BIOL 2402 - AP 2 - CHAPTER 19 REVIEW: Blood
A stem cell can differentiate into:
1 - Myeloid stem cells Divide to produce RBCs and several types of WBCs 2 - Lymphoid stem cells Divide to produce lymphocytes
Less than 1% of formed elements of blood are ____and 99% are___
1% PLATELETS, RBC 99.9%
The average life span of a red blood cell is __ days
120 DAYS
Eosinophils make up________of the total number of circulating white blood cells.
2-4% - Range 0-700
Monocytes usually make up _____________of white blood cells in a blood sample.
2-8%, Range 200-950
Lymphocytes account for about_____ of the circulating white blood cells.
20-30%, Range 1500-4000
Three actions that may prevent blood loss are:
3 steps: Vascular - Immediate constriction of broken blood vessel MOST IMMEDIATE - NEAR INJURY Platelet - adhere to injury site and eachother PLATELET PLUG - CLOTTING - VESSEL REPAIR Coagulation - Most effective phase, activate fibrinogen - fibrin, chemical reaction at injury. CLOTTING CASCADE - IRON AND K FROM LIVER PULL EDGES TOGETHER - PLASMIN DIGEST FIBRIN
A healthy adult female has a red blood cell count between:
4.2-5.5 MILLION /uL
A healthy adult male has a red blood cell count between:
4.5-6.3 MILLION / uL
A blood sample is usually ________ % red blood cells and ______ % plasma.
45% RBC / 55% Plasma
A white blood cell count is normally between:
5,000-10,000
Neutrophils account for about_____of white blood cells in a blood sample
50-70% - Range 1800-7300
Basophils usually account for ____ of leukocytes.
< 1%, Range 0-150
A person with type A blood has _______________ antibody in their plasma
A ANTIGEN
A person with only antigen A has type:
A ONLY
A person with both antigen A and antigen B has type
AB - UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT
A person with type AB blood has neither________________ antibodies in their plasma
ALL A OR ALL B
The major event in blood clot formation is:
Acitvate Fibrinogen in to Fibrin
Coagulation causes:
Activation of Frbrinogen into fibrin. Clotting factors are secreted by liver and activated platelets - clotting cascade requires Ca+ and K to synthesize clotting factors
Agglutination is__________ and is due to ____.
Agglutination is clumping of RBC when wrong blood type is transfused.
The plasma nutrients are:
Albumin Globulins Fibrogens
The three main plasma protein groups are:
Albumin, Globulins and Fibrinogen
Functions of plasma include:
Albumin: Osmotic Pressure Globulins: Transport iron Lipids and Fat Fibrinogen: Forms blood clots
Red blood cells are ______________ in shape.
BICONCAVE
Most blood cells form in:
BONE MARROW
Monocytes can leave the________ to become
Bloodstream, peripheal tissue
Basophil granules stain _______ in a basic stain.
Blue
A person with type AB blood is called a universal recipient because:
CARRY BOTH A AND B ANTIGEN
Platelets release __________which ______
Chemicals, initiate clotting
Clotting factors are:
Clotting factors are secreted by liver and activated platelets
Plasma is:
Connective tissue fluid composed of a unique matrix of proteins
The function of the platelet plug is:
Control blood lose
Blood volume varies with
Differences in average body size Amount of adipose tissue will also influence how much blood a person has: -more adipose tissue, less blood-less adipose tissue, more blood
Anemia is:
Disorder of blood characterized by below-normal hematocrit (hemoglobin content is below normal)
When the availability of oxygen decreases, _____ is released and red blood cell production _____ .
ERYTHROPOIETIN, INCREASE
Types of nonprotein nitrogenous substances in plasma are:
Electrolytes Cholesterol Waste Dissolved Gas
The biconcave shape of red blood cells allow them tO:
Enables RBCs to form stacks (rouleaux) that smooth blood flow through narrow blood vessels
White blood cells function to:
Immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders
_____are the most abundant plasma electrolytes.
In intracellular fluid, the most abundant cation is potassium. In both tissue fluid and plasma, the most abundant cation is sodium. Negative ions are called anions (chloride Cl¬, bicarbonate HCO3-, sulfate SO4-2, phosphate HPO4-2, and protein anions).
Plasmin functions to:
Inactive plasma protein plasminogen becomes plasmin. Digest fibrin and dissolve the clot.
Basophils migrate to ___where they release ___.
Injury Sites - interstitial fluid with histamine and heparin.
Platelets help repair_______by sticking ______
Injury, platelet plug
White blood cells are also called:
Leukocytes
Red blood cells extrude their ____ as they mature.
NUCLEUS
Neutrophils phagocytize:
Neutrophils are abundant in the blood, quickly enter tissues, and phagocytize pathogens in acute inflammation.
Neutrophil granules appear_______ in an acid/base stain.
Neutrophils(being neutral), acidophils(acid loving) RED, or basophils(basic loving) BLUE
A person with neither antigen A nor antigen B has type:
O - UNIVERSAL DONOR
Albumins function to:
Osmotic pressure, transports lipids and hormones
The most important blood gases are:
Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
Erythropoietin controls ________________ and is released primarily from_________
PRODUCTION OF RBC , KIDNEYS (mainly) and LIVER
A platelet plug is formed when
Platelet plug releases chemical promoting vascular spasm, clotting and vessel repair.
Cellular fragments of blood are:
Platelets and Cell Fragments
Once fibrin threads form, they stick to:
Platelets which bind and contract to pull edges of injury vessel walls closer
The ABO blood group is based on:
Presence /Absence of A, B and Rh
Albumins are___ and are synthesized ____
Proteins, in liver
Formed elements of blood are:
RBC
Hematocrit is:
RBC
Types of blood cells are:
RBC and WBC
Erythropoiesis is:
RBC formation is called erythropoiesis
Blood cells originate in ______ from ________ .
RED BONE MARROW, SPONGY BONE
A normal platelet count is normally between:
Range 150,000 - 500,000
Eosinophil granules stain _____ in an acid stain.
Red
Initially, red blood cell formation occurs:
Red bone marrow is found in spongy bone
Blood volume is about ________ of body weight.
Scientists estimate the volume of blood in a human body to be approximately 7 percent of body weight. An average adult body with a weight of 150 to 180 pounds will contain approximately 4.7 to 5.5 liters (1.2 to 1.5 gallons) of blood.
Hemostasis refers to:
Stop of blood lose
Hemoglobin is:
The oxygen-carrying protein inside RBCs, causing their red color: hemoglobin (Hb)
Alpha and beta globulins are synthesized ______and function to __________
They are produced by the liver and the immune system Alpha 2 globulins Alpha 2 macroglobulin. Haptoglobin. Beta globulins Transferrin. Complement components C3, C4, C5.
Gamma globulins are synthesized____________ and function as__________
They are produced by the liver and the immune system Gamma globulins Mostly immunoglobulins (antibodies): IgG: majority of the immunoglobulin component. Many antibodies to bacteria and viruses are IgG. IgE: involved in allergic response. Triggers histamine release. Also protects against parasites. IgM: largest antibodies and first type produced in response to infection. IgD: exists in very small quantities in blood. Function not very well understood. IgA: found in mucous membranes, blood, saliva and tears. Protect body surfaces which are exposed to foreign substances.
Blood is said to be Rh positive when:
Those who have the Rh D antigen present on their erythrocytes are Rh positive (Rh+)
A person with Type A blood cannot receive Type B blood because:
Type A blood have preformed antibodies to the B antigen circulating in their blood plasma. Anti-B antibodies, will cause agglutination and hemolysis if they ever encounter erythrocytes with B antigens
Vasospasm is:
Vasospasm refers to the narrowing of a blood vessel, usually an artery, by tightening or spasm of the muscles within the vessel's wall
Two B-complex vitamins are needed for:
Vitamin B12 AND B6
Blood is three to four times more viscous than:
WATER
Plasma is a mixture of:
Water, Protein, Hormones, and Nutrients
Histamine promotes:
blood dilation
Granulocytes have ____ whereas agranulocytes __
granules in their cytoplasm.....lack cytoplasmic granules
A person with only antigen B has type:
B ONLY
Avoiding the mixture of certain kinds of ________________ prevent adverse transfusion reactions.
Blood
A blood clot is composed of:
Blood clots are made up of little particles called platelets and a meshwork of protein strands, called fibrin
Type O blood is the universal donor because:
Blood type O− is called the universal donor blood because the erythrocytes have neither A nor B antigens on their surface, and the Rh factor is negative.
Red blood cells are also called:
ERYTHROCYTES
Anti-Rh antibodies form only in Rh-negative persons when:
Erythroblastosis fetalis
Iron is required for:
HEMOGLOBIN
A red blood cell count is:
Hematocrit: The percentage of red blood cells in a blood sample OR packed cell volume (PCV)
Erythroblastosis fetalis occurs when:
Immune response in an Rh-negative mother who has multiple children with an Rh-positive father. During the first birth, fetal blood enters the mother's circulatory system, and anti-Rh antibodies are made. During the gestation of the second child, these antibodies cross the placenta and attack the blood of the fetus. The treatment for this disease is to give the mother anti-Rh antibodies (RhoGAM) during the first pregnancy to destroy Rh-positive fetal red blood cells from entering her system and causing the anti-Rh antibody response in the first place.
Platelets adhere to:
Injured site and eachother
Fibrinogen is synthesized _________________ and functions to__________
Liver, Blood Coagulation
Where are old RBCs destroyed in the body?
Liver, Spleen and Lymphnodes
An average-size adult has ______ liters of blood.
Males = 5-6 Liters Females = 4-5 Liters
Platelets arise from cells called:
Megakaryocytes shed cytoplasm in small membrane-enclosed packets.
Examples of agranuloctyes are:
Monocyte and Lymphocyte
The largest of the white blood cells are?
Monocytes
When an Rh-negative woman is pregnant with an ____ fetus, she will produce____
Rh-posititve, anti-Rh antibodies
The Rh blood group was named after the:
Rhesus Macaque
Blood is said to be Rh negative when:
Those who lack it are Rh negative (Rh−)
Platelets are also called:
Thrombocytes
Two vitamins needed for red blood cell production are?
amino acids-iron and folic acid
Eosinophils moderate:
mild (AEC 600-1500 cells/µL) moderate (AEC 1500-5000 cells/µL) severe (AEC >1500 cells/µL).
Examples of granulocytes are:
neutrophils, eosinopbils, and basophils
Heparin functions to:
prevents blood clotting
Following vasospasm, blood loss ____ and the ends of the severed vessel may ___
slows, constricts
Globulins can be divided into the following three groups:
Alpha and beta globulins are transport proteins, serve as substrates upon which other substances are formed, and perform other diverse functions. Gamma globulins have a vital role in natural and acquired immunity to infection.
Plasma electrolytes include:
Are ions - bicarbonate, magnesium, chloride, and potassium ions
A person with type B blood has ____________________ antibody in their plasma.
B ANTIGEN