BIOL 2402 - AP 2 - CHAPTER 19 REVIEW: Blood

A stem cell can differentiate into:

1 - Myeloid stem cells Divide to produce RBCs and several types of WBCs 2 - Lymphoid stem cells Divide to produce lymphocytes

Less than 1% of formed elements of blood are ____and 99% are___

1% PLATELETS, RBC 99.9%

The average life span of a red blood cell is __ days

120 DAYS

Eosinophils make up________of the total number of circulating white blood cells.

2-4% - Range 0-700

Monocytes usually make up _____________of white blood cells in a blood sample.

2-8%, Range 200-950

Lymphocytes account for about_____ of the circulating white blood cells.

20-30%, Range 1500-4000

Three actions that may prevent blood loss are:

3 steps: Vascular - Immediate constriction of broken blood vessel MOST IMMEDIATE - NEAR INJURY Platelet - adhere to injury site and eachother PLATELET PLUG - CLOTTING - VESSEL REPAIR Coagulation - Most effective phase, activate fibrinogen - fibrin, chemical reaction at injury. CLOTTING CASCADE - IRON AND K FROM LIVER PULL EDGES TOGETHER - PLASMIN DIGEST FIBRIN

A healthy adult female has a red blood cell count between:

4.2-5.5 MILLION /uL

A healthy adult male has a red blood cell count between:

4.5-6.3 MILLION / uL

A blood sample is usually ________ % red blood cells and ______ % plasma.

45% RBC / 55% Plasma

A white blood cell count is normally between:

5,000-10,000

Neutrophils account for about_____of white blood cells in a blood sample

50-70% - Range 1800-7300

Basophils usually account for ____ of leukocytes.

< 1%, Range 0-150

A person with type A blood has _______________ antibody in their plasma

A ANTIGEN

A person with only antigen A has type:

A ONLY

A person with both antigen A and antigen B has type

AB - UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT

A person with type AB blood has neither________________ antibodies in their plasma

ALL A OR ALL B

The major event in blood clot formation is:

Acitvate Fibrinogen in to Fibrin

Coagulation causes:

Activation of Frbrinogen into fibrin. Clotting factors are secreted by liver and activated platelets - clotting cascade requires Ca+ and K to synthesize clotting factors

Agglutination is__________ and is due to ____.

Agglutination is clumping of RBC when wrong blood type is transfused.

The plasma nutrients are:

Albumin Globulins Fibrogens

The three main plasma protein groups are:

Albumin, Globulins and Fibrinogen

Functions of plasma include:

Albumin: Osmotic Pressure Globulins: Transport iron Lipids and Fat Fibrinogen: Forms blood clots

Red blood cells are ______________ in shape.

BICONCAVE

Most blood cells form in:

BONE MARROW

Monocytes can leave the________ to become

Bloodstream, peripheal tissue

Basophil granules stain _______ in a basic stain.

Blue

A person with type AB blood is called a universal recipient because:

CARRY BOTH A AND B ANTIGEN

Platelets release __________which ______

Chemicals, initiate clotting

Clotting factors are:

Clotting factors are secreted by liver and activated platelets

Plasma is:

Connective tissue fluid composed of a unique matrix of proteins

The function of the platelet plug is:

Control blood lose

Blood volume varies with

Differences in average body size Amount of adipose tissue will also influence how much blood a person has: -more adipose tissue, less blood-less adipose tissue, more blood

Anemia is:

Disorder of blood characterized by below-normal hematocrit (hemoglobin content is below normal)

When the availability of oxygen decreases, _____ is released and red blood cell production _____ .

ERYTHROPOIETIN, INCREASE

Types of nonprotein nitrogenous substances in plasma are:

Electrolytes Cholesterol Waste Dissolved Gas

The biconcave shape of red blood cells allow them tO:

Enables RBCs to form stacks (rouleaux) that smooth blood flow through narrow blood vessels

White blood cells function to:

Immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders

_____are the most abundant plasma electrolytes.

In intracellular fluid, the most abundant cation is potassium. In both tissue fluid and plasma, the most abundant cation is sodium. Negative ions are called anions (chloride Cl¬, bicarbonate HCO3-, sulfate SO4-2, phosphate HPO4-2, and protein anions).

Plasmin functions to:

Inactive plasma protein plasminogen becomes plasmin. Digest fibrin and dissolve the clot.

Basophils migrate to ___where they release ___.

Injury Sites - interstitial fluid with histamine and heparin.

Platelets help repair_______by sticking ______

Injury, platelet plug

White blood cells are also called:

Leukocytes

Red blood cells extrude their ____ as they mature.

NUCLEUS

Neutrophils phagocytize:

Neutrophils are abundant in the blood, quickly enter tissues, and phagocytize pathogens in acute inflammation.

Neutrophil granules appear_______ in an acid/base stain.

Neutrophils(being neutral), acidophils(acid loving) RED, or basophils(basic loving) BLUE

A person with neither antigen A nor antigen B has type:

O - UNIVERSAL DONOR

Albumins function to:

Osmotic pressure, transports lipids and hormones

The most important blood gases are:

Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide

Erythropoietin controls ________________ and is released primarily from_________

PRODUCTION OF RBC , KIDNEYS (mainly) and LIVER

A platelet plug is formed when

Platelet plug releases chemical promoting vascular spasm, clotting and vessel repair.

Cellular fragments of blood are:

Platelets and Cell Fragments

Once fibrin threads form, they stick to:

Platelets which bind and contract to pull edges of injury vessel walls closer

The ABO blood group is based on:

Presence /Absence of A, B and Rh

Albumins are___ and are synthesized ____

Proteins, in liver

Formed elements of blood are:

RBC

Hematocrit is:

RBC

Types of blood cells are:

RBC and WBC

Erythropoiesis is:

RBC formation is called erythropoiesis

Blood cells originate in ______ from ________ .

RED BONE MARROW, SPONGY BONE

A normal platelet count is normally between:

Range 150,000 - 500,000

Eosinophil granules stain _____ in an acid stain.

Red

Initially, red blood cell formation occurs:

Red bone marrow is found in spongy bone

Blood volume is about ________ of body weight.

Scientists estimate the volume of blood in a human body to be approximately 7 percent of body weight. An average adult body with a weight of 150 to 180 pounds will contain approximately 4.7 to 5.5 liters (1.2 to 1.5 gallons) of blood.

Hemostasis refers to:

Stop of blood lose

Hemoglobin is:

The oxygen-carrying protein inside RBCs, causing their red color: hemoglobin (Hb)

Alpha and beta globulins are synthesized ______and function to __________

They are produced by the liver and the immune system Alpha 2 globulins Alpha 2 macroglobulin. Haptoglobin. Beta globulins Transferrin. Complement components C3, C4, C5.

Gamma globulins are synthesized____________ and function as__________

They are produced by the liver and the immune system Gamma globulins Mostly immunoglobulins (antibodies): IgG: majority of the immunoglobulin component. Many antibodies to bacteria and viruses are IgG. IgE: involved in allergic response. Triggers histamine release. Also protects against parasites. IgM: largest antibodies and first type produced in response to infection. IgD: exists in very small quantities in blood. Function not very well understood. IgA: found in mucous membranes, blood, saliva and tears. Protect body surfaces which are exposed to foreign substances.

Blood is said to be Rh positive when:

Those who have the Rh D antigen present on their erythrocytes are Rh positive (Rh+)

A person with Type A blood cannot receive Type B blood because:

Type A blood have preformed antibodies to the B antigen circulating in their blood plasma. Anti-B antibodies, will cause agglutination and hemolysis if they ever encounter erythrocytes with B antigens

Vasospasm is:

Vasospasm refers to the narrowing of a blood vessel, usually an artery, by tightening or spasm of the muscles within the vessel's wall

Two B-complex vitamins are needed for:

Vitamin B12 AND B6

Blood is three to four times more viscous than:

WATER

Plasma is a mixture of:

Water, Protein, Hormones, and Nutrients

Histamine promotes:

blood dilation

Granulocytes have ____ whereas agranulocytes __

granules in their cytoplasm.....lack cytoplasmic granules

A person with only antigen B has type:

B ONLY

Avoiding the mixture of certain kinds of ________________ prevent adverse transfusion reactions.

Blood

A blood clot is composed of:

Blood clots are made up of little particles called platelets and a meshwork of protein strands, called fibrin

Type O blood is the universal donor because:

Blood type O− is called the universal donor blood because the erythrocytes have neither A nor B antigens on their surface, and the Rh factor is negative.

Red blood cells are also called:

ERYTHROCYTES

Anti-Rh antibodies form only in Rh-negative persons when:

Erythroblastosis fetalis

Iron is required for:

HEMOGLOBIN

A red blood cell count is:

Hematocrit: The percentage of red blood cells in a blood sample OR packed cell volume (PCV)

Erythroblastosis fetalis occurs when:

Immune response in an Rh-negative mother who has multiple children with an Rh-positive father. During the first birth, fetal blood enters the mother's circulatory system, and anti-Rh antibodies are made. During the gestation of the second child, these antibodies cross the placenta and attack the blood of the fetus. The treatment for this disease is to give the mother anti-Rh antibodies (RhoGAM) during the first pregnancy to destroy Rh-positive fetal red blood cells from entering her system and causing the anti-Rh antibody response in the first place.

Platelets adhere to:

Injured site and eachother

Fibrinogen is synthesized _________________ and functions to__________

Liver, Blood Coagulation

Where are old RBCs destroyed in the body?

Liver, Spleen and Lymphnodes

An average-size adult has ______ liters of blood.

Males = 5-6 Liters Females = 4-5 Liters

Platelets arise from cells called:

Megakaryocytes shed cytoplasm in small membrane-enclosed packets.

Examples of agranuloctyes are:

Monocyte and Lymphocyte

The largest of the white blood cells are?

Monocytes

When an Rh-negative woman is pregnant with an ____ fetus, she will produce____

Rh-posititve, anti-Rh antibodies

The Rh blood group was named after the:

Rhesus Macaque

Blood is said to be Rh negative when:

Those who lack it are Rh negative (Rh−)

Platelets are also called:

Thrombocytes

Two vitamins needed for red blood cell production are?

amino acids-iron and folic acid

Eosinophils moderate:

mild (AEC 600-1500 cells/µL) moderate (AEC 1500-5000 cells/µL) severe (AEC >1500 cells/µL).

Examples of granulocytes are:

neutrophils, eosinopbils, and basophils

Heparin functions to:

prevents blood clotting

Following vasospasm, blood loss ____ and the ends of the severed vessel may ___

slows, constricts

Globulins can be divided into the following three groups:

Alpha and beta globulins are transport proteins, serve as substrates upon which other substances are formed, and perform other diverse functions. Gamma globulins have a vital role in natural and acquired immunity to infection.

Plasma electrolytes include:

Are ions - bicarbonate, magnesium, chloride, and potassium ions

A person with type B blood has ____________________ antibody in their plasma.

B ANTIGEN