BIOL 313 Test 1

How many bones are there in the appendicular skeleton?

126 bones including the limbs

About how many of these 24 liters re-enters the bloodstream in capillaries?

21

About how many liters remain in tissues as interstitial fluid?

3 liters

How many bones are in the axial skeleton?

80 (including the bones of the head, neck, and trunk

Without T lymphocytes, acquired immunity is nonfunctional. What is this condition called?

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

What are the functions of the lymphatic systems?

Clean-up and defense. Defends against infection and disease. returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream

What field of anatomy emphasizes aspects of bodily structure and function important in the practice of medicine?

Clinical anatomy (incorporates both regional and systematic anatomy)

The Endocrine system regulates slow, ongoing metabolic needs. What are some of its functions?

Communication achieved using hormones. Most hormones made by endocrine gland. Hormones transported in bloodstream. Hormones target specific cells throughout the body.

What is dense touch connective tissue layer deep to the SubQ?

Deep fascia

T or F - The Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis) is part of the skin.

False (the hypodermis is 1 cm and the skin is less than 1 mm)

What constitutes the wrapping, packing and insulation of the deep structures of the body?

Fascia

What disease infects T lymphocytes?

HIV

What disease is caused by soft flexible bones due to lack of calcium from vitamin D3 foritified milk?

Rickets

What is the study of the body's organ systems in isolation?

Systematic Anatomy

Sensory neurons deliver information from peripheral receptors to where?

The CNS

The nervous system is further subdivided physiologically into sensory (afferent) division and motor (efferent) division.

The Motor division is divided into the Somatic (SNS) and Autonomic (ANS) systems.

T or F. The thymus atrophies with age.

True

What is the clinical application of surface anatomy?

a physical examination

How many liters of blood plasma are filtered out of capillaries each day?

about 24

What type of immunity develops following exposure to antigens?

acquired immunity

What are the 3 classes of hormones?

amino acid hormones (epinephrine), protein hormones (FSH), and lipid hormones (estrogen)

What position would you have if you were standing upright, with head,gaze and toes forward, arms to sides with palms forward, and your legs close together with your feet parallel and toes forward?

anatomical position

What type of cartilage covers bones in joint capsules; reduces friction or provides flexibility?

articular cartilage

Lymphocytes must recognize the self from the non-self and migrate if necessary to destroy the threat. What type of lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow and produce antibodies?

b lymphocytes

Why is lymphangitis a dangerous condition?

because overburdened lymphatic system may drain bacteria into the blood stream (septicemia)

What are the major organs of the skeletal system?

bones, cartilage, associated ligaments, and bone marrow

toward the feet or tail (coccyx)

caudal

toward the head( cranium)?

cranial

What is blue skin due to lack of oxygen in blood?

cyanosis

What kind of laceration penetrates the dermis and perhaps deeper structures, requiring sutures to repair?

deep lacerations

What are the functions of the nervous system?

directs immediate responses to stimuli, coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems, provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions

What is any superior aspect of any part that protrudes anteriorly from the body? example - tongue, nose, penis, hand, foot

dorsum

The human skeleton is composed of both bone and cartilage. What type of cartilage is a resilient, semi-rigid connective tissues formed when flexibility is required? (in ears)

elastic cartilage

What two fibers when stretched causes stretch marks in the skin that can fade with time but never go away (caused by pregnancy, obesity)?

elastin, collagen

What is red skin due to vasodilation?

erythema

Know terms for these movements:

extension, flexion. opposition, reposition, supination, pronation, adduction, abduction

What type of cartilage is found between the vertebrae and in knee joints; absorbs impact?

fibrocartilage

What kind of burn is limited to the epidermis and heals within days?

first degree burn

dorsum v sole

foot

What are the major organs of the integumentary system?

hair, skin, sweat glands, nails

dorsum v palm

hand

What are chemical compounds delivered to target cells via the bloodstream?

hormones

What is characterized by swelling of the thyroid gland and lethargy? Caused by a lack of iodine

hypothyroidism (goiter)

Nearest the sole of the foot

inferior

List 11 of the organ systems

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, cardiovascular, lymphatic, digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive, and endocrine

Where do the major lymphatics drain?

into the left/right venous angles at junctions of internal jugular vein and subclavian veins

What does the spleen store?

iron

What is the condition that causes yellow skin due to accumulation of bilirubin in the blood?

jaundice

What is an inflammation lymphatic vessels due to severe inflammation?

lymphangitis

What are the major components of the lymphatic system?

lymphatic capillaries (plexuses), the lymphatic vessels, lymph, lymph nodes, lymphocytes, lymphoid tissues (in spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, digestive tract and bone marrow)

What condition causes localized swelling due to obstruction of lymph drainage?

lymphedema

What type of cells resist infection and disease by responding to invading pathogens, abnormal cells (cancer), and foreign proteins (toxins)?

lymphocytes

nearest the median plane

medial

What are the two pigments responsible for skin color? What also affects skin color?

melanin and carotene. blood hemoglobin

What type of neurons forms the efferent divisions of the PNS? and deliver information from CNS to peripheral effectors

motor neurons

anterior (ventral)

nearest the belly

What is another word for to seen or felt? (surface anatomy)

palpated

What type of immunity is supplied by a mother or doctor?

passive immunity

In Dr. Howell's opinion, what is not a body region with any surface anatomy representation?

pelvis

What are your 3 pairs of tonsils?

pharyngeal, palatine, and lingual

What are the organs of the Endocrine system?

pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads (testes and ovaries), and endocrine tissues in other systems

nearest the back

posterior (dorsal)

What is the function of the tonsils?

protect the body from inhaled airborne pathogens

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

protects against environmental hazards, helps regulate body temperature, provides sensory information

What is the function of the skeletal system?

provides support and protection, stores calcium, forms blood cells, movement

What considers the body in major parts?

regional anatomy

What are thick bands of deep fascia that "tape" tendons and ligaments together?

retinaculae

What are the 3 anatomical planes?

sagittal plane (midsagittal, median), frontal plane (coronal), transverse plane (axial, cross-section)

What type of burn affects both the epidermis and dermis causing blistering and heals within weeks or months?

second degree burn

What kind of neurons form the afferent division of PNS?

sensory neurons

What are the major organs of the muscular system?

skeletal muscles and associated tendons and aponeuroses

What does regional anatomy include?

skin, subQ, deep fascia, and viscera

Sensory neurons are both somatic and visceral sensory neurons. What type of sensory neuron monitors control of the outside world?

somatic sensory neurons

What type of sensory neurons monitor conditions of the outside world?

somatic sensory neurons

What is the deepest epidermal layer - one row of actively mitotic stem cells?

stratum basale

What layer of the epidermis is mostly composed of 20-30 layers of dead cells represented by flat membranous sacs filled with keratin?

stratum corneum

What layer of the epidermis is 3 to 5 layers of flattened cells, organelles, detoriating?

stratum granulosum

What section of the epidermis is several layers of keratinocytes unified by desmosomes?

stratum spinosum

What type of fascia lies between the internal surface of the body wall and the serous membrane lining body cavities?

subserous fascia

What is another term for the hypodermis?

superficial fascia

What type of laceration only breaches the epidermis and perhaps the upper layer of the dermis?

superficial laceration

understand and be able to label these terms:

superficial, intermediate, deep. external, internal. proximal, distal. lateral, medial. bilateral, unilateral, ipsilateral, and contralateral

Nearest the topmost part of the cranium?

superior

What is the condition where two or more digits are fused by soft tissue?

syndactyly

What type of lymphoctye matures in the thymus and attacks pathogens?

t lymphocytes

What two systems is the nervous system divided into?

the CNS and the PNS

Sensory neurons are from the efferent or afferent division of PNS?

the afferent division

What are the major organs of the nervous system?

the brain, the spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and the sense organs

What type neurons are located entirely within the CNS?

the interneurons

What duct (aka thoracic duct) drains the rest of the body?

the left lymphatic duct

What duct drains the body's upper right side?

the right lymphatic duct

What is the largest lymphoid organ?

the spleen

What are the major organs of the lymphatic system?

the spleen, the thymus, the lymphatic vessels, the lymph nodes, and the tonsils

What type of sensory neurons monitor internal conditions?

the visceral sensory neurons

What type of burn burns the epidermis, dermis and subQ layers and healing will not occur without intervention?

third degree burn

What is the function of an inter neuron? (most numerous)

to distribute sensory input and coordinate motor output

What is the function of the spleen?

to filter blood; it does for blood what lymph nodes do for lymph.

What type of diabetes is caused by the body's failure to produce insulin due to autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas; primarily genetic?

type 1

What type of diabetes is a result from a resistance to insulin; caused primarily by the consumption of too much sugar?

type 2

What type of sensory neuron monitors internal conditions?

visceral sensory neurons