biology 105 quiz questions test 1

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what are the characteristics of a hydrogen bond, and why are they important?

Hydrogen bonds stabilize DNA and protein structures. Extensive hydrogen bonding among water molecules gives liquid water several special properties that make life possible. (Hydrogen bond: attraction between a covalently bonded hydrogen atom and another atom taking part in a separate polar covalent bond.)

what are lipids?

Lipids: fatty, oily, or waxy organic compounds Many lipids incorporate fatty acids: consist of a long hydrocarbon "tail" with a carboxyl group "head" -The tail is hydrophobic -The head is hydrophilic

why are mitochondria important?

Mitochondrion: double-membraned organelle that produces ATP by aerobic respiration in eukaryotes Nearly all eukaryotic cells (including plant cells) have mitochondria The number varies by the type of cell and by the organism

what does the cytoskeleton do?

Network of interconnected protein filaments, and supports, organizes, and moves eukaryotic cells and their parts

what are the building blocks of matter and how do they differ?

Positively charged protons (p+) and uncharged neutrons are found in an atom's nucleus (core) Negatively charged electrons (e-) move around the nucleus differ: electrical property; opposite charges attract, and like charges repel

what are the different levels of structure in proteins?

Primary structure, Secondary structure, Tertiary structure, and Quaternary structure (Primary structure: linear series of amino acids; defines the type of protein Secondary structure: polypeptide chain that forms twists and folds Tertiary structure: nonadjacent regions of protein adjoin to create compact domains Quaternary structure: two or more polypeptide chains that are closely associated or covalently bonded together)

what are proteins?

Proteins consist of polypeptides that are hundreds or even thousands of amino acids long. They function in movement, defense, and cellular communication.

how are experiments analyzed?

Sampling error (Sampling error: difference between results obtained from a subset, and results from the whole Can be a substantial problem with a small subset Experimenters start with a relatively large sample and repeat their experiments)

how is life classified?

Taxonomy: the science of naming and classifying species (many different classifying) Genus: a group of species that share a unique set of traits Specific epithet: second part of a species name Together, the genus name and the specific epithet designate one species names always underlined or italicized

how can molecules form?

The bonds between the two hydrogen atoms and the oxygen atom in a molecule of water are covalent bonds.

how do we see cells?

We use microscopes to observe cells and other objects in the micrometer range of size (Most cells are 1-100 micrometers in diameter -Much smaller than the unaided human eye can perceive Microscopes are used to observe objects in the micrometer range of size)

one portion of the cell theory states that_______ -all cells have a neucleu​s -all cells divide by meiosis -all living organisms are made up of one or more cells -cells arise through spontaneous generation -growth​ is solely the result of cell division

all living organisms are made up of one or more cells

how is all life similar?

all living things share a set of key features. All require ongoing inputs of energy and raw materials; all sense and respond to change; and all pass DNA to offsprings.

a polypeptide chain is composed of? amino acids proteins nucleic acids fatty acids monosaccharides

amino acids

what are the fundamental building blocks of all matter? atoms compounds ions molecules electrons

atoms

what are the parts of a prokaryotic cell?

bacterial or archaean ( The plasma membrane: Cytoplasm. Ribosomes. Genetic material (DNA and RNA))

what are the 4 organic elements?

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

humans are unable to digest which type of carbohydrates? glucose glycogen cellulose fructose starch

cellulose

water is an example of ? atom ion compound mixture element

compound

the formation of large molecules from small subunits is knows as what kind of reaction? oxidation reduction condensation hydrolysis decarboxylation

condensation

what are the differences between condensation and hydrolysis reactions?

condensation its a chemical reactions in which an enzyme builds a large molecule from smaller sub-units, and in hydrolysis its a chemical reaction in which an enzyme uses water to break a molecule into smaller sub-units

what type of bond is formed whenever atoms share a pair of electrons? covalent hydrogen ionic double peptide

covalent

in the shell model, the second shell can hold up to ________ electrons one two four six eight

eight

to see objects smaller than those that cane resolved by a light microscope, we usually use miscopies that empty a beam of? electrons photons protons neutrons x-rays

electrons

for an atom to be neutral, it must have the same number of? electrons and neutrons electrons and protons neutrons and protons neutrons only

electrons and protons

nucleotides contain what kind of sugars? three-carbon four-carbon five-carbon six-carbon seven-carbon

five-carbon

what kind of bond exists between two animo acids in a protein? peptide ionic hydrogen amino sulfhydrox​yl

peptide bond

what lipid forms cell membranes? unsaturated fat steroids waxes phospholipids staturate​d fats

phospholipids

amino acids are the building blocks for? proteins steroids lipids nucleic acids carbohydrates

proteins

which of the following is a positive subatomic particle? neutron only proton only electron only neutron and proton proton and electron

protons only

what is the Endomembrane system?

series of interacting organelles between nucleus and plasma membrane; (produces lipids, proteins endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, vesicles)

what is the function of chloroplasts?

specialized plastid for photosynthesis in some protists and plant cells

how are experiments organized?

the scientific method

which letter identifies this cell's nucleus? (bacteria)

there is no nucleus

four of the five answers are elements. select the exception: water oxygen carbon chlorine hydrogen

water

what are different components of cells?

- Plasma membrane - Cytoplasm - DNA

what do functional groups do?

Functional groups attached to the rings define the type of steroid (Examples: estrogen and testosterone Dictates many sex characteristics)

of the following pH ____ is the most acidic 1 3 6 7 8

1

what is a cell theory?

1. Each organism consists of one or more cells. 2. The cell is the structural and functional unit of all organisms. A cell is the smallest unit of life, individually alive even as part of a multicelled organism. 3. All living cells arise by division of preexisting cells. 4. Cells contain hereditary material (DNA), which they pass to their offspring when they divide.

how many vacancies does carbon have? two three four five six

4

in the accompany figure, how many protons does the carbon element have? one three six nine twelve

6

which letter identifies the cell's flagellum?

A (looks like a tale)

how is life diverse (types of organisms)?

Bacteria is most diverse and well-known group of single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus, ex. archaea. Protist: diverse group of simple eukaryotes (seaweed on the beach)

what are acids and bases?

Bases accepts hydrogen ions in water Above pH 7. Acids releases hydrogen ions in water Below pH 7. (When water is liquid, some of its molecules spontaneously separate into hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-) These ions can combine again to form water)

what are carbohydrates and what are the different forms?

Carbohydrate: organic compound that consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. The three main types of carbohydrates in living systems -Monosaccharides -Oligosaccharides -Polysaccharides

what is the structure of the cell membrane?

Cell Membrane Structure In a watery fluid, phospholipids spontaneously line up into two layers: the hydrophobic tails cluster together, and the hydrophilic heads face outward, toward the fluid. This lipid bilayer forms the framework of all cell membranes. Many types of proteins intermingle among the lipids; a few that are typical of plasma membranes are shown on the opposite page.

how does scientific thinking work?

Critical thinking: judging information before accepting it Move beyond the content of new information to consider supporting evidence, bias, and alternative interpretations

how can cell surface be adapted?

Extracellular matrix: complex mixture of cell secretions

What are the parts of a Eukaryotic cell?

membrane-bound nucleus

what is a "building block" of carbohydrates? glycerol nucleotide amino acid fatty acid monosaccharide

monosaccharide

carbon has several isotopes including 12c and 14c. these isotopes differ in the number of ? electrons only neutrons only protons only electrons and protons protons and neutrons

neutrons only

what is/is not science?

not science: Supernatural, Scientific theory, and Law of nature science is the systematic study of the observable world (Subjective questions Example: "Why do I exist?" Scientific theory: hypothesis that has not been disproven after many years of rigorous testing Law of nature: describes a phenomenon that always occurs under certain circumstances Science neither assumes nor denies that supernatural phenomena occur)

what are nucleic acids, and what are the main differences between DNA and RNA?

nucleic acids: chains of nucleotides in which the sugar of one nucleotide is bonded to the phosphate group of the next RNA (ribonucleic acid) are single-stranded chain of nucleotides, and DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) are consisted of two chains of nucleotides twisted into a double helix

a dense, irregular shape region within the nucleus in which subunits of ribosomes are synthesized is called the plastid vacuole microvillus nucleolus basal body

nucleolus

four of the five answers are lipids. select the exception steroids triglycerides oils waxes oligosaccharides

oligosaccharides

what are the levels of organization?

organelle, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystem, and biosphere.


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