biology 105 quiz questions test 1
what are the characteristics of a hydrogen bond, and why are they important?
Hydrogen bonds stabilize DNA and protein structures. Extensive hydrogen bonding among water molecules gives liquid water several special properties that make life possible. (Hydrogen bond: attraction between a covalently bonded hydrogen atom and another atom taking part in a separate polar covalent bond.)
what are lipids?
Lipids: fatty, oily, or waxy organic compounds Many lipids incorporate fatty acids: consist of a long hydrocarbon "tail" with a carboxyl group "head" -The tail is hydrophobic -The head is hydrophilic
why are mitochondria important?
Mitochondrion: double-membraned organelle that produces ATP by aerobic respiration in eukaryotes Nearly all eukaryotic cells (including plant cells) have mitochondria The number varies by the type of cell and by the organism
what does the cytoskeleton do?
Network of interconnected protein filaments, and supports, organizes, and moves eukaryotic cells and their parts
what are the building blocks of matter and how do they differ?
Positively charged protons (p+) and uncharged neutrons are found in an atom's nucleus (core) Negatively charged electrons (e-) move around the nucleus differ: electrical property; opposite charges attract, and like charges repel
what are the different levels of structure in proteins?
Primary structure, Secondary structure, Tertiary structure, and Quaternary structure (Primary structure: linear series of amino acids; defines the type of protein Secondary structure: polypeptide chain that forms twists and folds Tertiary structure: nonadjacent regions of protein adjoin to create compact domains Quaternary structure: two or more polypeptide chains that are closely associated or covalently bonded together)
what are proteins?
Proteins consist of polypeptides that are hundreds or even thousands of amino acids long. They function in movement, defense, and cellular communication.
how are experiments analyzed?
Sampling error (Sampling error: difference between results obtained from a subset, and results from the whole Can be a substantial problem with a small subset Experimenters start with a relatively large sample and repeat their experiments)
how is life classified?
Taxonomy: the science of naming and classifying species (many different classifying) Genus: a group of species that share a unique set of traits Specific epithet: second part of a species name Together, the genus name and the specific epithet designate one species names always underlined or italicized
how can molecules form?
The bonds between the two hydrogen atoms and the oxygen atom in a molecule of water are covalent bonds.
how do we see cells?
We use microscopes to observe cells and other objects in the micrometer range of size (Most cells are 1-100 micrometers in diameter -Much smaller than the unaided human eye can perceive Microscopes are used to observe objects in the micrometer range of size)
one portion of the cell theory states that_______ -all cells have a neucleus -all cells divide by meiosis -all living organisms are made up of one or more cells -cells arise through spontaneous generation -growth is solely the result of cell division
all living organisms are made up of one or more cells
how is all life similar?
all living things share a set of key features. All require ongoing inputs of energy and raw materials; all sense and respond to change; and all pass DNA to offsprings.
a polypeptide chain is composed of? amino acids proteins nucleic acids fatty acids monosaccharides
amino acids
what are the fundamental building blocks of all matter? atoms compounds ions molecules electrons
atoms
what are the parts of a prokaryotic cell?
bacterial or archaean ( The plasma membrane: Cytoplasm. Ribosomes. Genetic material (DNA and RNA))
what are the 4 organic elements?
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
humans are unable to digest which type of carbohydrates? glucose glycogen cellulose fructose starch
cellulose
water is an example of ? atom ion compound mixture element
compound
the formation of large molecules from small subunits is knows as what kind of reaction? oxidation reduction condensation hydrolysis decarboxylation
condensation
what are the differences between condensation and hydrolysis reactions?
condensation its a chemical reactions in which an enzyme builds a large molecule from smaller sub-units, and in hydrolysis its a chemical reaction in which an enzyme uses water to break a molecule into smaller sub-units
what type of bond is formed whenever atoms share a pair of electrons? covalent hydrogen ionic double peptide
covalent
in the shell model, the second shell can hold up to ________ electrons one two four six eight
eight
to see objects smaller than those that cane resolved by a light microscope, we usually use miscopies that empty a beam of? electrons photons protons neutrons x-rays
electrons
for an atom to be neutral, it must have the same number of? electrons and neutrons electrons and protons neutrons and protons neutrons only
electrons and protons
nucleotides contain what kind of sugars? three-carbon four-carbon five-carbon six-carbon seven-carbon
five-carbon
what kind of bond exists between two animo acids in a protein? peptide ionic hydrogen amino sulfhydroxyl
peptide bond
what lipid forms cell membranes? unsaturated fat steroids waxes phospholipids staturated fats
phospholipids
amino acids are the building blocks for? proteins steroids lipids nucleic acids carbohydrates
proteins
which of the following is a positive subatomic particle? neutron only proton only electron only neutron and proton proton and electron
protons only
what is the Endomembrane system?
series of interacting organelles between nucleus and plasma membrane; (produces lipids, proteins endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, vesicles)
what is the function of chloroplasts?
specialized plastid for photosynthesis in some protists and plant cells
how are experiments organized?
the scientific method
which letter identifies this cell's nucleus? (bacteria)
there is no nucleus
four of the five answers are elements. select the exception: water oxygen carbon chlorine hydrogen
water
what are different components of cells?
- Plasma membrane - Cytoplasm - DNA
what do functional groups do?
Functional groups attached to the rings define the type of steroid (Examples: estrogen and testosterone Dictates many sex characteristics)
of the following pH ____ is the most acidic 1 3 6 7 8
1
what is a cell theory?
1. Each organism consists of one or more cells. 2. The cell is the structural and functional unit of all organisms. A cell is the smallest unit of life, individually alive even as part of a multicelled organism. 3. All living cells arise by division of preexisting cells. 4. Cells contain hereditary material (DNA), which they pass to their offspring when they divide.
how many vacancies does carbon have? two three four five six
4
in the accompany figure, how many protons does the carbon element have? one three six nine twelve
6
which letter identifies the cell's flagellum?
A (looks like a tale)
how is life diverse (types of organisms)?
Bacteria is most diverse and well-known group of single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus, ex. archaea. Protist: diverse group of simple eukaryotes (seaweed on the beach)
what are acids and bases?
Bases accepts hydrogen ions in water Above pH 7. Acids releases hydrogen ions in water Below pH 7. (When water is liquid, some of its molecules spontaneously separate into hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-) These ions can combine again to form water)
what are carbohydrates and what are the different forms?
Carbohydrate: organic compound that consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. The three main types of carbohydrates in living systems -Monosaccharides -Oligosaccharides -Polysaccharides
what is the structure of the cell membrane?
Cell Membrane Structure In a watery fluid, phospholipids spontaneously line up into two layers: the hydrophobic tails cluster together, and the hydrophilic heads face outward, toward the fluid. This lipid bilayer forms the framework of all cell membranes. Many types of proteins intermingle among the lipids; a few that are typical of plasma membranes are shown on the opposite page.
how does scientific thinking work?
Critical thinking: judging information before accepting it Move beyond the content of new information to consider supporting evidence, bias, and alternative interpretations
how can cell surface be adapted?
Extracellular matrix: complex mixture of cell secretions
What are the parts of a Eukaryotic cell?
membrane-bound nucleus
what is a "building block" of carbohydrates? glycerol nucleotide amino acid fatty acid monosaccharide
monosaccharide
carbon has several isotopes including 12c and 14c. these isotopes differ in the number of ? electrons only neutrons only protons only electrons and protons protons and neutrons
neutrons only
what is/is not science?
not science: Supernatural, Scientific theory, and Law of nature science is the systematic study of the observable world (Subjective questions Example: "Why do I exist?" Scientific theory: hypothesis that has not been disproven after many years of rigorous testing Law of nature: describes a phenomenon that always occurs under certain circumstances Science neither assumes nor denies that supernatural phenomena occur)
what are nucleic acids, and what are the main differences between DNA and RNA?
nucleic acids: chains of nucleotides in which the sugar of one nucleotide is bonded to the phosphate group of the next RNA (ribonucleic acid) are single-stranded chain of nucleotides, and DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) are consisted of two chains of nucleotides twisted into a double helix
a dense, irregular shape region within the nucleus in which subunits of ribosomes are synthesized is called the plastid vacuole microvillus nucleolus basal body
nucleolus
four of the five answers are lipids. select the exception steroids triglycerides oils waxes oligosaccharides
oligosaccharides
what are the levels of organization?
organelle, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystem, and biosphere.
