoracic duct

Question Mode Multiple Choice Question Lymphatic capillaries drain into lymphatic vessels which then drain into lymphatic ______. The lymph then enters lymphatic ______ which drain into subclavian veins.

trunks, ducts

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) prevents microorganisms from penetrating the ______. Select all that apply.

urinary tract digestive tract respiratory tract reproductive tract

Select each item that can be identified as a component of lymph. Select all that apply.

water hormones and other cellular products ions, gases, and nutrients

The periarterial lymphatic sheath and the lymphatic nodules are part of the ______ pulp of the spleen.

white