Biological Sciences 1 (chapter 4)
Eukaryotic cells are much more complex than prokaryotic cells. What is the main reason for that?
Because metabolic processes in eukaryotic cells are compartmentalized.
(blank) are the instruments used to magnify and visualize cells and cellular components.
Microscopes
The production of ATP is performed by which of the following organelles?
Mitochondria
The organelles that are both surrounded by a double membrane, have their own DNA, are involved in energy metabolism, and have their own protein synthesis machinery are the (blank) and (blank).
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
The largest vacuoles, which can occupy most of the cell volume, are found in which type of cell?
plant
The back of the Golgi apparatus is referred to as the (blank) face.
trans
Specialized compartments that can function in water balance and storage of useful molecules and waste products are called
vacuoles
As a cell's size increases, its (blank) increases much more rapidly than its surface area.
volume
Peroxisomes contain the enzyme catalase that breaks down hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and (blank)
water
Of the following features, which are common to bacteria and archaea?
-A plasma Membrane -Ribosomes
Vesicles are found in which of the following types of cells?
-Animal Cells -Plant Cells
What are the functions of lysosomes?
-Breaking down macromolecules in the cell -Digestion of substances taken in by endocytosis -Recycling of building blocks to make new molecules
Functions of Golgi Apparatus
-Collecting molecules to be transported through the cell -Packaging molecules into transport vesicles -Modifying and packaging proteins
Think of the statements that are true concerning bacterial flagella.
-Flagella propel bacterial cells forward. -Movement is powered by a proton gradient. -Bacteria move by rotating their flagella like screws.
Identify two ways that lysosomes can be activated.
-Fusing with a food vesicle produced by phagocytosis -Fusing with an old organelle
Which of the following organelles are part of the endomembrane system? -Golgi Apparutus -Endoplasmic Reticulum -Chloroplasts -Nucleus
-Golgi Apparutus -Endoplasmic Reticulum
The rough endoplasmic reticulum plays a role in sorting proteins that are destined for which of the following locations? -Nucleus -Mitochondria -Lysosomes -Vacuoles -Plasma Membrane
-Lysosomes -Vacuoles -Plasma Membrane
Which of the following structures are only found in prokaryotic cells (choose all that apply)?
-Pili -Nucleoid
Select the organisms that contain chloroplasts.
-Plants -Algae
What are similarities between mitochondria and chloroplasts (choose all that apply)?
-Presence of protein synthesizing ribosomes -Presence of DNA
Which of the following molecules are manufactured in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell and enter the cytoplasm by way of the nuclear pores? -RNA and DNA -DNA -RNA-Protein Complexes -RNA
-RNA-Protein Complexes -RNA
The core of lipid droplets could contain which of the following lipids?
-Sterol -Triglycerides
What are the functions of the central vacuole in plants?
-Waste storage -Storage of pigments -stores proteins
Identify the functions of cell vacuoles.
-Water balance -Storage -Segregation of waste
Which is found in all cells?
-plasma membrane -nucleus where DNA is stored -cytoplasm -Ribosomes
What are the steps of protein transport through the endomembrane system in the correct order (start at the top).
1.Transport vesicles that contain proteins bud from the rough endoplasmic reticulum. 2.Proteins are modified in the Golgi Apparatus 3.Proteins are packaged into secretory vesicles. 4.Proteins are released to the extracellular environment
Due to the limited resolution of the human eye, microscopes are needed to visualize points as two separate objects if they are closer than which of the following?
100 um
How many subunits make up a ribosome?
2 subunits
Which of the following is found in eukaryotic cells, but not in prokaryotic cells?
A nucleus
Which of the following are responsible for cellular movements such as contraction and crawling?
Actin Filaments
Some bacteria produce protective polysaccharide capsules. Disease-causing bacteria use these capsules to aid in which of the following?
Adhering to surfaces.
Which of these statements is NOT a part of the cell theory? -All cells are replaced -New cells only come from pre-existing cells by cell division -Cells are the smallest units of life -All living organisms are composed of one or more cells
All cells are replaced
Identify the two categories that prokaryotes can be divided into from an evolutionary perspective.
Archaea and Bacteria
Prokaryotes consists of two categories of organisms:
Archaea and Bacteria
Some bacteria produce a jelly-like protective (blank) made of polysaccharide, which aids in attachment to surfaces.
Capsule
Bacterial cells are encased by a strong cell wall of peptidoglycan. Which of the following accurately describes peptidoglycan?
Carbohydrate matrix cross-linked by short polypeptide units
What enzyme breaks down hydrogen peroxide to harmless substances in peroxisomes?
Catalase
Which of the following is the theory that is the unifying foundation of cell biology?
Cell theory
Which of the following bacterial structures is rigid and found outside the plasma membrane? -Ribosome -Cell wall -Capsule -Nucleoid
Cell wall
What structure is present in nearly all prokaryotes to support and protect the plasma membrane?
Cell walls
In cells that contain a nucleus, the DNA is divided into multiple linear chromosomes which are organized into a complex structure called (blank)
Chromatin
Inside the nucleus, DNA is wound tightly around proteins and packaged into compact units called (blank).
Chromosomes
Which of these is a hallmark of eukaryotic cells?
Compartmentalization
The inner folded membrane of the mitochondria has numerous contiguous layers called (blank).
Cristae
The eukaryotic cell structure involved in supporting the shape of the cell and anchoring organelles to fixed locations is the
Cytoskeleton
Most cells are relatively small for reasons related to the (blank) of substances into and out of cells.
Diffusion
Which of the following is the most important factor that limits the size of cells? -Rate of protein synthesis in the cell -Amount of mitochondria needed to satisfy the cell's energy needs -Amount of DNA to code for all the cell's proteins -Diffusion of substances in and out of the cell
Diffusion of substances in and out of the cell
What term describes a relationship, in which a smaller cell lives inside a larger cell?
Endosymbiosis
True or false: Cells that carry out extensive lipid synthesis have more rough ER compared to smooth ER.
False (Cells that carry out extensive lipid synthesis have more smooth ER. Cells that synthesize many proteins have greater amounts of rough ER).
The long, threadlike structures protruding from the surface of prokaryotic cells that are used for locomotion are which of the following? -Pili -Flagella -Cilia -Fimbriae
Flagella
During photosynthesis, chloroplasts capture light energy and synthesize which of the following organic molecules?
Glucose
Lysosomes are formed from vesicles which bud off which of the following organelles?
Golgi Apparatus
This organelle consists of a stack of flattened membranes, each enclosing a single compartment.
Golgi Apparutus
The space between the two membranes of a mitochondrion is known as the
Intermembrane space
Which type of RNA carries information from DNA? -Transfer -Messenger -Ribosomal
Messenger
What accurately describes the major function of the nucleus?
It houses most of the DNA in a eukaryotic cell.
Identify the scientists who are credited with the cell theory.
Matthia Schleiden and Jansen
Who speculated that cells are living entities and plants are aggregates of cells?
Matthias Schleiden
The surface of the nucleus is bounded by two phospholipid bilayer membranes, collectively called the (blank).
Nuclear Envelope
Most of the DNA in prokaryotes is located in the (blank) region.
Nucleoid
A ribosome consists of a large and small subunit, and each contains RNA molecules, which are made in which of the following?
Nucleolus
The repository of the genetic information that enables the synthesis of nearly all proteins in a living eukaryotic cell is which of the following structures? -Mitochondrion -Ribosome -Nucleus -Endoplasmic Reticulum
Nucleus
Which of the following is the largest organelle present in eukaryotic cells? -Golgi Apparatus -Nucleus -Mitochondria -Lysosomes
Nucleus
Which of the following is the main function of the mitochondria?
Oxidative Metabolism
Most bacterial cells are encased by a strong cell wall composed of which of the following?
Peptidoglycan
Hydrophobic lipids are made soluble in the cytoplasm by being coated with (blank)
Phospholipid
Of the following choices, the presence of which would definitively identify a cell as prokaryotic? -Cell wall -Flagella -Pili -Ribosomes -Nucleus
Pili
Based on cell structure, all life forms can be placed into two categories called (blank) and (blank).
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
DNA is the molecule that stores genetic information in (blank)
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
What are the two types of life forms?
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Ribosomes are responsible for (blank) synthesis in the cell.
Protein Synthesis
(blank) is the nucleic acid manufactured in the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm via the nuclear pores.
RNA
(blank) is the minimum distance two points can be apart and still be distinguished as two separate points.
Resolution
Structures called (blank) are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and are the sites of polypeptide synthesis.
Ribosomes
The production of proteins is achieved by which of the following structures?
Ribosomes
Which of the following is found in all cells?
Ribosomes
What organelle in liver cells produces enzymes that detoxify harmful organic molecules?
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
The central vacuole in plants is primarily involved in which of the following processes?
Storage of water, ions, and pigments
Which of the following correctly explains the relationship between a cell's surface area and it's volume? -
The smaller the cell, the larger it's surface area-to-volume ratio is
(blank) extended schleidens hypothesis by suggesting that animal tissue was made up of cells.
Theodr Schwann
Archaea differ from bacteria in which of the following ways?
They lack peptidoglycan.
The (blank) are disk-shaped structures in plants that form grana.
Thylakoids
What describes the structure of DNA inside of the cell's nucleus?
Tightly wound around proteins and packaged into compact units called chromosomes
The purpose of a compound light microscope can best be described as which of the following?
To allow the visualization of cells and cellular components.
The membrane surrounding the vacuole in plant cells is called which of the following?
Tonoplast
True or false: Chloroplasts are the organelles that contain chlorophyll and perform photosynthesis.
True
The nuclear envelope is composed of which of the following? -A bilayer of phospholipids -Two Bilayers of Phospholipids -A single layer of phospholipids
Two Bilayers of Phospholipids
Which of the following cells are macroscopic? -Viruses -Prokaryotes -Vertebrate eggs
Vertebrate eggs
Which of the following is a cell type that can be seen without the aid of a microscope?
Vertebrate eggs
Small sacs that store and transport a variety of materials are called (blank)
Vesicles
The central (blank) of a plant cell is involved in maintaining the tonicity of the cell.
central vacuole
In plants, photosynthesis occurs in semiautonomous organelles called
chloroplasts
Most of the DNA in a eukaryote cell is found in a structure called the (blank).
nucleus
What structure functions in polypeptide synthesis?
ribosome
Functions that include steroid synthesis and assembly of membrane lipids are characteristic of the (blank) endoplasmic reticulum.
smooth
In liver cells, enzymes located in the (blank) endoplasmic reticulum (ER) detoxify harmful organic molecules.
smooth
Ca2+ ions are stored in the (blank) endoplasmic (blank)
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
The most common alteration made in the Golgi body is addition or modification of short (blank) chains
sugar
Which type of RNA carries amino acids?
tRNA (transfer RNA)
