BIOL 313 Test 1
How many bones are there in the appendicular skeleton?
126 bones including the limbs
About how many of these 24 liters re-enters the bloodstream in capillaries?
21
About how many liters remain in tissues as interstitial fluid?
3 liters
How many bones are in the axial skeleton?
80 (including the bones of the head, neck, and trunk
Without T lymphocytes, acquired immunity is nonfunctional. What is this condition called?
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
What are the functions of the lymphatic systems?
Clean-up and defense. Defends against infection and disease. returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream
What field of anatomy emphasizes aspects of bodily structure and function important in the practice of medicine?
Clinical anatomy (incorporates both regional and systematic anatomy)
The Endocrine system regulates slow, ongoing metabolic needs. What are some of its functions?
Communication achieved using hormones. Most hormones made by endocrine gland. Hormones transported in bloodstream. Hormones target specific cells throughout the body.
What is dense touch connective tissue layer deep to the SubQ?
Deep fascia
T or F - The Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis) is part of the skin.
False (the hypodermis is 1 cm and the skin is less than 1 mm)
What constitutes the wrapping, packing and insulation of the deep structures of the body?
Fascia
What disease infects T lymphocytes?
HIV
What disease is caused by soft flexible bones due to lack of calcium from vitamin D3 foritified milk?
Rickets
What is the study of the body's organ systems in isolation?
Systematic Anatomy
Sensory neurons deliver information from peripheral receptors to where?
The CNS
The nervous system is further subdivided physiologically into sensory (afferent) division and motor (efferent) division.
The Motor division is divided into the Somatic (SNS) and Autonomic (ANS) systems.
T or F. The thymus atrophies with age.
True
What is the clinical application of surface anatomy?
a physical examination
How many liters of blood plasma are filtered out of capillaries each day?
about 24
What type of immunity develops following exposure to antigens?
acquired immunity
What are the 3 classes of hormones?
amino acid hormones (epinephrine), protein hormones (FSH), and lipid hormones (estrogen)
What position would you have if you were standing upright, with head,gaze and toes forward, arms to sides with palms forward, and your legs close together with your feet parallel and toes forward?
anatomical position
What type of cartilage covers bones in joint capsules; reduces friction or provides flexibility?
articular cartilage
Lymphocytes must recognize the self from the non-self and migrate if necessary to destroy the threat. What type of lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow and produce antibodies?
b lymphocytes
Why is lymphangitis a dangerous condition?
because overburdened lymphatic system may drain bacteria into the blood stream (septicemia)
What are the major organs of the skeletal system?
bones, cartilage, associated ligaments, and bone marrow
toward the feet or tail (coccyx)
caudal
toward the head( cranium)?
cranial
What is blue skin due to lack of oxygen in blood?
cyanosis
What kind of laceration penetrates the dermis and perhaps deeper structures, requiring sutures to repair?
deep lacerations
What are the functions of the nervous system?
directs immediate responses to stimuli, coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems, provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions
What is any superior aspect of any part that protrudes anteriorly from the body? example - tongue, nose, penis, hand, foot
dorsum
The human skeleton is composed of both bone and cartilage. What type of cartilage is a resilient, semi-rigid connective tissues formed when flexibility is required? (in ears)
elastic cartilage
What two fibers when stretched causes stretch marks in the skin that can fade with time but never go away (caused by pregnancy, obesity)?
elastin, collagen
What is red skin due to vasodilation?
erythema
Know terms for these movements:
extension, flexion. opposition, reposition, supination, pronation, adduction, abduction
What type of cartilage is found between the vertebrae and in knee joints; absorbs impact?
fibrocartilage
What kind of burn is limited to the epidermis and heals within days?
first degree burn
dorsum v sole
foot
What are the major organs of the integumentary system?
hair, skin, sweat glands, nails
dorsum v palm
hand
What are chemical compounds delivered to target cells via the bloodstream?
hormones
What is characterized by swelling of the thyroid gland and lethargy? Caused by a lack of iodine
hypothyroidism (goiter)
Nearest the sole of the foot
inferior
List 11 of the organ systems
integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, cardiovascular, lymphatic, digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive, and endocrine
Where do the major lymphatics drain?
into the left/right venous angles at junctions of internal jugular vein and subclavian veins
What does the spleen store?
iron
What is the condition that causes yellow skin due to accumulation of bilirubin in the blood?
jaundice
What is an inflammation lymphatic vessels due to severe inflammation?
lymphangitis
What are the major components of the lymphatic system?
lymphatic capillaries (plexuses), the lymphatic vessels, lymph, lymph nodes, lymphocytes, lymphoid tissues (in spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, digestive tract and bone marrow)
What condition causes localized swelling due to obstruction of lymph drainage?
lymphedema
What type of cells resist infection and disease by responding to invading pathogens, abnormal cells (cancer), and foreign proteins (toxins)?
lymphocytes
nearest the median plane
medial
What are the two pigments responsible for skin color? What also affects skin color?
melanin and carotene. blood hemoglobin
What type of neurons forms the efferent divisions of the PNS? and deliver information from CNS to peripheral effectors
motor neurons
anterior (ventral)
nearest the belly
What is another word for to seen or felt? (surface anatomy)
palpated
What type of immunity is supplied by a mother or doctor?
passive immunity
In Dr. Howell's opinion, what is not a body region with any surface anatomy representation?
pelvis
What are your 3 pairs of tonsils?
pharyngeal, palatine, and lingual
What are the organs of the Endocrine system?
pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads (testes and ovaries), and endocrine tissues in other systems
nearest the back
posterior (dorsal)
What is the function of the tonsils?
protect the body from inhaled airborne pathogens
What are the functions of the integumentary system?
protects against environmental hazards, helps regulate body temperature, provides sensory information
What is the function of the skeletal system?
provides support and protection, stores calcium, forms blood cells, movement
What considers the body in major parts?
regional anatomy
What are thick bands of deep fascia that "tape" tendons and ligaments together?
retinaculae
What are the 3 anatomical planes?
sagittal plane (midsagittal, median), frontal plane (coronal), transverse plane (axial, cross-section)
What type of burn affects both the epidermis and dermis causing blistering and heals within weeks or months?
second degree burn
What kind of neurons form the afferent division of PNS?
sensory neurons
What are the major organs of the muscular system?
skeletal muscles and associated tendons and aponeuroses
What does regional anatomy include?
skin, subQ, deep fascia, and viscera
Sensory neurons are both somatic and visceral sensory neurons. What type of sensory neuron monitors control of the outside world?
somatic sensory neurons
What type of sensory neurons monitor conditions of the outside world?
somatic sensory neurons
What is the deepest epidermal layer - one row of actively mitotic stem cells?
stratum basale
What layer of the epidermis is mostly composed of 20-30 layers of dead cells represented by flat membranous sacs filled with keratin?
stratum corneum
What layer of the epidermis is 3 to 5 layers of flattened cells, organelles, detoriating?
stratum granulosum
What section of the epidermis is several layers of keratinocytes unified by desmosomes?
stratum spinosum
What type of fascia lies between the internal surface of the body wall and the serous membrane lining body cavities?
subserous fascia
What is another term for the hypodermis?
superficial fascia
What type of laceration only breaches the epidermis and perhaps the upper layer of the dermis?
superficial laceration
understand and be able to label these terms:
superficial, intermediate, deep. external, internal. proximal, distal. lateral, medial. bilateral, unilateral, ipsilateral, and contralateral
Nearest the topmost part of the cranium?
superior
What is the condition where two or more digits are fused by soft tissue?
syndactyly
What type of lymphoctye matures in the thymus and attacks pathogens?
t lymphocytes
What two systems is the nervous system divided into?
the CNS and the PNS
Sensory neurons are from the efferent or afferent division of PNS?
the afferent division
What are the major organs of the nervous system?
the brain, the spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and the sense organs
What type neurons are located entirely within the CNS?
the interneurons
What duct (aka thoracic duct) drains the rest of the body?
the left lymphatic duct
What duct drains the body's upper right side?
the right lymphatic duct
What is the largest lymphoid organ?
the spleen
What are the major organs of the lymphatic system?
the spleen, the thymus, the lymphatic vessels, the lymph nodes, and the tonsils
What type of sensory neurons monitor internal conditions?
the visceral sensory neurons
What type of burn burns the epidermis, dermis and subQ layers and healing will not occur without intervention?
third degree burn
What is the function of an inter neuron? (most numerous)
to distribute sensory input and coordinate motor output
What is the function of the spleen?
to filter blood; it does for blood what lymph nodes do for lymph.
What type of diabetes is caused by the body's failure to produce insulin due to autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas; primarily genetic?
type 1
What type of diabetes is a result from a resistance to insulin; caused primarily by the consumption of too much sugar?
type 2
What type of sensory neuron monitors internal conditions?
visceral sensory neurons