Biology 237 Unit 4 Exam Chap 12-15

What is the threshold stimulus?

-60 to -55 mV

How many cranial nerves are there?

12 pair connected to the brain

what is the vestibulocochlear nerve? what sensation dose it carry?

8th heating cranial nerve, hearing sensation

What is homunculus designed?

A functional map of primary motor cortex

What is phantom Limp Pain? Who may experience it?

A painful sensation that are not produced where they are perceived to originate. An amputee

what are chemoreceptors?

A receptor that respond to water and lipid soluble substances that are dissolved in body fluids.

Step 3 of cholinergic synapse

ACh binds to receptors on postsynaptic membrane and depolarize it.

Step 4 of cholesterol synthesis

ACh is removed from synaptic cleft by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) breaks ACh into acetate and choline

Step 1 of cholinergic synapse

Action potential arrives at axon terminal and depolarizes membrane

What is step 2 of Action Potential?

Activation of voltage-gated Na+ Channels

In the presents of a constant stimulus a reduction in sensitivity is developed. What is this called?

Adaptation

What are slow adapting receptors? What is an example of a slow adapting receptor?

Always active, Slow little peripheral adaption, reminds you of a injury long after damage has taken place.

What neurons are rare, small, and lack features that distinguish dendrites from Axons?

Anaxanic Neurons

Where dose the adult spinal cord end?

At Vertebrae L1 and L2

what part of the nervous system provides involuntary regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac Muscle, and glandular activity?

Automatic Nervous System

What part of a neuron propagate an action potential?

Axon

What is the tectospinal tract? What is its importance?

Axons of the upper motor neurons descent into the tectospinal tract. They decussate immediately, before to synapse on lower motor neurons.

What is the rubrospinal tract? what is its importance?

Axons of upper motor neurons in red nuclei decussate in brain and descend into spinal cord in rubrospinal tract. , controls muscle tone and precise movements of distal parts.

What mechanoreceptors respond to change in blood pressure?

Baroreceptors

Where is the superior sagittal sinus located?

Between the right and left cerebral hemispheres of the brain

The anterior rami is spinal nerves C5 to T1 contribute fibers to which plexus?

Brachial Plexus

What is the main division of the adult brain?

Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Diencephalon, Brainstem

What type of channels opens and closes in response to building specific molecules?

Chemically gated ion channels

What makes up the central nervous system?What makes it up?

Consist of Nervous tissue, connective tissue, and blood vessels.

What is step 1 of Action Potential?

Depolarization to thresholds

What is the specific strip of skin that is innervated by a specific spinal nerve?

Dermatome

What sensation and activities are monitored by interceptors?

Digestive, urinary, stretch, deep pressure, pain

what is Important of chemoreceptors?

Exhibits peripheral adaptation in seconds, monitor pH, carbon dioxide, and oxygen levels in arterial blood.

Step 2 of cholinergic synapse

Extracellular calcium ions enter axon terminal and trigger exocytosis of ACh

What is the Limbic system? what are the functions of the limbic system?

Functional grouping that establishes emotional states, Links conscious functions of cerebral cortex with automatic functions of brainstem.

what nerves may be damaged if a patient has difficulty swallowing's?

Glossopharyngeal nerve

What is an excitatory postsynaptic potential?

Graded depolarization of postsynaptic membrane.

If a patient has difficulty speaking from loss of tongue movement, which cranial nerve is affected?

Hypoglossal Nerve

What is step 3 of Action Potential?

Inactivation of Na+ channel and activation of K+ channels

What is step 3 of Reflex Arc?

Information processing in spinal cord usually occurs at one or more interneurons.

What is step 4 or Reflex Arc?

Interneurons stimulate action Potential In motor Neuron; it's axon leaves via anterior root

what is the Wernicke's area?

Language comprehension, coordinates access to visual and auditory memories.

What spinal tract relays information regarding pain and temperature?

Lateral spinothalamic tract

What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

Mammillary Bodies, controls reflex eating movements

How is the neurileema of axon formed?

Many Schwann cells sheath entire axon

Autonomic centers that control blood pressure, heart rate, and digestion are located in the?

Medulla Oblongata

What are cells that engulf cell debris in the CNS?

Microglia

What is the basic function unit of the neuroglia?

Microglia

What is the perineurium?

Middle layer; separates nerve into fascicles (axon bundles)

What is he importance of baroreceptors?

Monitor change in pressure on an organ, responds immediately to change in pressure, but adapt rapidly.

What type of reflex dose a sensory neuron synapse directly on a motor neuron?

Monosynaptic Reflex

What is step 5 of Reflex Arc?

Motor Neurons stimulates effector (muscle/gland?

What is the most important of proprioceptor's?

Motor positions of joints and skeletal muscles

What part of the peripheral nervous system that carries sensory information to the CNS?

Nerves ( Peripheral Nerves)

What is a 3rd order neuron? What is its Importance?

Neuron in the thalamus that must receive information from second-order neuron. for the sensation to reach our awareness.

What type of neurotransmitter dose adrenergic synapses release?

Norepinephrine

What is the Babinski reflex?

Norman in infants, may indicate CNS damage in adults

What is the dura mater?

Outermost meningeal layer

What is the epineurium?

Outermost; network of collagen fibers

What are leak Channels?

Passive ion channels, are always open, permeability changes with conditions

What type of receptors are quickly adaptive sensory neurons?

Phasic receptors

What nerve arises from the cervical plexus and innervated the diaphragm?

Phrenic Nerve

What is it called when a neuron receives a neurotransmitter from another neuron?

Postsynaptic neuron

What is step 4 of Action Potential?

Returning to testing membrane potential

What is rapid impulse conduction called?

Saltatory Propagation

What is the job of Bulbous corpuscles?

Sensation to pressure and distortion of skin

What type of neurotransmitter affects attention and emotions?

Serotonin

What is parallel processing?

Several neurons/neuronal pools process the same information at the same time.

What dose the sodium potassium pump transport at normal resting membrane potential?

Sodium ions and potassium ions across the cell membrane

What is divergence?

Spreads Information from one neuron or neuronal pool to many.

What is step 1 of Reflex Arc?

Stimulus activates a receptor

What secondary brain vesicles form the cerebrum during embryonic development?

Telencephalon, Diencephalon, Mesencephalon, Metencephalon, .0000000Myelencephalon0

What is general sense?

Temperature, Pain, Touch, Pressure, Vibration, Proprioception (body position)

What happens when a second EPSP arrives before the effects of the first have disappeared.

Temporal summation

What secretes CSF?

The Choroid Plexus

What is the type of reflex that prevents the muscle from exerting to much tension?

The Tendon Reflex

What are Spinal meninges? Be able to label them.

Three specialized membranes surrounding spinal Cord

What are bundles of Axons in the Central Nervous System?

Tract

which cranial nerves has three branches?

Trigeminal nerves (V)

A patient presents with vocal tone, problems swallowing, inability to control urinations, erratic heart rate, and gastric problems. which nerve or nerves may be affected?

Vagus Nerve (X)

What is step 2 of Reflex Arc?

With enough stimulation, action potential is generated in sensory neuron. Axon enters spinal cord via posterior root.

What is the pineal gland? Where is the pineal gland located? What is the pineal gland apart of?

a gland that secretes melatonin, posterior portion of epithalamus, The Diencephalon

Where is the lateral corticospinal? What dose it cross?

an Axon synapse on lower motor neurons in the anterior horns of the spinal cord. It crosses over at the targeted spinal segment in anterior white commissure.

What is transduction?

conversion of an arriving stimulus into action potential by a sensory receptor

what dose the prefrontal cerebral cortex do for us?

coordinates information related from all cortical associations areas, and preforms abstract intellectual functions.

What dose the cerebellum oversee?

coordinates repetitive body movements

What are the parts of the diencephalon?

epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus

What are the functions of the Thalamus?

filters and relays sensory information, relays information between basal and nuclei and cerebral cortex.

How is the myelin sheath formed?

formed by oligodendrocytes

What are the parts of the cerebrum?

frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe

What part of the brain is responsible for learning, memory, and personality?

prefrontal cortex

What is the largest peripheral nerve?

sciatic nerve

What functions would be affected by damaged of pons?

sensory and motor functions

What are the functions of the neuroglia?

support and protect neurons

What mechanoreceptor in the dermis responds to fine touch?

tactile Corpuscles, Meissner Corpuscles

what is the fornix? where is it located?

tract of white matter, connects hippocampus with hypothalamus. located anterior nuclei of the thalamus.