Biology 237 Unit 4 Exam Chap 12-15
What is the threshold stimulus?
-60 to -55 mV
How many cranial nerves are there?
12 pair connected to the brain
what is the vestibulocochlear nerve? what sensation dose it carry?
8th heating cranial nerve, hearing sensation
What is homunculus designed?
A functional map of primary motor cortex
What is phantom Limp Pain? Who may experience it?
A painful sensation that are not produced where they are perceived to originate. An amputee
what are chemoreceptors?
A receptor that respond to water and lipid soluble substances that are dissolved in body fluids.
Step 3 of cholinergic synapse
ACh binds to receptors on postsynaptic membrane and depolarize it.
Step 4 of cholesterol synthesis
ACh is removed from synaptic cleft by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) breaks ACh into acetate and choline
Step 1 of cholinergic synapse
Action potential arrives at axon terminal and depolarizes membrane
What is step 2 of Action Potential?
Activation of voltage-gated Na+ Channels
In the presents of a constant stimulus a reduction in sensitivity is developed. What is this called?
Adaptation
What are slow adapting receptors? What is an example of a slow adapting receptor?
Always active, Slow little peripheral adaption, reminds you of a injury long after damage has taken place.
What neurons are rare, small, and lack features that distinguish dendrites from Axons?
Anaxanic Neurons
Where dose the adult spinal cord end?
At Vertebrae L1 and L2
what part of the nervous system provides involuntary regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac Muscle, and glandular activity?
Automatic Nervous System
What part of a neuron propagate an action potential?
Axon
What is the tectospinal tract? What is its importance?
Axons of the upper motor neurons descent into the tectospinal tract. They decussate immediately, before to synapse on lower motor neurons.
What is the rubrospinal tract? what is its importance?
Axons of upper motor neurons in red nuclei decussate in brain and descend into spinal cord in rubrospinal tract. , controls muscle tone and precise movements of distal parts.
What mechanoreceptors respond to change in blood pressure?
Baroreceptors
Where is the superior sagittal sinus located?
Between the right and left cerebral hemispheres of the brain
The anterior rami is spinal nerves C5 to T1 contribute fibers to which plexus?
Brachial Plexus
What is the main division of the adult brain?
Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Diencephalon, Brainstem
What type of channels opens and closes in response to building specific molecules?
Chemically gated ion channels
What makes up the central nervous system?What makes it up?
Consist of Nervous tissue, connective tissue, and blood vessels.
What is step 1 of Action Potential?
Depolarization to thresholds
What is the specific strip of skin that is innervated by a specific spinal nerve?
Dermatome
What sensation and activities are monitored by interceptors?
Digestive, urinary, stretch, deep pressure, pain
what is Important of chemoreceptors?
Exhibits peripheral adaptation in seconds, monitor pH, carbon dioxide, and oxygen levels in arterial blood.
Step 2 of cholinergic synapse
Extracellular calcium ions enter axon terminal and trigger exocytosis of ACh
What is the Limbic system? what are the functions of the limbic system?
Functional grouping that establishes emotional states, Links conscious functions of cerebral cortex with automatic functions of brainstem.
what nerves may be damaged if a patient has difficulty swallowing's?
Glossopharyngeal nerve
What is an excitatory postsynaptic potential?
Graded depolarization of postsynaptic membrane.
If a patient has difficulty speaking from loss of tongue movement, which cranial nerve is affected?
Hypoglossal Nerve
What is step 3 of Action Potential?
Inactivation of Na+ channel and activation of K+ channels
What is step 3 of Reflex Arc?
Information processing in spinal cord usually occurs at one or more interneurons.
What is step 4 or Reflex Arc?
Interneurons stimulate action Potential In motor Neuron; it's axon leaves via anterior root
what is the Wernicke's area?
Language comprehension, coordinates access to visual and auditory memories.
What spinal tract relays information regarding pain and temperature?
Lateral spinothalamic tract
What are the functions of the hypothalamus?
Mammillary Bodies, controls reflex eating movements
How is the neurileema of axon formed?
Many Schwann cells sheath entire axon
Autonomic centers that control blood pressure, heart rate, and digestion are located in the?
Medulla Oblongata
What are cells that engulf cell debris in the CNS?
Microglia
What is the basic function unit of the neuroglia?
Microglia
What is the perineurium?
Middle layer; separates nerve into fascicles (axon bundles)
What is he importance of baroreceptors?
Monitor change in pressure on an organ, responds immediately to change in pressure, but adapt rapidly.
What type of reflex dose a sensory neuron synapse directly on a motor neuron?
Monosynaptic Reflex
What is step 5 of Reflex Arc?
Motor Neurons stimulates effector (muscle/gland?
What is the most important of proprioceptor's?
Motor positions of joints and skeletal muscles
What part of the peripheral nervous system that carries sensory information to the CNS?
Nerves ( Peripheral Nerves)
What is a 3rd order neuron? What is its Importance?
Neuron in the thalamus that must receive information from second-order neuron. for the sensation to reach our awareness.
What type of neurotransmitter dose adrenergic synapses release?
Norepinephrine
What is the Babinski reflex?
Norman in infants, may indicate CNS damage in adults
What is the dura mater?
Outermost meningeal layer
What is the epineurium?
Outermost; network of collagen fibers
What are leak Channels?
Passive ion channels, are always open, permeability changes with conditions
What type of receptors are quickly adaptive sensory neurons?
Phasic receptors
What nerve arises from the cervical plexus and innervated the diaphragm?
Phrenic Nerve
What is it called when a neuron receives a neurotransmitter from another neuron?
Postsynaptic neuron
What is step 4 of Action Potential?
Returning to testing membrane potential
What is rapid impulse conduction called?
Saltatory Propagation
What is the job of Bulbous corpuscles?
Sensation to pressure and distortion of skin
What type of neurotransmitter affects attention and emotions?
Serotonin
What is parallel processing?
Several neurons/neuronal pools process the same information at the same time.
What dose the sodium potassium pump transport at normal resting membrane potential?
Sodium ions and potassium ions across the cell membrane
What is divergence?
Spreads Information from one neuron or neuronal pool to many.
What is step 1 of Reflex Arc?
Stimulus activates a receptor
What secondary brain vesicles form the cerebrum during embryonic development?
Telencephalon, Diencephalon, Mesencephalon, Metencephalon, .0000000Myelencephalon0
What is general sense?
Temperature, Pain, Touch, Pressure, Vibration, Proprioception (body position)
What happens when a second EPSP arrives before the effects of the first have disappeared.
Temporal summation
What secretes CSF?
The Choroid Plexus
What is the type of reflex that prevents the muscle from exerting to much tension?
The Tendon Reflex
What are Spinal meninges? Be able to label them.
Three specialized membranes surrounding spinal Cord
What are bundles of Axons in the Central Nervous System?
Tract
which cranial nerves has three branches?
Trigeminal nerves (V)
A patient presents with vocal tone, problems swallowing, inability to control urinations, erratic heart rate, and gastric problems. which nerve or nerves may be affected?
Vagus Nerve (X)
What is step 2 of Reflex Arc?
With enough stimulation, action potential is generated in sensory neuron. Axon enters spinal cord via posterior root.
What is the pineal gland? Where is the pineal gland located? What is the pineal gland apart of?
a gland that secretes melatonin, posterior portion of epithalamus, The Diencephalon
Where is the lateral corticospinal? What dose it cross?
an Axon synapse on lower motor neurons in the anterior horns of the spinal cord. It crosses over at the targeted spinal segment in anterior white commissure.
What is transduction?
conversion of an arriving stimulus into action potential by a sensory receptor
what dose the prefrontal cerebral cortex do for us?
coordinates information related from all cortical associations areas, and preforms abstract intellectual functions.
What dose the cerebellum oversee?
coordinates repetitive body movements
What are the parts of the diencephalon?
epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus
What are the functions of the Thalamus?
filters and relays sensory information, relays information between basal and nuclei and cerebral cortex.
How is the myelin sheath formed?
formed by oligodendrocytes
What are the parts of the cerebrum?
frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe
What part of the brain is responsible for learning, memory, and personality?
prefrontal cortex
What is the largest peripheral nerve?
sciatic nerve
What functions would be affected by damaged of pons?
sensory and motor functions
What are the functions of the neuroglia?
support and protect neurons
What mechanoreceptor in the dermis responds to fine touch?
tactile Corpuscles, Meissner Corpuscles
what is the fornix? where is it located?
tract of white matter, connects hippocampus with hypothalamus. located anterior nuclei of the thalamus.