Biology 30 Chapter 16

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growth, maintenance, repair

3 functions of mitosis

tetrad

4 chromosomes or 2 homologous chromosome pairs

Polypoid

a cell that contains sets of more than 2 homologous chromosomes

meiosis

a process that produces haploid gametes from diploid cells

budding

a type of growth in which a bud grows from the parent's body

binary fission

allows cells to grow exponentially and are genetically identical

diploid

cell that contains pairs of homologous chromosomes

haploid

cell that contains unpaired chromosomes

down's syndrome

condition in which a patient has an extra chromosome #21; a type of trisomy disorder

turner's syndrome

condition in which a patient is missing one female sex chromosome; type of monosomy disorder

fragmentation

creation of new plant from a fragment of parent plant

allele

different forms of the same gene

cytokinesis

division of cytoplasm and organelles into two separate cells

Mitosis

division of genetic material into 2 identical daughter cells

crossing over

during synapsis, chromosomes exchange genetic material is called this

46

each somatic cell contains these many chromosomes

22

each somatic cell contains these many homologous chromosomes

2

each somatic cell contains these many sex chromosomes

conjugation

exchange of genetic material to create new and different cells

trisomy

extra chromosome; additional chromosomes in a cell

Chromatin

genetic material in the appearance of long intertwined strands

reduction division

meiosis produces daughter cells with less chromosomes that parent cell is called this and is one of the functions of meiosis

recombination

meiosis produces different combination of genes in daughter cells is called this and is one of the functions of meiosis

monosomy

missing a chromosome; less chromosomes in a cell

vegetative reproduction

new plants grow from a modified stem

nondisjunction

occurs in anaphase I and II when chromosomes do not separate properly

synapsis

pairing of homologous chromosomes during prophase 1

Autosome

pairs of homologous chromosomes

Homologous Chromosome

pairs of similar looking chromosomes

alternation of generations

phases in which one is haploid and one is diploid

Independent Assortment

probable arrangement of chromosomes at metaphase I. Is not dependent on the assortment of other chromosomes

prophase 1

process of meiosis 1 where Chromosomes come together in tetrads and centrioles move to opposite poles. process of synapsis and crossing over also occur

metaphase 1

process of meiosis 1 where Tetrads move to equator of cell in homologous pairs (not single file)

anaphase 1

process of meiosis 1 where homologous pairs are pulled to opposite poles (segregation)

telophase 1

process of meiosis 1 which results in two non-identical daughter cells are formed, nuclear membrane reforms

metaphase 2

process of meiosis 2 where chromosomes move to equator of cell in single file

anaphase 2

process of meiosis 2 where movement of sister chromatids to opposite poles

prophase 2

process of meiosis 2 where nuclear membrane dissolves, spindle fibres form

telophase 2

process of meiosis 2 which results in four haploid daughter cells are produced in total in meiosis 1 and 2

telophase

process of mitosis where chromatids become chromatin, nuclear membrane and nucleus reappear

anaphase

process of mitosis where chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of the cell as spindle fibres shorten

metaphase

process of mitosis where spindle fibres attach to centromeres, chromosomes line up at equator of cell

prophase

process of mitosis where the centromeres move to equators, nucleolus disappears, spindle fibres form. Chromosomes consist of 2 sister chromatids held together by a centromere

spore

reproductive cell that develops into an organism

meiosis 2

stage in meiosis that is the separation of sister chromatids

S phase

stage of cell growth where DNA is copied

G1

stage of cell growth where the cell grows quickly and carries out

G2

stage of cell growth where the cells rebuild energy and prepares the cell for cell division

meiosis 1

stage of meiosis in which homologous chromosomes are moved to opposite poles (2n to n)

Chromosome

strand of DNA and associated proteins

pathogenesis

unfertilized eggs can develop into an adult


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