Biology 30 Chapter 16
growth, maintenance, repair
3 functions of mitosis
tetrad
4 chromosomes or 2 homologous chromosome pairs
Polypoid
a cell that contains sets of more than 2 homologous chromosomes
meiosis
a process that produces haploid gametes from diploid cells
budding
a type of growth in which a bud grows from the parent's body
binary fission
allows cells to grow exponentially and are genetically identical
diploid
cell that contains pairs of homologous chromosomes
haploid
cell that contains unpaired chromosomes
down's syndrome
condition in which a patient has an extra chromosome #21; a type of trisomy disorder
turner's syndrome
condition in which a patient is missing one female sex chromosome; type of monosomy disorder
fragmentation
creation of new plant from a fragment of parent plant
allele
different forms of the same gene
cytokinesis
division of cytoplasm and organelles into two separate cells
Mitosis
division of genetic material into 2 identical daughter cells
crossing over
during synapsis, chromosomes exchange genetic material is called this
46
each somatic cell contains these many chromosomes
22
each somatic cell contains these many homologous chromosomes
2
each somatic cell contains these many sex chromosomes
conjugation
exchange of genetic material to create new and different cells
trisomy
extra chromosome; additional chromosomes in a cell
Chromatin
genetic material in the appearance of long intertwined strands
reduction division
meiosis produces daughter cells with less chromosomes that parent cell is called this and is one of the functions of meiosis
recombination
meiosis produces different combination of genes in daughter cells is called this and is one of the functions of meiosis
monosomy
missing a chromosome; less chromosomes in a cell
vegetative reproduction
new plants grow from a modified stem
nondisjunction
occurs in anaphase I and II when chromosomes do not separate properly
synapsis
pairing of homologous chromosomes during prophase 1
Autosome
pairs of homologous chromosomes
Homologous Chromosome
pairs of similar looking chromosomes
alternation of generations
phases in which one is haploid and one is diploid
Independent Assortment
probable arrangement of chromosomes at metaphase I. Is not dependent on the assortment of other chromosomes
prophase 1
process of meiosis 1 where Chromosomes come together in tetrads and centrioles move to opposite poles. process of synapsis and crossing over also occur
metaphase 1
process of meiosis 1 where Tetrads move to equator of cell in homologous pairs (not single file)
anaphase 1
process of meiosis 1 where homologous pairs are pulled to opposite poles (segregation)
telophase 1
process of meiosis 1 which results in two non-identical daughter cells are formed, nuclear membrane reforms
metaphase 2
process of meiosis 2 where chromosomes move to equator of cell in single file
anaphase 2
process of meiosis 2 where movement of sister chromatids to opposite poles
prophase 2
process of meiosis 2 where nuclear membrane dissolves, spindle fibres form
telophase 2
process of meiosis 2 which results in four haploid daughter cells are produced in total in meiosis 1 and 2
telophase
process of mitosis where chromatids become chromatin, nuclear membrane and nucleus reappear
anaphase
process of mitosis where chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of the cell as spindle fibres shorten
metaphase
process of mitosis where spindle fibres attach to centromeres, chromosomes line up at equator of cell
prophase
process of mitosis where the centromeres move to equators, nucleolus disappears, spindle fibres form. Chromosomes consist of 2 sister chromatids held together by a centromere
spore
reproductive cell that develops into an organism
meiosis 2
stage in meiosis that is the separation of sister chromatids
S phase
stage of cell growth where DNA is copied
G1
stage of cell growth where the cell grows quickly and carries out
G2
stage of cell growth where the cells rebuild energy and prepares the cell for cell division
meiosis 1
stage of meiosis in which homologous chromosomes are moved to opposite poles (2n to n)
Chromosome
strand of DNA and associated proteins
pathogenesis
unfertilized eggs can develop into an adult