Biology 2 - Chapter 31 Evolution of Plants

Angiosperms

Possess flowers and fruits; Seed food stored after fertilization in endosperm tissue

Which of the following are examples of seedless vascular plants?

Pteridophytes Lycophytes

Select all features common to both gymnosperms and angiosperms.

Reproduction using spores Presence of vascular tissue

leaves

flattened plant organs that emerge from stems and generally have a photosynthetic function

Heterospory represents evolutionary progress because it

forces cross-fertilization

The specialized parts of the gametophyte where gametes are produced are called

gametangia

streptophyte algae

display a haploid-dominant life cycle in which the only diploid cell is the zygote, whose meiotic division produces relatively few spores

One of the first critical innovations in land plants was the

embryo

The dominant generation in the bryophyte life cycle is the

gametophyte

Seeds are beneficial to plants because they

enable embryos to get food from sporophytes

In land plants, gametes are produced when

gametophyte cells undergo mitosis

Pollen grains are tiny male ______ enclosed by walls.

gametophytes

Embryos use the stores of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins in seeds to

grow rapidly

seed plants

gymnosperms and angiosperms

The main role of gametophytes is to produce

haploid gametes

Because seed plants produce female spores and male spores, they are said to be

heterosporous

Plants that produce only one type of spore that develops into one type of gametophyte are said to be

homosporous

Gametangia cells give rise to gametes, as well as a protective ______ of ______ that surrounds the gametes

jacket, tissue

integuments

leaflike structure enclosing ovule

the major plant organs include _______

leaves, stems, and roots

bryophytes

liverworts, mosses, and hornworts; relatively small in stature and are most common and diverse in moist habitats because they lack traits allowing them to grow tall or reproduce in dry places

tracheophytes

lycophytes, pteridophytes, angiosperms

oldest phylum of living vascular plants? 2nd oldest?

lycophytes; pteridophytes

The innovation whereby zygotes are enclosed within gametophyte tissue, sheltered, and fed is called

matrotrophy

In land plants, tissues are produced by cell division in regions called apical _____

meristems

During fertilization in seed plants, the pollen tube enters the ovule through an opening in the integument called a(n

micropyle

the roles of xylem in vascular plants

mineral transport, and structural support

lycophylls

modern lycophytes have tiny leaves, which typically have only a single unbranched vein

gymnosperms

reproduce using both spores and seeds; made up of cycads, ginkgos, conifers, and gnetophytes

heterospory

seed plants that produce two distinct types of spores in two types of sporangia

Energy for embryo growth is provided by what structures in angiosperms and ferns, respectively?

seeds

Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts are members of what informal grouping of nonvascular plants?

Bryophytes

Bryophytes

Dominant gametophyte generation; Lack true roots, stems, and leaves

In bryophytes, ____ hold sperm, and ____ hold eggs

antheridia; archegonia

Gymnosperms and angiosperms reproduce with

both spores and seeds

stems of vascular plants

branching structures that contain vascular tissue and produce leaves and sporangia

The simplest and most ancient phylum of modern plants is the

bryophytes

Which of the following are non-vascular plants?

bryophytes

Select all characteristics of the sporophytes of bryophytes.

Inability to branch Remain attached to gametophytes Short lifespans

Gymnosperms

Lack flowers and fruits; Seed food stored before fertilization in female gametophyte

Lycophytes

Leaves generally small with a single, unbranched vein; Sporangia borne on sides of stems

Ancient nonvascular plants likely influenced climate by sequestering ____ from the atmosphere

carbon

Flowering plants thrived after the meteorite event of 65 mya because

competitors became extinct

seeds

complex structures having specialized tissues that protectively enclose embryos and contain stores of carbs, lipids, and proteins

lignin

compression- and decay- resistant waterproof material, which occurs in the cell walls of tracheids and some other types of plant cells

Which statements are true for the sporophytes of vascular plants, but not bryophytes.

Able to branch Become independent of gametophytes

The cells of the gametangia can develop into which of the following?

An egg cell A sperm cell The gametangial jacket

Which of the following characteristics separates angiosperms from gymnosperms?

Angiosperms have flowers and fruits that gymnosperms lack.

Pteridophytes

Leaves relatively large with extensively branched vein system; Sporangia borne on leaves

The retention of megasporangia on the parental sporophyte confers which of the following benefits?

Food can flow from photosynthetic sporophytes to dependent embryos.

Which of the following is a specialized structure of bryophytes that holds cells that develop into gametes?

Gametangium

Select all seedless vascular plants.

Lycophytes Pteridophytes

The microspores of pines develop inside which structure?

Microsporangia

Which groups belong in the kingdom Plantae?

Mosses Lycophytes

Which of the following occurs in an alternation of generation life cycle but not in a haploid-dominant life cycle?

Multicellular sporophyte

Select all the advantages of heterospory.

New genetic combinations are created. Cross-fertilization is mandatory. Evolutionary flexibility is enhanced.

Select all vascular plant innovations that evolved multiple times.

Seeds Leaves

Which of the following statements are true of the haploid-dominant life cycle?

The diploid generation consists of one cell. The zygote is the only cell that undergoes meiosis.

Select the evolutionary advances exhibited by all seed plants.

The enclosure of the megasporangium within walls Production of two types of spores

Which of the following statements is true about most lycophytes and pteridophytes?

They are homosporous.

Select all effects of the first land plants on life on Earth.

They helped to create the first substantial soils. They aided animals in the colonization of land.

List all products of double fertilization.

Zygote Endosperm

The ancient cataclysm that led to the rise of the angiosperms was

a meteor

The development of decay resistant tissues in early vascular plants likely led to

a reduction in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels

tracheids

a type of specialized cell that conducts water and dissolved minerals and provides structural support

pteridophytes

about 12,000 species of modern pteridophytes, including horsetails, whisk ferns, and other ferns

placental transfer tissue

aid in the transfer of nutrients from mother to embryo

characteristics of plant embryos

multicellular and diploid, repeated mitotic divisions from a single-celled zygote; plant eggs are fertilized while still enclosed by the maternal plant body

endosperm

nutritive seed tissue that increases the efficiency with which food is stored and used in the seeds of flowering plants

In terms of the age of the early vascular plants, lycophytes are ___ pteridophytes

older than

matrophy

organic and mineral materials supplied by the mother plant

roots

organs specialized for uptake of water and minerals from the soil

In seed plants, the sporangium containing one spore that develops into an egg-producing gametophyte is called a(n)

ovule

Stems contain the specialized conducting tissues known as

phloem and xylem

Fertilization in seed plants occurs when two sperm are carried to the egg through a structure called a(n)

pollen tube

The process by which pollen comes into contact with ovules is called

pollination

megaspores

produced by megasporangia, which gives rise to female gametophytes, which develop and produce eggs while enclosed by protective megaspore walls

microspores

produced by microsporangia, which gives rise to male gametophytes, which develop into pollen grains

Plants originated from a photosynthetic _____ ancestor

protist

gametophytes

provides the source of energy in ferns

In the sporic life cycle, meiosis occurs within enclosures called ____, , which protect developing spores from harmful UV radiation and microbial attack.

sporangia

ovule

sporangium that typically contains only a single spore that develops into a very small egg-producing gametophyte

Most lycophytes and pteridophytes release only one type of _____ that develops by mitosis into one type of gametophyte.

spore

In the alternation of generations life cycle of land plants, the two generations are called

sporophyte and gametophyte

Pores that can open and close on the surface tissue of vascular plant stems and leaves are called

stomata

The land plants evolved from a

streptophyte alga

spermatophytes

the modern and extinct phyla of seed-producing plants

The bodies of land plants are made of several types of ______ which are close associations of cells of the same type.

tissues

xylem contains _____

tracheids

The presence of internal water and nutrient-conducting tissues that also provide structural support is a characteristic of plants called

vascular plants

Tissues that provide structural support and serve in conduction are known as

vascular tissues

Xylem and phloem enable plants to conduct organic compounds, ______, and ________ through the plant body

water; minerals

tracheids can be found in ____, a specialized conducting tissue produced by vascular plants

xylem

plant embryos

young sporophytes that develop from zygotes and are enclosed by maternal tissues that provide nutrients and protection