Biology - BIOL0L111.ONL/ final lab exam questions

Which of the panels shown below would represent TELOPHASE in the cell cycle?

#2

Based on the ACIDS & BASES virtual lab you completed, a tomato has a proton concentration of 0.00006 MMoles per liter. How would you calculate the pH? - log (6 x 105 ) negative logarithm of 6 times 10 to the power of 5 log (6 x 10-5)logarithm of 6 times 10 to the power of minus 5 - log (0.006) x 5negative logarithm of 0.006 times 5 - log (6 x 10-5)negative logarithm of 6 times 10 to the power of minus 5

- log (6 x 10-5)negative logarithm of 6 times 10 to the power of minus 5

The cell cycle in a certain cell type has a duration of 16 hours. The nuclei of 660 cells showed 13 cells in anaphase. What is the approximate duration of anaphase in these cells? 2 minutes 32 minutes 19 minutes 667 minutes

. 19 minutes 16 hours × 60 minutes/hour = 960 minutes.13 cells in anaphase ÷ 660 total cells = 2% of the cells in anaphase2% of 960 is approximately 19 minutes

Based on the ACIDS & BASES virtual lab you completed, how many water molecules self-ionize in one liter of water! 0.0000001 moles 1 mole 7 moles 10,000,000 moles

0.0000001 moles

Using the graph below, what is rate of oxygen consumption in germinating corn at 12°C? 4.0 mL Oxygen per minute 0.4 mL Oxygen per minute 0.2 mL Oxygen per minute 0.04 mL Oxygen per minute 0.6 mL Oxygen per minute

0.04 mL Oxygen per minute Remember, rate is determined by mL of oxygen consumed per unit time. The rate of oxygen consumption is constant over the entire 20 minute period for corn germinating at 12° C. You can tell this because the slope of the line is constant, meaning it has the same pitch during the entire period. You can calculate the rate at each time interval: 0.8 mL/20 min or 0.04 mL per min; 0.6 mL/15 min or 0.04 mL per min; 0.4 mL/10 min or 0.04 mL per min; and 0.2 mL/5 min or 0.04 mL per min

How are cells similar to a factory or business. List 5 similarities. Please number your similarities.

1- the nucleus is a manager 2- The mitochondrion is a type of power generator. 3- Golgi is like the Packing department 4-Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER) could be like Production Line 5-The lysosome is a recycling and repair organization.

A man has extra digits (six fingers on each hand and six toes on each foot). His wife and their daughter have the normal number of digits (five fingers on each hand and five toes on each foot.) Having extra digits is a dominant trait. The couple's second child has extra digits. What is the probability that their next (third) child will have extra digits? Correct! 1/2 1/16 3/4 1/8

1/2

A recessive allele on the X chromosome is responsible for red-green color blindness in humans. A woman with normal vision whose father is color blind marries a color-blind male. What is the probability that this couple's first son will be color blind? 1/2 1/4 3/4 2/3

1/2

If cell X enters meiosis, and nondisjunction of one chromosome occurs in one of its daughter cells during meiosis II, what will be the result at the completion of meiosis? Half of the gametes descended from cell X will be n + 1, and half will be n - 1. All the gametes descended from cell X will be diploid. Two of the four gametes descended from cell X will be haploid, and two will be diploid. 1/4 of the gametes descended from cell X will be n + 1, 1/4 will be n - 1, and 1/2 will be n.

1/4 of the gametes descended from cell X will be n + 1, 1/4 will be n - 1, and 1/2 will be n.

Based on the POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION virtual lab you completed, how many sets of primers are needed for DNA profiling? 13 Noe 100 1

13

Arrange the beakers in order of the mass of the bags inside them after the experiment has run for 30 minutes. List the bag that loses the most mass first. 1,5,2,3,4 1,2,3,4,5 2,1,5,3,4 3,1,5,2,4 4,3,2,5,1

2,1,5,3,4

Based on the POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION virtual lab you completed, Primers are always designed to be complementary to the template DNA strand. Which of these sequences is the complementary sequence to the template sequence shown below: 5'-GTGGTCTGATCAACGGTAA-3

3'-CACCAGACTAGTTGCCATT-5

How many covalent bonds can carbon create? 3 6 4 2

4

If the eye piece of a microscope has a magnification of 10 and the objective lens has a magnification of 43, what is the total magnification of the object? 430 43 53 100

430

How many total chromosomes are in a normal human's karyotype? 23 46 92 43

46

What power objective should you always start focusing with when using a compound microscope? 10x 20x 40x 4x

4x

What is the mRNA sequence based on the DNA TEMPLATE strand sequence shown below. Be sure to indicate the correct polarity (show 5' and 3' ends) in the sequence of the codons. DNA sequence: 3' - AAT GCT CGT AGG - 5' What is the mRNA sequence?

5'- UUA CGA GCA UCC -3' mRNA PRODUCED

Restriction enzymes are unique for many reasons, but one characteristic they have is that they cut PALINDROMIC sequences of double stranded DNA. From the sequences listed below, indicate WHICH DNA sequences would be PALINDROMIC. I am showing just one strand of DNA sequence, but realize that the other strand is present (but not shown). You need to select ALL palindromic sequences (as there MAY be more than one...) in order to get full credit for this question and there is no partial credit. SEQUENCE: 5'-ATGC-3' SEQUENCE: 5'-GCCGCC-3' SEQUENCE: 5'-AAATTT-3' SEQUENCE: 5'-GTAC-3' SEQUENCE: 5'-ATATAT-3'

5'-ATATAT-3' 5'-AAATTT-3' could be 5'-ATGC-3' could be

What percentage of genetic information is passed on from parents to their offspring? not able to be determined 100% from the mother 50% from each parent 100% from the father 75% from the father, 25% from the mother

50% from each parent

Based on the VIRTUAL LAB YOU COMPLETED THIS WEEK, what does your data indicate about the optimum temperature for this enzyme-catalyzed reaction? 37°C 50°C 70°C 30°C 80°C

70°C

Based on the VIRTUAL LAB YOU COMPLETED THIS WEEK, what does your data indicate about the optimum pH level for this enzyme-catalyzed reaction? 9 6 7 8 10

9

On the image shown below, which letter represents the substrate? C A None of the answer choices shown here D B

A

What genetic infomation can be obtained from a Punnett square? What genetic infomation cannot be determined from a Punnett square?

A Punnett square determines all of the ways in which alleles can combine. It may be used to predict ratios of offspring genotypes and phenotypes. Punnett squares cannot determine actual outcomes. They can only predict probability for things to happen. Dr .A

What is taxine? a. A combination of poisons produced by the yew tree. b. The genus name of the yew tree. c. Another name for the yew berry. d. A stage of mitosis.

A combination of poisons produced by the yew tree.

If I mixed equal parts of a strong acid (i.e. 500 mL hydrochloric acid, pH 3.0) and water (i.e. 500 mL H2O, pH 7.0), why is the resulting pH not the average of the two solutions (i.e. 3 + 7 = 10, divide that by 2, result is 5)? Explain your answer in detail below applying what you learned about pH, H+ ions, OH- ions, acids, bases, neutral solutions, etc. When mixing two solutions having different pH values (i.e. one basic and one acidic), you must calculate the concentration of hydroxide ions in one solution and the concentration of hydronium ions in the other. You calculate the concentration of hydronium in the solution by dividing the total concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution by the total volume of the mixed solution. The result is the -log of the solution's pH value. However, you must note that the pH scale is a LOGARITHMIC relationship. A solution with a pH of 3.0 has 100x more hydronium ions in it as compared to a solution with a pH of 4.0 and 1000x more hydronium ions in it compared to a solution with a pH of 5.0. You can not just average the pH of the two solutions. The key word that I am looking for was LOGARITHMIC and how mixing two solutions was NOT the average between the two.

A consideration of the number of H+ ions and the number of hydroxides (OH-) ions determines a pH measurement. The water is neutral when the amount of H+ ions number of OH- ions. The pH will then be around 7. The pH of water can range from 0 to 14. also. the pH scale is a logarithmic relationship, not a linear one. In comparison towater, a solution with a pH of 6 has 10X more H+ ions (pH of 7). When comparedto water, a pH 5 solution contains 100X more H ions (pH of 7). When two solutionswith different pH values are mixed, the average of the two pH values is notcalculated. The pH of orange juice is 3.5, while the pH of water is 7. When youcombine equal portions, you get a pH of 3.8 (rather than 3.5+7 = 10.5/2 = 5.25).

Based on the PEDIGREE ANALYSIS virtual lab you completed, geneticists often talk about monogenic disorders. What is a monogenic disorder? A genetic disorder caused by environmental factors A genetic disorder caused by chromosomal abnormalities A genetic disorder where only one gene is involved A genetic disorder where two or more genes are involved

A genetic disorder where only one gene is involved

Based on the PEDIGREE ANALYSIS virtual lab you completed, pedigrees are a very useful tool for genetic studies. Are you familiar with the symbols used in a pedigree? What does it mean if a person is depicted as an open circle with a line across it? A healthy woman, who is deceased A healthy woman, who has no children An affected woman, who is deceased A healthy man

A healthy woman, who is deceasedFV

Individual chromosomes that are inherited from each of the parents are called... Chromosomes A homologous pair DNA Sister chromatids

A homologous pair

2)Which of the following are qualities of any good scientific hypothesis? I. It is testable. II. It is falsifiable .III. It produces quantitative data.I V. It produces results that can be replicated. B)I onlyC)III onlyD)III and IV

A)I and II

Which color of light do plants least efficiently use for photosynthesis? A. green B. blue C. red D. violet

A. green

In what part of the beet pant is the excess sucrose stored? A. root B. leaves C. stem

A. root

What molecules are produced during the light reactions? A. oxygen, water, glucose B. oxygen, ATP, glucose C. ATP, NADPH, water D. ATP, NADPH, oxygen

ATP, NADPH, oxygen

What are some factors that might influence the activity of an enzyme? Do these factors (both positive and negative) have a permanent or temporary effect on an enzyme molecule? he concentration of enzymes: More enzyme molecules are present to activate the substrate when the enzyme concentration is higher. The high amounts of enzyme-substrate compound result in a faster initial catalytic rate, giving the reaction a benefit in the transition toward reactant-product equilibrium. Allosteric regulation occurs when a regulatory subunit attaches to an effector molecule, causing the enzyme to alter its shape. Effectors can either inhibit or activate an enzyme. All other factors can affect an enzyme's work positively if there is the same range negative is higher or lower and can affect the shape of the enzyme An enzyme's characteristic form (denatures) changes when hydrogen bonds are broken, and it stops operating.

According to the lab activity and my reading of the book, the functional shape of an enzyme is dependent on Temperatur pH Ion concentration Presence of inhibitors Each enzyme functions well at a certain pH level. The optimal pH for an enzyme is dictated by the environment in which it operates. so, I can say, Extremely high temperatures, on the other hand, can cause an enzyme to lose its form (denature) and cease to function. pH: Each enzyme has a specific pH range within which it functions best. Each enzyme functions well at a certain pH level. The optimal pH for an enzyme is dictated by the environment in which it operates for example, Enzymes in the small intestine, for example, have a ph level of about 7.5, while enzymes in the stomach have a ph range of about 2.

Based on the ACIDS & BASES virtual lab you completed, which is the best definition for an acid? Acids accept protons from water molecules Acids split into two molecules in aqueous solution Acids remove a proton from each water molecule Acids donate protons in aqueous solution

Acids donate protons in aqueous solution

Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Give specific examples of each one and discuss the efficiency of each process in terms of ATP production.

Aerobic respiration is a kind of cellular function that leads to the generation of ATP, the cell's chemical energy in the form, by totally oxidizing glucose. Higher organisms, such as animals, humans, and plants, use aerobic respiration as their primary method of cellular respiration. The glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain are the three main phases of aerobic respiration. Another distinction between aerobic and anaerobic processes is that aerobic processes take place in the cytoplasm and inside mitochondria, and anaerobic processes only take place in the cytoplasm. The aerobic process produces 36 ATP molecules per molecule of glucose, whereas the anaerobic process makes about 2 ATP molecules per molecule of glucose. The aerobic step produces 6 water per glucose molecule, but the anaerobic process does not produce water molecules because the electron transport chain does not use molecular oxygen. Aerobic respiration has an electron transport chain, while fermentation does not. anaerobic process makes about 2 ATP for example, Fermentation permits glucose to be phosphorylated at the substrate level, resulting in the production of ATP. Glycolysis will proceed as NAD+ is able to receive electrons during the oxidation step. Under aerobic conditions, NADH conserves NAD+ by transferring its electrons to the electron transfer chain lactic acid fermentation. For example, the bacteria in yogurt are responsible for this sort of fermentation and Fermentation of alcohol: The method of changing pyruvate to acetaldehyde and CO2 is known as ethanol fermentation.

What is the first thing you have to do if there is a fire in the lab? Alert people Run for the fire extinguisher Open the windows Splash the fire with water

Alert people

Based on the PEDIGREE ANALYSIS virtual lab you completed, how can a gene cause a disease? It is only when genes are not expressed that they cause disease A gene cannot be the cause of a disease There are 'bad' genes that when expressed cause diseases Alterations in genes lead to defective or non-functional products, and this may cause disease

Alterations in genes lead to defective or non-functional products, and this may cause disease

What is a hybrid? A purebred individual An offspring of purebred individuals of the same breed An offspring with parents from two different breeds A lab mouse

An offspring with parents from two different breeds

How many base pairs is the red-circled fragment in above agarose gel? Approximately 1000 bp Approximately 50 bp Approximately 22 bp Approximately 3000 bp

Approximately 3000 bp

Identical heat lamps are arranged to shine on two identical containers, one containing water and one methanol (wood alcohol), so that each liquid absorbs the same amount of energy minute by minute. The covalent bonds of methanol molecules are nonpolar, so there are no hydrogen bonds among methanol molecules. Which of the following graphs correctly describes what will happen to the temperature of the water and the methanol?

B

On the image shown below, which letter represents the enzyme? None of the answer choices shown here D A C B

B

A segment of DNA has two restriction sites—I and II. When incubated with restriction enzymes I and II, three fragments will be formed—a, b, and c. Which of the following gels produced by electrophoresis would represent the separation and identity of these fragments?

B Answer "B" is correct since the DNA digest will create a LARGE-sized fragment "c", a MEDIUM-sized fragment "a" and a SMALL-sized fragment "b". Since fragments run out on an agarose gel based on their size (or length of nucleotides), the smallest fragments migrate fastest (towards the + pole of the gel; remember DNA as a slight negative charge). The largest fragments migrate slowest and the medium fragments migrate at a moderate rate.

"Sweet Beets: Making Sugar Out of Thin Air" - https://youtu.be/BFn9jEhDJmI 1. Sugar beets plants start from tiny seeds and grow to be large plants. Where does the bulk of their mass come from? A. nutrients absorbed from the soil B. carbon dioxide taken in from the surrounding air C. sugars absorbed from the soil D. oxygen taken in from the surrounding air

B. carbon dioxide taken in from the surrounding air

1. The overall process of photosynthesis produces what two products? A. carbon dioxide and water B. oxygen and carbohydrates C. carbon dioxide and carbohydrates D. oxygen and water

B. oxygen and carbohydrates

Based on the PROTEIN SYNTHESIS virtual lab you completed, bacterial cells often cannot produce recombinant proteins that are identical to their wild type. Why is this? Bacteria are harder to culture. Bacteria have a high protein yield. Bacteria lack the machinery for making post-translational modifications. Bacteria express proteins very rapidly.

Bacteria lack the machinery for making post-translational modifications.

Based on the ACIDS & BASES virtual lab you completed, what is the definition of a base? Bases increase the number of protons in an aqueous solution Bases are proton donors Bases donate protons to water molecules Bases accept protons

Bases accept protons

1 2 3 4 5 Which beaker(s) contain(s) a solution that is hypertonic to the bag

Beaker 1, 2, & 5

Unicellular organisms such as bacteria depend on asexual reproduction. Why is sexual reproduction so common in higher multicellular organisms such as humans? Because it requires less energy Because a sexual population can grow faster than an asexual population Because it creates genetic variation in the population Because it produces offspring that are identical to the parents

Because it creates genetic variation in the population

Which part of the yew tree does not contain poison? Seeds Leaves Bark Berries Roots

Berries

Based on the POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION virtual lab you completed, what is the function of primers in a PCR reaction? Copy DNA Denature DNA Bind random sites on the DNA Bind specific sites on the DNA

Bind specific sites on the DNA

Mitosis and meiosis are both involved in reproduction. Asexual reproduction only involves mitosis, while sexual reproduction involves... Both mitosis and meiosis None Mitosis Meiosis

Both mitosis and meiosis

Based on the PEDIGREE ANALYSIS virtual lab you completed, how can we estimate the size of DNA fragments? By measuring the intensity of the bands By timing the time it takes for the fragments to run off the gel This is not possible, we can only compare fragments among each other By comparing it to fragments of a known size

By comparing it to fragments of a known size

How does paclitaxel specifically inhibit mitosis? By inhibiting microtubules' ability to grow. By inhibiting the nuclear membrane from dissolving. By inhibiting microtubules' ability to shrink. By inhibiting the movement of the centromeres to opposite poles.

By inhibiting microtubules' ability to shrink

3. What is the product of the Calvin cycle that is used to make carbohydrates? A. NADPH B. RuBP C. G3P D. oxygen

C. G3P

3. What molecule is released as a by-product during the light-dependent reactions? A. carbon dioxide B. water C. oxygen D. sucrose

C. oxygen

LABSTER LAB SAFETY There are usually two different types of fire extinguishers: CO2 based extinguishers Foam based extinguishers. Why should you never use a CO2 based extinguisher on a person? CO2 would cause the person to suffocate CO2 is freezing cold CO2 is corrosive CO2 is toxic

CO2 is freezing cold

Of the 4 macromolecules, which one is a direct source of energy? Fats Carbohydrates Nucleic Acids Lipids

Carbohydrates

Which of the following molecules is a protein maintained at steady levels throughout the cell cycle that requires cyclin to become catalytically active? MPF cyclin Cdk PDGF

Cdk

Based on the ACIDS & BASES virtual lab you completed, what makes an acid acidic? Number of protons in a molecule Phase Temperature Chemical structure

Chemical structure

Certain unicellular eukaryotes, including diatoms and some yeasts, have mechanisms of nuclear division that may resemble intermediate steps in the evolution of mitosis. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of nuclear division in these organisms? They reproduce by binary fission in their early stages of development and by mitosis when they are mature. Chromosomes are segregated by attachment to the plasma membrane. They have circular chromosomes that are segregated by a mitotic spindle. Chromosomes are segregated by a mitotic spindle, but the nuclear envelope remains intact during division.

Chromosomes are segregated by a mitotic spindle, but the nuclear envelope remains intact during division.

Based on the CYTOGENETICS virtual lab you completed, what is detected by an array CGH analysis? Large chromosomal inversions Copy number of chromosome Single nucleotide deletions or insertions Balanced translocations

Copy number of chromosome

Students conducted an experiment to determine the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis. They punched 40 leaf disks from spinach leaves and used a syringe partially filled with water to pull the gases from the leaf disks so that all leaf disks sunk to the bottom of the syringe. Ten (10) leaf disks from the syringe were placed in each of four cups and covered with 50 ml of the solutions as indicated below. All leaf disks were resting on the bottom of the cups when the experiment began. The volume of liquid in each cup and the temperature of the solutions were held constant. All cups were placed 0.5 meters from the designated light source. A large beaker of water was placed between the light and the cups to act as a heat sink to prevent a change in temperature. At the end of 10 minutes, the number of disks floating in each cup was recorded. Cup 4 had the slowest rate of photosynthesis because it had the least baking soda. Cup 3 had the same rate of photosynthesis as Cup 1 because they had the same ratio of disks floating to wattage of light. Cup 2 had the highest rate of photosynthesis because 5 disks were floating at the end of 10 minutes using a 50 watt light bulb. Cup 1 had a low rate of photosynthesis because 0.5 grams of baking soda did not provide a sufficient amount of CO2.

Cup 4 had the slowest rate of photosynthesis because it had the least baking soda.

What are some historical examples or references to cyanide or cyanide poisoning?

Cyanide is a chemical that occurs naturally in many plants and is extremely dangerous whether breathed as a gas, swallowed as a solid, or absorbed directly. The Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871) saw the first use of cyanide in battle when Napoleon III ordered his soldiers to dip their bayonet tips in the poison. . Cyanide may have been applied to Kurds in Iraq and Syria, as well as during the Iran-Iraq War.During World War I, French and Austrian forces utilized cyanide; during World War II, Nazi Germany used the rodenticide Zyklon B to kill millions of people. Cyanide was placed in subway bathrooms in 1995 by the Japanese cult Aum Shinrikyo.(Cyanide)

Explain or give and example where might you potassium cyanide (or a similar poisonous cyanide compounds) naturally?

Cyanide is a chemical that occurs naturally in many plants and is extremely dangerous whetherbreathed as a gas, swallowed as a solid, or absorbed directly. Common fruit pits and seeds, like those from peaches, apricots, and apples, can have significant levels of molecules that can break down into cyanide.Additionally, cyanides can be found in cigarette smoke, car exhaust, and foods like tapioca, spinach, bamboo shoots, almonds, lima beans, and fruit naturally contain chemicals that release cyanide.The CDC claims that potassium cyanide releases hydrogen cyanide gas, a very toxic chemical asphyxiant that inhibits the body's utilization of oxygen. Potassium cyanide exposure has a high risk of being deadly quickly.

4. During the carbon fixation portion of photosynthesis, what type of molecules are the carbon atoms in carbon dioxide rearranged into? A. protein molecules B. DNA molecules C. lipid molecules D. sugar molecules

D. sugar molecules

What is the role of DNA and RNA in protein synthesis? Write in complete sentences and include at least 2 details for each.

DNA codes for the synthesis of proteins and occurs outside the nucleus on ribosomes in the cytoplasm. RNA carries out a transcribed genetic message from DNA to the ribosomes, where molecules of RNA assemble the protein. RNA Single-Stranded Base Uracil Sugar is ribose DNA Double-Stranded Base Thymine Sugar is deoxyribose DNA is used as a template for the new RNA molecule and it is found in a cell's nucleus. RNA polymerase helps form the molecule of RNA and it is found inside the nucleus or the cytoplasm of bacteria. RNA is the product of transcription. Three types of RNA molecules (mRNA templates, tRNAs, and rRNAs), as well as various proteins that are required for translation. mRNA is what carries the genetic information copied from DNA and it is in the form of a series of three base code words which are each a specific amino acid. tRNA is what deciphers the code words in mRNA and each amino acid has its own kind of tRNA. rRNA is what associates with proteins to form ribosome and they physically move along mRNA molecules.

The lagging strand is characterized by a series of short segments of DNA (Okazaki fragments) that will be joined together to form a finished lagging strand. The experiments that led to the discovery of Okazaki fragments gave evidence for which of the following ideas? Bacterial replication is fundamentally different from eukaryotic replication. The key should not be way longer than the distractors. DNA is a polymer consisting of four monomers: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. DNA is the genetic material. DNA polymerase is an enzyme that synthesizes leading and lagging strands during replication only in one direction.

DNA polymerase is an enzyme that synthesizes leading and lagging strands during replication only in one direction.

In DNA replication, the resulting daughter molecules contain one strand of the original parental DNA and one new strand. What is the explanation for this phenomenon? DNA replication is conservative. RNA synthesis is conservative. DNA replication is not conservative. DNA replication is semiconservative.

DNA replication is semiconservative.

What is the difference between DIFFUSION and OSMOSIS? Be sure to explain your answers in detail and provide an example to justify

Diffusion occurs when molecules move from a high-concentration area to a low-concentration area until equilibrium is reached. Any substance travels from a high-energy to a low-energy state.Through watching the experiment, I noticed, Diffusion is created by the molecules'kinetic energy, which generates molecules to move. The random movement of themolecules causes them to shift from a high concentration area to a lower concentrationarea in simple.For example, Observe the change in particle concentration in slide A versus slide B inthe illustration demonstrates a concentration gradient.And I observe kinetic energy being used to move things around at random. It's likely thatit'll hit the wall, each other, or go through the pore.kinetic energy being used to movethings around at random from A to B and back from B to A Net diffusion moves down the concentration gradient from areas of_high _____ concentration to areas of __low__ Water diffuses through cell membranes in a process known as osmosis. Osmosis is the process of water passing through a semipermeable membrane.Only water or another solvent can travel from a high-energy to a low-energy or low-concentration location. for example ,Osmosis is the process through which water is absorbed from the soil. The concentration of minerals in plant roots is higher than in the soil. As a result, the water enters the roots. Osmosis has an influence on the plant's defense cells as well. in the lab we see The flow of water molecules from a solution with a high concentration of watermolecules to a solution with a lower concentration of water molecules through a cell'sselectively permeable membrane is known to as osmosis in biology.For example,in the lab we have two construction A and B, In the diagram ,I see theconcentration of solution B is less than A, so i see the water always go to the lowerconcentration from side B to A side because I think because there is more solut suchsalt or sugar on side A and there for less water. On side B,there is less solute(suger orsalt for example) and more water.

What do you have to do if there is an unexpected violent chemical reaction in a bottle? Add water Evacuate Put the lid on the bottle Add baking soda for neutralization Get your camera out so that you can live stream the event from the 'gram!

Evacuate

A cell spends most of the time in the divisional stages of mitosis (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase). True False

False This is FALSE. The cell spends most of its time in the INTERPHASE portion of the cell cycle, NOT the divisional stages (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase).

Interphase is part of the divisional phases of mitosis. True False

False This is FALSE. The divisional stages would be prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase and NOT interphase.

Which group of macromolecules includes male sex hormones? Proteins Fats Nucleic Acids Carbohydrates

Fats

Explain why an organism with a homozygous dominant genotype has the same phenotype as an organism with a heterozygous genotype.

For example, in human the brown allele is dominant to the blue allele (B>b). A brown-eyed person has two different genotypes possible, BB or Bb. Without any additional information, it is impossible to determine the genotype of this person. They would be either BB (brown eyes) or Bb (brown eyes) since they have at least one dominant allele (B). People with blue eyes would have a homozygous recessive genotype (bb). DR.A

Which of the following is not a function of mitosis? Growth of an embryo into a fetus. Healing of a paper cut in the skin. Maintainance of adequate supply of blood cells. Formation of sperm.

Formation of sperm.

Use the data in the accompanying table to answer the question. Minutes Spent in Cell Cycle Phases The data in the table were obtained from a study of the length of time spent in each phase of the cell cycle by cells of three eukaryotic organisms designated beta, delta, and gamma Which of the statements is the best explanation for the difference between time spent in S phase by beta and gamma?

Gamma contains more DNA than beta.

How would the poisoning in this case study (from potassium cyanide) differ from someone poisoned by carbon monoxide? Explain the differences from a chemical/biochemical/cellular perspective.

Gases like carbon monoxide (CO) are created during the burning of fuels like gasoline. It has nocolor and is undetectable. It isn't something you can taste or smell. CO is hazardous at highconcentrations and can accumulate quickly. Red blood cells can absorb carbon monoxide morequickly than oxygen. When CO levels are high, oxygen in the blood is pushed out.Organs including the brain and heart don't obtain adequate oxygen if you breathe in too muchCO. In addition, CO can harm the cells and organs by interacting with bodily proteins. If youbreathe a lot of CO, you could pass out and die in a matter of a few minutes.CO makescytochrome oxidase active. As a result, ATP synthesis is reduced, especially in tissues with highmetabolic demands (brain, heart). The electron transport chain keeps going, producing oxidantsand causing more damage(Carbon Monoxide Poisoning:).While CN largely affects consciousness with an early onset of serious disruption to vitalfunctions, Cyanide works as cellular clips and causes toxicity by stopping cells from using available. The inner mitochondrial membrane cannot pump protons across it if there is no electron flow.The proton gradient will quickly disappear as protons return through the ATP synthase, andfinally, the proton concentrations on both sides of the membrane will be nearly equal. Also,Cyanide inhibits the production of NAD+ from NADH and FAD2. Cyanide will result in a lackof energy since NAD+ is required for the production of 34 ATP in the electron transport chainoxygen. Even when oxygen levels are normal or increased, this results in a state of cellularhypoxia. The oxygen in the blood could not be used by the cells as energy. The electron transportchain was unable to work as a result, which led to the cells' lack of energy and death. CO poisoning primarily affects CNS cognitive function and even consciousnesswithout significantly altering important functions. Cyanide binds to and inhibits cytochromeoxidase a3, which causes the electron transport chain in the mitochondrial synthesis of ATP tobe damaged.

For each metabolite listed in the table, describe its role in cellular respiration? Are they substrates or products? What is their main function?

Glucose a monosaccharide that functions as the main energy source for the body. It is the substrate that enters glycolysis, where it is broken down into pyruvate, forming 2 NADH and a net yield of 2 ATP molecules. Pyruvate a 3 carbon sugar that is formed as a product of glycolysis. It is a substrate of the preparatory reaction, where it is converted into a two carbon Acetyl CoA molecule, releasing a molecule of carbon dioxide and producing a molecule of NADH. Acetyl CoA then functions as a substrate of the citric acid cycle. NAD+ This is an electron acceptor. It functions as a substrate in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, where it picks up electrons (is reduced) to form another compound NADH This is an electron donor. It is a product of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle; it is the reduced form of NAD+. NADH functions to bring electrons from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle and donate them to the electron transport chain (NADH is oxidized back to form another compound

Based on the PROTEIN SYNTHESIS virtual lab you completed, recombinant proteins produced by E. coli are not glycosylated. This is because E. coli cells do not possess which organelle? lysosomes mitochondria cytoplasm Golgi apparatus

Golgi apparatus

Shown here is a high power photograph for the underside of a leaf. What is the name of the structures labeled "B" in the figure below? Guard cells Stomata Chloroplasts Stroma

Guard cells

Which of the following statements accurately describes one characteristic of histones? Histone H1 is not present in the nucleosome bead; instead, it draws the nucleosomes together. Each nucleosome consists of two molecules of histone H1. The carboxyl end of each histone extends outward from the nucleosome and is called a "histone tail." Histones are found in mammals, but not in other animals or in plants or fungi.

Histone H1 is not present in the nucleosome bead; instead, it draws the nucleosomes together.

In meiosis a diploid cell divides twice yielding four haploid daughter cells. In meiosis I1the __________ separate. Parent and daughter DNA Old and new chromosomes Homologous chromosomes Sister chromatids

Homologous chromosomes

How are cells similar to a factory or business. List 5 similarities. Please number your similarities.

How are cells similar to a factory or business. List 5 similarities. Please number your similarities. I believe are 1- the nucleus is a manager 2- The mitochondrion is a type of power generator. 3- Golgi is like the Packing department 4-Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER) could be like Production Line 5-The lysosome is a recycling and repair organization.

Describe the differences in hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solutions. Include details regarding solute and solvent. Be sure to include pictures/figures as part of your answers.

Hypertonic solutions contain less water (but more solutes like salt or sugar) than a cell. The water in the sea is hypertonic. if you put a cell in a hypertonic solution, it will lose volume due to a net flow of water out of the cell. If the concentration of solutes in a solution is higher than that inside the cell, and the solutes cannot cross the membrane, the solution is hypertonic to the cell. Put the human cells in a high salt solution. Hypertonic water contains less water (but more solutes like salt or sugar) than cells. Hypertonicity is a property of seawater. Isotonic solutions have the same osmotic pressure. This is due to the fact that their solute concentrations are the same. Isotonic solutions contain the same number of solutes and water per unit volume of solution. In an isotonic solution, the extracellular fluid has the same osmotic balance as the cell. If the concentration of solutes in the cell matches that of the extracellular fluid, there will be no net movement into or out of the cell. The osmotic pressure of a hypotonic solution is lower than that of a hypertonic solution. Low osmotic pressure is caused by low solute concentration. A hypotonic solution is one in which the solute pressure is lower than that of the cell. A solution is a mixture that combines a solute and a solvent. The solute is the component that is present in a lower volume, whereas the solvent is the substance that is present in a larger quantity. Saltwater is an example of a hypotonic solution.

Exploring the South American rain forest, a scientist discovers a mysterious organism and brings it back to the lab for further study. What cell characteristics should the scientist examine to tell whether the organism is a plant, an animal, or a prokaryote?

I believe scientists examine should be looking at the shape of the cell. So, they should investigate how it appears. It's an animal cell if it's oval in shape. If it seems like a square, it's a plant cell. Also, other thoughts that could help science I see an example if the organism has a cell wall, Because only plant cells contain a cell wall, the scientist should start by looking for one. Science should then check for chloroplasts, which are missing in animal cells. Finally, he should search for the nucleus; if it's small, it's probably an animal cell, but if it's big, it's probably a plant cell. I think.

Which of the following is true of enzymes? I. They increase the rate of reaction by stabilizing the transition stateII. They raise activation energy to shift the equilibrium to favor the productsIII. They lower activation energy by altering the products of a reaction III only I only I and III II only II and III

I only

Why is the nucleus considered to be the "boss" of the cell?

I think because it controls the actions of cells The genetic material (DNA) in the nucleus is responsible for the coordination of cell functions such as growth, metabolism, protein synthesis, and cell division or reproduction. The nucleus plays a major role in ribosomal RNA synthesis and gene expression.Eukaryotes are organisms made up of or including cells with a nucleus. DNA is usually found in the nucleus of these cells. Because prokaryotes lack a nucleus, their genetic information can be stored in the cytoplasm. DNA in prokaryotes is often circular, but DNA in eukaryotes is linear.

Why is the nucleus considered to be the "boss" of the cell? ar.

I think because it controls the actions of cells The genetic material (DNA) in the nucleus is responsible for the coordination of cell functions such as growth, metabolism, protein synthesis, and cell division or reproduction. The nucleus plays a major role in ribosomal RNA synthesis and gene expression.Eukaryotes are organisms made up of or including cells with a nucleus. DNA is usually found in the nucleus of these cells. Because prokaryotes lack a nucleus, their genetic information can be stored in the cytoplasm. DNA in prokaryotes is often circular, but DNA in eukaryotes is linear.

Some wines are marketed as "sparkling wines." Sparkling wines are considered do so to dissolved gas that makes them fizzy. Apply what you know about the process of respiration to explain the type and origin of this gas. You need to be specific in order to get full credit for this question.

I think it's because Carbon dioxide (CO2), which is absorbed while fermentation takes place under pressure, is just what gives sparkling wine its bubbles. As a result, when sugar and yeast are added to a still base wine, a secondary fermentation that results in sparkling wines is induced. the wine will undergo 2 major changes as a result of the self-digestive action, autolysis, which include the release of enzymes and lipids: bubbles and a richer, rich creamy texture that adds a little more balance. As this ,Pyruvate is converted to alcohol and CO2 during the alcoholic fermentation process. Yeasts and bacteria are both involved in this form of fermentation. wine, is made with it. For example, the alcoholic fermentation process is very important to bacteria to release energy ATP by NADH produces NAD+ (oxidation), which allows glycolysis to continue producing ATP.

What are 2 criterion that must be met for a compound microscope be used to view details of a specimen?

I think magnification and resolution are two important factors that are especially significant in microscopy. Magnification is how much larger an object appears when examined through a microscope (or a pair of lenses within a microscope). A compound microscope is typically used to see materials at high magnification (40-1000x), which is achieved by mixing the impact of two lenses: the ocular lens (in the eyepiece) and the objective lens close to the sample.

In pea plants, purple flower color (P) is a dominant allele, while white flower color (p) is the recessive allele. If a pea plant has a genotype Pp, what is it's phenotype? Explain your answe

If purple (P) is dominant to white (p), or P>p, the a plant with the genotype Pp would have a PURPLE color since it has a "P" allele. In essence P_ (i.e. PP or Pp) would both have a purple phenotype. Dr.A ........................ they have two alleles for each gene, one from each parent, according to this. The organism is homozygous for that gene if the two alleles are similar. If they are different, the organism is defined as being heterozygous for that gene. The gene that causes purple flowers in pea plants is dominant. For a dominant allele, use capital letters. To see the matching phenotype, an allele with a recessive trait must exist in two copies. The white-flower allele is recessive for pea blossom color. The white-flowered plants were homozygous small-p-small-p, while thepurple-flowered F1 plants were heterozygous big-P-small-P. The purple-flowered F2 plants were either homozygous big-P-big-P or heterozygous big-P-small-P.

How can pH be held constant in changing conditions (such as inside the human body)? For example, human blood is normally slightly basic, with a normal pH range of about 7.35 to 7.45. How does the body maintain this pH value? Your answer should incorporate and explain the term "homeostasis". The body has a wide array of mechanisms to maintain homeostasis in the blood and extracellular fluid. The most important way that the pH of the blood is kept relatively constant is by buffers dissolved in the blood. Other organs help enhance the homeostatic function of the buffers. The pH of blood is maintained at ~ 7.4 by the carbonic acid - bicarbonate ion buffering system.

In human blood is normally slightly basic, with a normal pH range of about 7.35 to7.45. How does thebody maintain this pH value? Your answer should incorporate and explain theterm "homeostasis".Buffers dissolved in the blood are the most essential way to keep the pH of theblood reasonably equal. Other organs help the buffers' homeostatic function.The kidneys are responsible for removing excess H+ ions and other componentsof the pH buffers from the bod

Name TWO processes in plants that require ATP? You need to be specific in order to get full credit for this question.

In plants,Energy is converted to ATP during the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis, and the ATP is used during synthesis. Aslo, Light energy is transformed into chemical energy in the form of sugars through a process called photosynthesis. Oxygen is produced as a byproduct as water and carbon dioxide are converted into glucose (or other sugars) in a process that is fueled by light energy. ATP is needed for a variety of functions. A few examples include the generation of sugars during the Process of glycolysis of photosynthesis, the active transport of ions across cell membranes and , the building of starch from glucose.

Which of the following scenarios describes an example of epistasis? In cacti, there are several genes for the type of spines. In rabbits and many other mammals, one genotype (ee) prevents any fur color from developing. Recessive genotypes for each of two genes (aabb) results in an albino corn snake. In Drosophila (fruit flies), white eyes can be due to an X-linked gene or to a combination of other genes.

In rabbits and many other mammals, one genotype (ee) prevents any fur color from developing.

Nucleotides can be radiolabeled before they are incorporated into newly forming DNA and, therefore, can be assayed to track their incorporation. In a set of experiments, a student-faculty research team used labeled T nucleotides to study the incorporation of labeled nucleotides into a culture of lymphocytes. They found that the lymphocytes incorporated the labeled nucleotide at a significantly higher level after a pathogen was introduced into the culture. What might they conclude from this observation? The pathogen consumed radiolabeled nucleotides. Infection causes lymphocytes to divide more rapidly. Infection causes lymphocytes to increase in size. Infection causes lymphocyte cultures to skip some parts of the cell cycle.

Infection causes lymphocytes to divide more rapidly.

Nucleotides can be radiolabeled before they are incorporated into newly forming DNA and, therefore, can be assayed to track their incorporation. In a set of experiments, a student-faculty research team used labeled T nucleotides to study the incorporation of labeled nucleotides into a culture of lymphocytes. They found that the lymphocytes incorporated the labeled nucleotide at a significantly higher level after a pathogen was introduced into the culture. What might they conclude from this observation? The pathogen consumed radiolabeled nucleotides. Infection causes lymphocytes to divide more rapidly. Infection causes lymphocytes to increase in size. Infection causes lymphocyte cultures to skip some parts of the cell cycle.

Infection causes lymphocytes to divide more rapidly.

Which phase of the cell cycle does a cell spend most of it's time? Be specific in your answer in order to get full credit.

Interphase represents about 90% of the cell cycle. The divisional stages and cytokinesis only represent about 10% of the entire cycle. A cell spends a lot of its time represents approximately 90% ,in what is known as interphase, where it expands, duplicates its chromosomes, and gets ready to divide. The cell then enters interphase, goes through mitosis, and ends dividing. The cell cyclein interphase, is an organized set of phases that take place in a cell before cell division. Three phases make up interphase, : Phase G1 (initial gap) Phase S, or "synthesis" The second gap, or G2, All three phases of the cell's growth happen, however, chromosomal duplication only occurs in the S phase. The mitotic (M) phase (mitosis and cytokinesis) and interphase (cell growth and chromosomal copying in preparation for mitosis) make up the cell cycle.

What are 3 reasons you could cite for using DNA analysis? There are actually more than 3, but list your choice of 3 an EXPLAIN BRIEFLY why you chose each reason.

Isolate DNA for genetic testing, body identification, and analysis of forensic evidence According to my understanding of the lab, DNA is a biochemical test that shows the genetic make-up of a person or other living things, much like fingerprints. It is used as evidence to identify bodies ., such as, Because humans can be identified from one another based on either their DNA sequences or the lengths of repeated DNA regions, DNA can be used to identify people. find blood relatives such as using DNA profiling to demonstrate the genetic connection, and search for medical treatments such as DNA analysis can be used in forensic medicine, to identify infectious pathogens, diagnose inherited disorders, and investigate malignant processes

Based on the POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION virtual lab you completed, why is the Taq-polymerase special compared to most other polymerases? It can resist low temperatures It unfolds DNA It can resist high temperatures It synthesizes DNA

It can resist high temperatures

Which of the following statements correctly describes the function of a signal peptide It helps target a protein to the ER. It directs an mRNA molecule into the cisternal space of the ER. It terminates translation of messenger RNA. It signals the initiation of transcription

It helps target a protein to the ER.

What practice is appropriate when writing lab records? Take notes at the technician's convenience regardless of readability Keep all original writings, even though they're messy and incorrect Copy instructions from internet or textbook in word-by-word accuracy Write lab report in colorful, vivid artwork as much as possible

Keep all original writings, even though they're messy and incorrect

Why is it dangerous to wear contact lenses in the lab? Glasses protect better than lenses The plastic reacts with acids They don't protect well enough Liquid can be trapped under them

Liquid can be trapped under them

Based on the PROTEIN SYNTHESIS virtual lab you completed, mass spectrometry identifies molecules based on what? Mass and charge size mass charge

Mass and charge

Based on the PROTEIN SYNTHESIS virtual lab you completed, MALDI is an abbreviation for what? Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization. Mass-accelerator liquid desorption/ionization. Matrix-amplification long distance/ionization. Mass-assisted laser desorption/ionization.

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization.

Inherited genetic disorder, such as aneuploidy and chromosomal structural rearrangement can arise when chromosomes behave abnormally during... Fertilization Mitosis Meiosis Copulation

Meiosis

In what phase of mitosis do sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell? Telophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Prophase

Metaphase

What process allows for sister chromatids to pull apart during anaphase? Sister chromatids do NOT pull apart during anaphase DNA is unstable when it lines up so closely together. A magnetic field at opposite poles of the cell attract DNA. Microtubules attached to kinetochores begin to shorten. Centromeres secrete a chemical to attract DNA towards them.

Microtubules attached to kinetochores begin to shorten

Based on the POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION virtual lab you completed, how many copies of DNA are required to see bands on the electrophoresis gel? 1000 copies Millions of copies None 10 copies

Millions of copies

In mitosis, are daughter cells identical to or different from parent cells? In meiosis, are daughter cells identical or different from parent cells? Be specific in your answer for full credit.

Mitosis divides a parent cell into two identical daughter cells, each of which has the same set of chromosomes. Meiosis, on the other hand, creates four different daughter cells, each of which has half as many chromosomes as the parent cell. Daughter cells that are genetically identical to their parent cells are created during mitosis.Two daughter cells may develop into completely different cell types even if they have the same amount of DNA as their parent cell. This is related to the unequal of certain molecules among those daughter cells during mitosis.

In mitosis, when do synapsis and crossing over occur? In meiosis, when do synapsis and crossing over occur? Be specific in your answer for full credit.

Mitosis: never. Meiosis: prophase

Based on the PEDIGREE ANALYSIS virtual lab you completed, an electrophoresis machine is used to perform gel electrophoresis. This technique allows the separation of molecules according to their size and charge. What is the charge of DNA? Bipolar Positive Negative Neutral

Negative

Based on the ACIDS & BASES virtual lab you completed, does the intake of acidic or alkaline foods affect the blood pH? No, the blood pH is constant Yes, the pH increases after eating Yes, acidic food decreases pH and alkaline food increases it No, the blood pH fluctuates randomly

No, the blood pH is constant

Describe, in detail, the physical and chemical make up of a protein. A protein is a linear sequence of many amino acids. The individual amino acids are held together by peptide bonds and the molecule has polarity (i.e. a 3' end and a 5' end)

One of the essential elements of living things is protein. They are known as polypeptides because they are made up of long chains of amino acids that are connected together by peptide bonds. The most common atoms in nearly 20 amino acids are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. A protein is a linear sequence of many amino acids. The individual amino acids are held together by peptide bonds and the molecule has polarity (i.e. a 3' end and a 5' end).

How might a single base substitution in the sequence of a gene affect the amino acid sequence of a protein encoded by the gene? Only a single amino acid could change, because the reading frame would be unaffected. All amino acids following the substitution would be affected, because the reading frame would be shifted. It is not possible for a single base substitution to affect protein structure, because each codon is three bases long. The amino acid sequence would be substantially altered, because the reading frame would change with a single base substitution.

Only a single amino acid could change, because the reading frame would be unaffected.

Based on the CYTOGENETICS virtual lab you completed, what is the type of chromosome mutation shown in the picture? Deletion Reciprocal translocation Paracentric inversion Pericentric inversion

Paracentric inversion

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration? Photosynthesis occurs only in plants; respiration occurs only in animals. Photosynthesis is catabolic; respiration is anabolic. Photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules; respiration releases energy from complex organic molecules Respiration runs the biochemical pathways of photosynthesis in reverse

Photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules; cellular respiration releases energy from complex organic molecules.

How does cytokinesis differ between plants and animals? Be specific in your answer in how the process of cytokinesis is accomplished in these two organisms. Cytokinesis is the final stage of cell division in eukaryotes as well as prokaryotes. During cytokinesis, the cytoplasm splits in two and the cell divides. Cytokinesis occurs somewhat differently in plant and animal cells. In animal cells, the plasma membrane of the parent cell pinches inward along the cell's equator until two daughter cells form. In plant cells, a cell plate forms along the equator of the parent cell. Then, a new plasma membrane and cell wall form along each side of the cell plate.

Plants - cell wall forms..This happens in plants when a cell wall forms in the space between the daughter cells.Cell walls are the typical part of plant cells. So that two daughter cells can be separated, they form the cell plate in the center of the parent cell .Animals - Cleavage furrows arise in animals. This happens in animals when a cleavage furrow develops. The cell becomes split in half as a result. After the sister chromatids have been separated during the nuclear division's anaphase, the cytoplasm division of animal cells begins.

Which of the following is NOT a part of the cell cycle? Cytokenisis Mitosis Interphase Plasmolysis

Plasmolysis

When a plant cell, such as one from a tulip leaf, is submerged in a hypertonic solution, what is likely to occur? The cell will burst. Plasmolysis will shrink the interior of the cell. The cell will become turgid. The cell will become flaccid.

Plasmolysis will shrink the interior of the cell

Shown here is a high power photograph for the underside of a leaf. Would this plant be experiencing a period of drought or a period a plentiful water based on what you see? (Ignore the labels "A" and "B" for this question)

Plentiful water

Based on the POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION virtual lab you completed, if DNA is negatively charged, then which location in the electrophoresis gel does it migrate towards? Negative pole Sides Positive pole Corners

Positive pole

Based on the PROTEIN SYNTHESIS virtual lab you completed, the macromolecule ionization method, such as MALDI MS, allows us to obtain a peptide mass fingerprint, or PMF, that can be used to do what? Measure the speed of a protein mass. Detect and measure the rate of protein synthesis. Predict the identity of an unknown protein. Amplify the magnitude of a protein mass.

Predict the identity of an unknown protein.

Compare and contrast mRNA of prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Prokaryotic mRNA is polycistronic, whereas eukaryotic mRNA is monocistronic, and this is the major difference between the two types of mRNA. Moreover, while eukaryotic mRNA only contains one gene translated into an mRNA molecule, many structural genes of an operon are transcribed into a single mR

Compare and contrast mRNA of prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Prokaryotic mRNA: has many sites for initiation and termination codons translation of the mRNA begins while the mRNA is still being transcribed from the DNA molecule the life-span is short mRNA undergoes very little post-transcriptional changes and there's a very short time interval between transcriptional and translational processes Eukaryotic mRNA: has only one site for initiation and termination the mRNA produced from the DNA template is first transported into the cytoplasm, forms complexes with the ribosome, then it's synthesized has a much longer life-span metabolically stable the transcribed mRNA undergoes major post-transcriptional changes Prokaryotic mRNAs are not processed; that is, the transcript is the actual molecule that is translated, so the prokaryotic mRNA is colinear with the gene that encoded it. Prokaryotic mRNAs do not have 5' caps or 3' poly(A) tails. Eukaryotic mRNAs have introns removed by RNA splicing before they are transported to the cytoplasm, where they are translated. Eukaryotic mRNAs have 5' caps and a 3' poly(A) tail.

Several days after a litter of three purebred puppies was born, a breeder noticed one extra puppy in the litter. The diagram below shows the results of electrophoresis of DNA fragments from all of the dogs. The puppies are labeled 1, 2, 5, and 6. The parent dogs are labeled 3 and 4. Identify which puppy might have been placed into this litter by mistake. Support your answer.

Puppy #2 was most likely placed into this litter by mistake. Since the puppies are a combination of DNA from both parents, the offspring should have DNA profiles similar to the parents. See the gel below for an analysis of the DNA or RFLPs (restriction fragment length polymorphisms) from the parents and all puppies.

Identify the function of rRNA? Make sure you include details

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a type of stable RNA that is a major constituent of ribosomes. It ensures the proper alignment of the mRNA and the ribosomes during protein synthesis and catalyzes the formation of the peptide bonds between two aligned amino acids during protein synthesis. The ribosome, or protein manufacturers, in a cell, contain ribosomal RNA (rRNA). The method through which our cells generate proteins, known as translation, is carried out by ribosomes. The function of rRNA is to read amino acid sequences and link amino acids together. They accomplish this through a very complex process.

Based on the CYTOGENETICS virtual lab you completed, what type of chromosomal mutation results in two particular chromosomes joining together? Robertsonian translocation Reciprocal translocation Duplication Paracentric inversion

Robertsonian translocation

What enzyme is responsible for the incorporation of carbon dioxide into an organic molecule? ATP NADPH RuBisCo chlorophyll Acetyl-CoA (acetyl coenzyme A

RuBisCo

Why is a steam burn more severe than a hot water burn? Water evaporates and leaves the surface faster and helps in cooling. Burns caused by liquids are always milder. Steam contains more energy than water. Steam can penetrate into the skin.

Steam contains more energy than water.

Explain the process of TRANSLATION in 5-6 steps. Number your steps.

Step 1: mRNA attaches to the ribosome. Step 2: tRNA's attach to free amino acids in the cytoplasmic "pool" of amino acids. Step 3: tRNA carries its specific amino acid to the ribosome. Step 4: tRNA "delivers" its amino acid based on the complementary pairing of a triplet code (anticodon) with the triplet code (codon) of the mRNA. Step 5: Enzyme "hooks" the amino acid to the last one in the chain forming a peptide bond. Step 6: Protein chain continues to grow as each tRNA brings in its amino acid and adds it to the chain. .......................................................... 1- first translate each template DNA base into its corresponding RNA compound. 2- ribosomal RNA molecules, several proteins, and both tiny and big subunits, is a complicated molecule 3-The beginning, elongation, and termination phases of an mRNA molecule's translation by the ribosome occur sequentially. 4-The beginning of the mRNA sequence is where the small ribosomal subunit interacts during initiation. 5-then start codon of the mRNA sequence attaches to a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule carrying the amino acid methionine. 6-termination takes place when the ribosome encounters a stop codon (UAA, UAG, and UGA). The ribosome determines that translation is finished since these codons cannot be recognized by any tRNA molecules. The translation complex then disassembles, releasing the new protein.

Based on the POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION virtual lab you completed, what does a DNA polymerase do? Unfolds DNA Degrades proteins Synthesizes DNA Cleaves DNA

Synthesizes DNA

What do you have to do before leaving the lab, to make sure you don't carry traces of chemicalsoutside? Tell your supervisor Turn off the main power Take off your lab coat and wash your hands Wash your hands and then remove your lab coat

Take off your lab coat and wash your hands

Based on the POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION virtual lab you completed, how is it possible to distinguish individuals by running these PCR products on a gel? The PCR products have the same sequence The PCR products are different sizes (lengths) The PCR products have different sequences The PCR products are the same size (length)

The PCR products are different sizes (lengths)

During the LAB SAFETY lab, why didn't you just clean up the spilled material using water? The acid reacts with water The acid freezes the water It would pollute the water It could ignite

The acid reacts with water

Which of the following is a true statement based on the data? If the experiment were run for 30 minutes, the rate of oxygen consumption would decrease. The amount of oxygen consumed by germinating corn at 22°C is approximately twice the amount of oxygen consumed by germinating corn at 12°C. The rate of oxygen consumption in the germinating corn at 12°C at 10 minutes is 0.4 ml O2/minute. The rate of oxygen consumption is the same in both germinating and nongerminating corn during the initial time period from 0 to 5 minutes.

The amount of oxygen consumed by germinating corn at 22°C is approximately twice the amount of oxygen consumed by germinating corn at 12°C.

Sugar beets (Beta vulgaris) are a major crop in the Red River Valley of the North. Why do you think the beets have to be harvested and stockpiled in September?

The beets must be removed from the ground before it freezes. Freezing does not hurt the beetsthemselves, but they would be difficult to remove from frozen ground. Also, snow covers the ground andso the beets would be hard to get to as well. The beets are stockpiled so that the sugar factories can makesugar all winter long. Sugar cannot be extracted from the beets immediately after harvest because of thesheer number of them, so they are piled up and used throughout the winter by the sugar factories. Itmight be beneficial to mention that the growing season in the Red River Valley starts with planting inthe spring (April-May) and ends with harvest in the fall (Sept-Oct). This will come into play when thestudents get to Part V of the case.

What would happen if organisms produced reproductive cells through mitosis instead of meiosis? The chromosome number of that species will double with each generation There will be no difference The next generation will have bigger body mass than the parent The offspring will always have a syndrome

The chromosome number of that species will double with each generation

Once a cell enters mitosis, the molecules that activate division must be turned off. What happens to MPF during mitosis? It is phosphorylated by a Cdk, which inactivates it. The cyclin component of MPF is degraded. The Cdk component of MPF is degraded. It is completely degraded.

The cyclin component of MPF is degraded.

Based on the PEDIGREE ANALYSIS virtual lab you completed, look at the result of the following genotyping of three different members of the same family. The two bands in the gel electrophoresis result of the daughter suggest DNA products of different lengths. What does this mean? The daughter has two different alleles, she is heterozygous The daughter has two different alleles, she is hemizygous for the mutation tested The daughter has two different alleles, she is heterogeneous for the mutation tested The daughter has only one allele, she is homozygous for the mutation tested

The daughter has two different alleles, she is heterozygous

Based on the PEDIGREE ANALYSIS virtual lab you completed, what is the relationship between genotype and phenotype? The phenotype alone will determine the genotype The genotype alone will determine the phenotype There is no relation between genotype and phenotype The genotype will be part of what determines the phenotype

The genotype will be part of what determines the phenotype

What does it mean when a trait is independent from another trait? The traits are on the same chromosome The inheritance of a trait does not affect the inheritance of another trait The inheritance of a trait affects the inheritance of another trait The traits are on different chromosomes

The inheritance of a trait does not affect the inheritance of another trait

Based on the CYTOGENETICS virtual lab you completed, the fetal DNA and the DNA from the normal control are labeled with different fluorescent colors, why is that? The level of the two colors represents number of DNA copies were in the fetus and control, respectively We add the fetal and control DNA to different slides, and the colors help us distinguish between these two slides The level of the two colors will reveal if the fetus has a point mutation in this sequence The normal control is included to demonstrate how well the labeling and hybridization worked

The level of the two colors represents number of DNA copies were in the fetus and control, respectively

Based on the PEDIGREE ANALYSIS virtual lab you completed, when you perform a DNA sequencing, the obtained result is: The order of amino acids in the DNA fragment The positions of introns and exons in the DNA The number of G, A, C and T nucleotides in the DNA, but not the specific order The linear order of nucleotides in the DNA segment

The linear order of nucleotides in the DNA segment

What is the difference between the ALTERNATE HYPOTHESIS (HA) and NULL HYPOTHESIS (H0)? Be specific in your answers and explain EACH hypothesis fully

The null hypothesis is given the symbol H0 in statistics and is the hypothesis to be tested. Because a null hypothesis can be accepted or rejected, it is typically linked with simply the 'equals to' sign. A scientific null hypothesis can help in the evolution of a theory. The null hypothesis is also used to check that the result of several studies is consistent. For example, The null hypothesis that there is no link between patient age and patient care supports the overall beneficial result and allows recommendation. The alternative hypothesis is identified by the letter Ha. A declaration that there is a relationship between two selected variables in a study is known as an alternate hypothesis. for my understanding of these terms, I will give example When a study compares approach A with method B in terms of their relationship, and we assume that method A is greater or method B is lower, this is referred to as an alternate hypothesis. With the nature of the research challenge, alternative hypotheses should be given specifically. another example, If a researcher claims that a bridge's carrying capacity is greater than 20 tons, the following hypothesis will be tested: The hypothesis of null H0: µ= 20 tons a different hypothesis Ha: µ>20 tons The null form hypotheses are two observations about a population that are totally exclusive. A hypothesis analysis examines sample information to measure whether the hypothesis is rejected.

A patient was involved a serious accident and lost a large quantity of blood. In an attempt to replenish body fluids, distilled water—equal to the volume of blood lost—is added to the blood directly via one of his veins. What will be the most probable result of this transfusion? The patient's red blood cells will shrivel up because the blood has become hypertonic compared to the cells. The patient's red blood cells will burst because the blood has become hypertonic compared to the cells. The patient's red blood cells will shrivel up because the blood has become hypotonic compared to the cells. The patient's red blood cells will swell and possibly burst because the blood has become hypotonic compared to the cells.

The patient's red blood cells will swell and possibly burst because the blood has become hypotonic compared to the cells

How are alleles and traits related? Explain by using an example from the lab.

The phenotype of an individual is the PHYSICAL expression of a trait (i.e. color, height, texture, etc.) whereas the genotype of an individual is the ALLELES they carry (of which you get from both of your parents). Depending on dominance and recessiveness of the alleles, you may have two genotypes with the same phenotype (i.e. Bb and BB would both have brown eyes if B>b).

How are cohesion and adhesion similar? How are they different?

The polarity of water molecules creates hydrogen bonding, which creates adhesion and cohesion. How are they different? Cohesion...>Water attracts water Because of hydrogen bonding, molecules are attracted to one another, keeping them together.) water has great cohesion, Cohesion is shown in a droplet of water, when water molecules stay together and are "pushed" up the stem of a plant, and when the water has a large surface area. All of this is due to the connections that form between water molecules. Water was pumped to other molecules by adhesion. A good example will be, Water droplets attached to a window after a rain, and dewdrops dripping from plant leaves are two examples of adhesion. I beliven Adhesion and cohesion are water's main factors that affect every water molecule on Earth and water molecules' relationships with other molecules. Cohesion and adhesion are mainly the "stickiness" that water molecules have for each other and other substances. other, Solids, for example, have great cohesive characteristics and do not adhere to the surfaces by which they make contact. Gases, on the other hand, have a low cohesiveness. The properties are both cohesive and sticky. A sphere is formed when water molecules stick together. Cohesive forces are responsible for this. The water molecules touching the container's surface are at a greater level when kept in a tube. The adhesive force between the water molecules and the container molecules creates this.

An instructor had her students perform this laboratory beginning with setting up their own restriction enzyme digests. Prior to the lab, the teacher informed the students that the two restriction enzymes they were using (Hind III and EcoR I) were know to cut the DNA they were using in the lab (i.e. there was at least one restriction site present for each enzyme in their DNA sample they were working with). One team of students had results that looked like those below. What is the most likely explanation for these results?

The restriction enzyme EcoRI did not function properly.

Based on the PEDIGREE ANALYSIS virtual lab you completed, when performing PCR, how do you make sure that you amplify the right segment of DNA? The specificity of the primers will define the amplified DNA segment The mix of nucleotides will determine the DNA segment that is amplified The type of polymerase will define the amplified region The DNA segment that is amplified depends on the temperature of the PCR reaction

The specificity of the primers will define the amplified DNA segment

Explain what a "polar covalent bond" mean A polar covalent bond is a type of chemical bond in which two atoms unequally share the electrons needed to form the link. More electrons from the linked pair are drawn to the more electronegative atom than the other atom. A persistent electric dipole exists in the bonds that are established between two atoms.

The unequal sharing of electrons in a covalent bond between two atoms. As a result, the molecule has a negative charge on one end and a slightly positive charge on the other. for example, (H2O) is polar. Because of the shape, most of the negative charge from the oxygen atoms is on one side of the molecule, while the positive charge from the hydrogen atoms is on the other. This is a polar covalent chemical bond sample.

Based on the PEDIGREE ANALYSIS virtual lab you completed, in an electrophoresis experiment, molecules are separated according to which MOST IMPORTANT characteristic? Their size Their chemical stability Their polarity Their electronegativity

Their size

What type of cells in the human body does mitosis occur in? Be specific in your answer in order to get full credit.

There are two types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis. Most of the time when people refer to "cell division," they mean mitosis, the process of making new body cells. Meiosis is the type of cell division that creates egg and sperm cells. Somatic (body) cells, adult stem cells, and the cells in the embryo are the three types of cells in the body that undergo mitosis. Mitosis is a fundamental process for life. During mitosis, a cell duplicates all of its contents, including its chromosomes, and splits to form two identical daughter cells. Because this process is so critical, the steps of mitosis are carefully controlled by a number of genes. When mitosis is not regulated correctly, health problems such as cancer can result.

When a cell is in equilibrium with its environment, which of the following processes occurs for substances that can diffuse through the plasma membrane? There is no movement of substances into or out of the cell. There is directed movement of substances into and out of the cell. There is random movement of substances into and out of the cell. All movement of molecules across the plasma membrane occurs by active transport.

There is random movement of substances into and out of the cell.

Which of the following is true of unsaturated fats? They are more common in animals than in plants They contain more hydrogen than do saturated fats having the number of carbon atoms They generally solidify at room temperature They have double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids

They have double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids

What role do sugar beets play in the carbon cycle? A. They remove water from the ground and add oxygen to the atmosphere. B. They remove carbon from the atmosphere and incorporate it into carbohydrates. C. They add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere by breaking down other organisms for carbohydrates.

They remove carbon from the atmosphere and incorporate it into carbohydrates.

What is the function of enzymes? They become hydrolyzed during a chemical reaction They provide energy for carrying out a chemical reaction They speed up a chemical reaction They provide inorganic catalysts

They speed up a chemical reaction

Water is often called the "universal solvent" because it can dissolve more substances than any other liquid. Explain how the polarity of the water molecule makes this possible. Water is an excellent solvent since it can dissolve a wide range of various compounds. Additionally, water dissolves more chemicals than any other liquid, earning it the moniker "universal solvent". This makes it possible for the water molecule to attract a wide range of other molecular species.

Water is known as the universal solvent because it dissolves more molecules than any other chemical. It had to do with each water molecule's polarity. Each water (H2O) molecule has a slight positive charge on the hydrogen side and a slight negative charge on the oxygen side. Water, on the other extreme, only dissolves polar molecules. Nonpolar molecules, such as chemical molecules like fats and oils, are not dissolved. water polar according to tom dissolves like dissolve only polar molecules. in that I think, Water molecules are strongly attracted to one another because of their polarity, causing or having a high surface tension.

Describe surface tension in a group of bonded water molecules. Fluid surfaces have a tendency to contract into the smallest surface area feasible due to surface tension. Insects, which are typically denser than water, can float and slide on a water surface thanks to surface tension. different surface tension examples Small insects, like the water strider, can walk on water because their weight is insufficient to break the surface tension. A little needle can be made to float on the surface of water with precise placement, despite the fact that it is many times more dense than water.

When many water molecules make hydrogen bonds with one another, they create a highly flexible network of water molecules. This results in a lot of surface tension. So I think, Water molecules are strongly attracted to one another because of their polarity, causing a high surface tension. I believe the hydrogen atom in one molecule attracts the oxygen atom in another strong electrostatic attraction. Hydrogen bonds are formed links that result in strong cohesive forces between water molecules and high surface tension. The surface tension increases as the cohesive force increases. Two hydrogen atoms are usually bonded to an oxygen atom in the water molecule. Oxygen will have a great portion of the negative charge on its side due to its high electronegativity, whereas hydrogen will be more positively charged.

What is a concentration gradient and what does it control? Be detailed in your answer.

When the concentration of anything changes over time, it is called a concentration gradient. for example when i want to make a few drops of food dye in a glass of water, for example, diffuse along a concentration gradient from the dye's highest density for example, the lightest blue or red) to its lowest concentration for example, the dark blue or red), (the water is still clear). The dye will continue to diffuse until it is spread evenly all through the water. Concentration gradients control many biological activities that occur near cell membranes. The solvent (the dissolving ingredient, such as water) and the solute are the two main components of a solution (the particles that are dissolvable by the solvent).this acorrding to my aundestanding, also A concentration gradient occurs when the density in one location is higher than in another. Particles will spread along a concentration gradient, from higher concentrations to lower concentrations, until they are the basis of equal in passive transport.

The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is directly involved in which of the following processes or events? the citric acid cycle glycolysis accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA

accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport

In humans, clear gender differentiation occurs not at fertilization, but after the second month of gestation. Which of the following statements describes the first event of this differentiation? formation of estrogens in female embryos activation of SRY in females and feminization of the gonads formation of testosterone in male embryos activation of SRY in male embryos and masculinization of the gonads

activation of SRY in male embryos and masculinization of the gonads

The part of the enzyme where the substrate binds is called the _________. active site catalyst large subunit small subunit inhibitor

active site

The rate of enzyme action will increase or decrease depending on which of the following? enzyme concentration pH all of the above temperature

all of the above

Application of the scientific method involves . developing a hypothesis based on observations all of the choices listed here testing the hypothesis gathering observations

all of the choices listed here

Gene S controls the sharpness of spines in a type of cactus. Cacti with the dominant allele, S, have sharp spines, whereas homozygous recessive ss cacti have dull spines. At the same time, a second gene, N, determines whether or not cactuses have spines. Homozygous recessive nn cactuses have no spines at all. A cross between a true-breeding sharp-spined cactus and a spineless cactus would produce ________. all sharp-spined progeny It is impossible to determine the phenotypes of the progeny. 25% sharp-spined, 50% dull-spined, 25% spineless progeny 50% sharp-spined, 50% dull-spined progeny

all sharp-spined progeny

Gene S controls the sharpness of spines in a type of cactus. Cacti with the dominant allele, S, have sharp spines, whereas homozygous recessive ss cacti have dull spines. At the same time, a second gene, N, determines whether or not cactuses have spines. Homozygous recessive nn cactuses have no spines at all. A cross between a true-breeding sharp-spined cactus and a spineless cactus would produce ________. Correct! all sharp-spined progeny It is impossible to determine the phenotypes of the progeny. 25% sharp-spined, 50% dull-spined, 25% spineless progeny 50% sharp-spined, 50% dull-spined progeny

all sharp-spined progeny

4. How does paclitaxel specifically inhibit mitosis? a. By inhibiting the nuclear membrane from dissolving. b. By inhibiting the movement of the centromeres to opposite poles. c. By inhibiting microtubules' ability to grow. d. By inhibiting microtubules' ability to shrink.

b. By inhibiting the movement of the centromeres to opposite poles.

3. Paclitaxel prevents prophase from occuring. a. True b. False

b. False

What happens to a cell that has been exposed to paclitaxel? a. It divides uncontrollably. b. It undergoes programmed cell death. c. It explodes, killing other cells around it. d. It becomes cancerous and spreads to neighboring tissues

b. It undergoes programmed cell death.

5. What process allows for sister chromatids to pull apart during anaphase? a. A magnetic field at opposite poles of the cell attract DNA. b. Microtubules attached to kinetochores begin to shorten. c. DNA is unstable when it lines up so closely together. d. Centromeres secrete a chemical to attract DNA towards them.

b. Microtubules attached to kinetochores begin to shorten. not sure

What do the "lines" in a structural formula represent? lsomers negative charge bonds polarity

bonds

How does a noncompetitive inhibitor decrease the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction? Correct Answer by binding to an allosteric site, thus changing the shape of the active site of the enzyme by binding to the active site of the enzyme, thus preventing binding of the normal substrate by decreasing the free-energy change of the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme You Answered by binding to the substrate, thus changing its shape so that it no longer binds to the active site of the enzyme

by binding to an allosteric site, thus changing the shape of the active site of the enzyme

Many organisms spend most of their life cycle in the diploid state. If meiosis produces haploid cells, how is the diploid number restored for these types of organisms? by fertilization through the transcription of DNA to RNA By DNA replication by synapsis of the homologous pairs of chromosomes during prophase of meiosis I

by fertilization

"Mitosis" - https://youtu.be/C6hn3sA0ip0 1. Which of the following is not a function of mitosis? a. Growth of an embryo into a fetus. b. Healing of a paper cut in the skin. c. Formation of sperm. d. Maintainance of adequate supply of blood cells.

c. Formation of sperm.

4. In what phase of mitosis do sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell? a. Prophase b. Prometaphase c. Metaphase d. Anaphase e. Telophase

c. Metaphase

3. Which is the correct order for the stages of mitosis? a. Prophase, anaphase, telophase, metaphase, prometaphase b. Telophase, metaphase, prometaphase, anaphase, prophase c. Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase d. Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, telophase, anaphase

c. Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

. During what stage of Interphase does DNA get duplicated in preparation for mitosis? a. G1 b. G2 c. S d. G0 e. M

c. S

"Who Killed Yew?" - https://youtu.be/o8wVJonsnJw 1. Which part of the yew tree does not contain poison? a. Leaves b. Berries c. Seeds d. Bark

c. Seeds

Which of the following categories includes all others in the list? polysaccharide starch carbohydrate monosaccharide

carbohydrate

Sugar beets plants start from tiny seeds and grow to be large plants. Where does the bulk of their mass come from? nutrients absorbed from the soil oxygen taken in from the surrounding air sugars absorbed from the soil carbon dioxide taken in from the surrounding air

carbon dioxide taken in from the surrounding air

An animal cell lacking carbohydrates on the external surface of its plasma membrane would likely be impaired in which function? attaching the plasma membrane to the cytoskeleton cell-cell recognition transporting ions against an electrochemical gradient establishing a diffusion barrier to charged molecules

cell-cell recognition

What is the structure labeled "D" in the figure below?

central vacuole

The form of energy formed by photosynthesis is chemical kinetic heat light

chemical

A solar cell is a device that collects energy from the sun to make electricity. What part of a plant cell is most similar to a solar cell? large central vacuole chloroplast mitochondria chlorophyll

chloroplast

Which of the following types of molecules lack hydrophilic domains? cholesterol peripheral membrane proteins integral membrane proteins transmembrane proteins

cholesterol

The drug cytochalasin B blocks the function of actin. Which of the following aspects of the animal cell cycle would be most disrupted by cytochalasin B? spindle formation spindle attachment to kinetochores movement of chromosomes to the poles during anaphase cleavage furrow formation and cytokinesis

cleavage furrow formation and cytokinesis

The bulldog ant has a diploid number of two chromosomes. Therefore, following meiosis, each daughter cell will have a single chromosome. In addition to mutations, how might genetic diversity be generated in this species? independent assortment only crossing over and random fertilization nothing else crossing over only

crossing over and random fertilization

Gathering information just to add to the knowledge base, such as measuring the beak length of various bird species, is known as . discovery science investigative science hypothesis-driven science applied science

discovery science

A researcher wants to do a procedure where neither the research assistants or the participants knows which group is being treated. Which procedure would the researcher use? double-blind placebo effect independent variable blind confounding variable

double-blind

Hydrangea plants of the same genotype are planted in a large flower garden. Some of the plants produce blue flowers and others pink flowers. This can be best explained by which of the following? environmental factors such as soil pH affect the phenotype the alleles are codominant the knowledge that multiple alleles are involved the allele for blue hydrangea is completely dominant over the allele for pink hydrangea

environmental factors such as soil pH affect the phenotype

The cell in the previous question correctly fits which of the following descriptions? prokaryote animal cell prokaryote plant cell eukaryote plant cell eukaryote, animal cell

eukaryote plant cell

A type of scientific investigation that is performed under controlled conditions is a(n) scientific law. observation. scientific theory. experiment.

experiment.

Which of the following molecules is NOT a product of cellular respiration? glucose carbon dioxide water ATP

glucose

Which color of light do plants least efficiently use for photosynthesis? (Hint: refer to the classic experiment done by Engelmann on this topic)

green Green light attracts the bacteria the least, indicative of the lowest level of photosynthesis going on in that region.

What is the phenotype of an individual? Their observable characteristics A hereditary disease Their chromosomes Their genes

heir observable characteristics

Which of the following examples is an example of a quaternary level of protein organization? hemoglobin MET-ALA-MET-LEU-PHE-ASP spidersilk human hair

hemoglobin

Which of the following proteins is an example of a secondary level of protein organization

human hair

What does a scientist do to an observational study to make it an experiment? add subjects impose a treatment identify a variable randomly assign groups

impose a treatment

What are 2 major differences in prokaryote and eukaryote cells?

in Eukaryote the Nucleus is present but in a prokaryote is absent in Eukaryote the Ribosomes are larger but in a prokaryote are smaller in Eukaryote has but in a prokaryote Present but in a prokaryote no but in a prokaryote is absent

What are 2 major differences in prokaryote and eukaryote cells?

in Eukaryote the Nucleus is present but in prokaryote is absent in Eukaryote the Ribosomes are larger but in a prokaryote are smaller in Eukaryote has but in a prokaryote Present but in a prokaryote no but in a prokaryote is absent

Based on the graph you created as part of plotting atmospheric CO2 levels from the period 2012-2013, what trends in CO2 levels do you notice over the course of two growing seasons for the sugar beet plants? Students should notice that the levels of atmospheric CO2 decrease during the summer months andincrease over the winter months. This correlates directly with the sugar beet growing season in the RedRiver Valley. The levels of CO2 decrease at the same time that the plants are growing and they increaseonce the beets have been harvested and the plants are removed from the ground. Students may want tomake two graphs, one for each year. This does not provide the best picture of yearly trends though.Suggest to students that they create two-year graphs so that they can see the entire up-and-down cycle.

in the atmosphere Summer and spring, are known as the growing season, in the North Red River Valley. That's why I think the trends match the growing season of Beta vulgaris. This suggests that higher concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere occur in the fall and winter when there are fewer plants to take up CO2 for photosynthesis. What I noticed during I am doing the graph, I see In the summer, plants develop and absorb up Co2, and in the fall, when their leaves fall and decompose, more carbon dioxide is released. As I see more construction of CO2 in October and November, in July and August the co2 drop to lower construction. Also, we could have other reasons When it's foggy, as it generally is in the winter and fall, there won't be enough light for the leaves, which means there won't be as many photons to start the light-dependent reactions in the thylakoids. In contrast, when it's warm outside and the climate is more favorable for water availability, there may be more water available close to the roots of the plants throughout the summer. Additionally, photosynthesis requires light energy, which sunny days give. Another example, I think, is because we use so much heat in the fall and winter, we play a significant role in the atmospheric CO2 concentration. Lack of water in the soil may also be a factor in the increased CO2 concentrations observed in the winter. Less water is absorbed by the roots as a result of the soil becoming depleted or the climate becoming cooler. Trends indicate that there is less carbon dioxide in the environment, which means that CO2 is recycled by photosynthesis in the leaves of Beta vulgaris and not by free molecules in the air because there is lessCO2

The membranes of winter wheat are able to remain fluid when it is extremely cold by ________. decreasing the number of hydrophobic proteins in the membrane decreasing the percentage of cholesterol molecules in the membrane increasing the proportion of glycolipids in the membrane increasing the proportion of unsaturated phospholipids in the membrane

increasing the proportion of unsaturated phospholipids in the membrane

Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located? mitochondrial intermembrane space mitochondrial inner membrane mitochondrial matrix mitochondrial outer membrane

mitochondrial inner membrane

The structure labeled "I" in the diagram below is the ________

mitochondrion

A representation of an object or event is a variable. hypothesis. scientific law. model.

model.

Enzymes function most efficiently at the temperature of a typical cell, which is 37 degrees Celsius. Increases or decreases in temperature can significantly lower the reaction rate. What does this suggest about the importance of temperature-regulating mechanisms in organisms? Explain.

n any biological system, enzymes are a collection of proteins that catalyze non-spontaneous chemical reactions. Enzymes in an organism work as a series of interrelated chemical events in a metabolic pathway to complete a specific biological task. Enzymes are most functional at 37 degrees Celsius, which is the temperature of a regular cell (98.6 degrees Fahrenheit). The rate of reaction can be substantially slowed by changes in temperature Temperature affects the structure of molecules' bonds in enzymes in the same ways that pH does. As a result, enzyme activity is generally higher at their ideal temperature. Each enzyme functions well within a specific temperature, pH, and salt concentration range. Low temperatures decrease the system's kinetic energy and response rates. As the temperature drops below the ideal level, the enzyme decreases. Low temperature, or high temperature, does not always cause enzyme denaturation, and enzyme function can be restored once the temperature increases to the optimum range. An enzyme's characteristic form (denatures) changes when hydrogen bonds are broken, and it stops operating. (denatures) changes when hydrogen bonds are broken, and it stops operating. As a result at higher temperatures, enzymes change their form, making reaction impossible

A man who is an achondroplastic dwarf with normal vision marries a color-blind woman of normal height. The man's father was six feet tall, and both the woman's parents were of average height. Achondroplastic dwarfism is autosomal dominant, and red-green color blindness is X-linked recessive. How many of their daughters might be expected to be color-blind dwarfs? one out of four none half three out of four

none

Mendel continued some of his experiments into the F2 or F3 generation in order to ________. obtain a larger number of offspring on which to base statistics distinguish which alleles were segregating observe whether or not the dominant trait would reappear observe whether or not a recessive trait would reappear

observe whether or not a recessive trait would reappea

In receptor-mediated endocytosis, receptor molecules initially project to the outside of the cell. Where do they end up after endocytosis? on the outer surface of the nucleus on the outside of vesicles on the inside surface of the cell membran on the inside surface of the vesicle

on the inside surface of the vesicle

Which of the following statements describes a primary function of both alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation? reduction of NAD+ to NADH hydrolysis of ATP to ADP + i reduction of FAD to FADH2 oxidation of NADH to NAD+

oxidation of NADH to NAD+

A heat-killed, phosphorescent (light-emitting) strain of bacteria is mixed with a living, non-phosphorescent strain. Further observations of the mixture show that some of the living cells are now phosphorescent. Which of the following observations would provide the best evidence that the ability to phosphoresce is a heritable trait? evidence that protein passed from the heat-killed strain to the living strain especially bright phosphorescence in the living strain phosphorescence in descendants of the living cells evidence that DNA was passed from the heat-killed strain to the living strain

phosphorescence in descendants of the living cells

A heat-killed, phosphorescent (light-emitting) strain of bacteria is mixed with a living, non-phosphorescent strain. Further observations of the mixture show that some of the living cells are now phosphorescent. Which of the following observations would provide the best evidence that the ability to phosphoresce is a heritable trait? evidence that protein passed from the heat-killed strain to the living strain especially bright phosphorescence in the living strain Correct! phosphorescence in descendants of the living cells evidence that DNA was passed from the heat-killed strain to the living strain

phosphorescence in descendants of the living cells

The difference between pinocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis is that ________ pinocytosis is nonselective in the molecules it brings into the cell, whereas receptor-mediated endocytosis offers more selectivity pinocytosis increases the surface area of the plasma membrane, whereas receptor-mediated endocytosis decreases the plasma membrane surface area pinocytosis can concentrate substances from the extracellular fluid, but receptor-mediated endocytosis cannot pinocytosis brings only water molecules into the cell, but receptor-mediated endocytosis brings in other molecules as well

pinocytosis is nonselective in the molecules it brings into the cell, whereas receptor-mediated endocytosis offers more selectivity

Based on the PROTEIN SYNTHESIS virtual lab you completed, a sequence of amino acids, or a polypeptide, grows from the N-terminus to the C-terminus. This polypeptide chain represents the primary structure of a protein. The linear sequence of amino acids within a protein is considered the _____ structure of the protein. tertiary secondary quaternary primary

primary

Based on the PROTEIN SYNTHESIS virtual lab you completed, amino acids are linked by a specific type of covalent bond. The reaction of this bond produces one water molecule. This bond links multiple amino acids together, what is it called? tertiary secondary quaternary primary

primary

Enzymes are which type of macromolecule? carbohydrate lipid nucleic acid protein

protein

Changing from a 10x objective to a 40x objective is accomplished by doing what? turning the fine adjustment knob rotating the nosepiece turning the course adjustment knob adjusting the diaphragm

rotating the nosepiece

Elements 72Zn, 75As, and 74Ge have t

same number of neutrons

A broad explanation for events that is widely accepted as true is a(n) scientific law. independent variable. scientific investigation. scientific theory.

scientific theory.

Based on the PROTEIN SYNTHESIS virtual lab you completed, which level of protein structure is formed by the weak bonds between oxygen and hydrogen atoms within the polypeptide backbone? tertiary secondary quaternary primary

secondary

The mitotic spindle plays a critical role in which of the following processes? splitting of the cell (cytokinesis) following mitosis triggering the compaction and condensation of chromosomes dissolving the nuclear membrane separation of sister chromatids

separation of sister chromatids

The storage form of carbohydrates in plants is known as chitin glucose fat starch

starch

Shown here is a high power photograph for the underside of a leaf. What is the name of the structures labeled "A" in the figure below? stomata pores stroma guard ce

stomata The stoma are labeled "A" here. The guard cells are labeled "B" here. When the guard cells are "bowed" outwards, it allows the stoma to be open and gas/water exchange can take place. In this picture, the stoma are open due to high water content in the guard cells and hence this plant would be in a NON-drought condition.

Based on the POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION virtual lab you completed, when heat is added to a test tube containing DNA, what happens to the DNA? It will be twisted into a double helix t will be separated into two strands It is kept intact It will be broken into many pieces

t will be separated into two strands

A hypothesis is an educated guess that must be made into a theory. proven true. made into a law. testable.

testable.

If the pH of blood drops, one would expect ________. the concentration of bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) to increase the HCO3- to act as a base and remove excess H+ by the formation of H2CO3 Y a decrease in the concentration of H2CO3 and an increase in the concentration of HCO3- the HCO3- to act as an acid and remove excess H+ by the formation of H2CO3

the HCO3- to act as a base and remove excess H+ by the formation of H2CO3

FtsZ is a bacterial cytoskeletal protein that forms a contractile ring involved in binary fission. Its function is analogous to ________. the cleavage furrow of eukaryotic animal cells the microtubule-organizing center of eukaryotic cells the cell plate of eukaryotic plant cells the mitotic spindle of eukaryotic cells

the cleavage furrow of eukaryotic animal cells

Which of the following statements defines a genome? a karyotype the complete set of a species' polypeptides the complete set of an organism's polypeptides the complete set of an organism's genes and other DNA sequences

the complete set of an organism's genes and other DNA sequences

Which of the following statements defines a genome? the complete set of an organism's genes and other DNA sequences the complete set of an organism's polypeptides a karyotype the complete set of a species' polypeptides

the complete set of an organism's genes and other DNA sequences

The partial negative charge in a molecule of water occurs because ________. one of the hydrogen atoms donates an electron to the oxygen atom the electrons shared between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms spend more time around the oxygen atom nucleus than around the hydrogen atom nucleus the oxygen atom donates an electron to each of the hydrogen atoms the oxygen atom has two pairs of electrons in its valence shell that are not neutralized by hydrogen atoms

the electrons shared between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms spend more time around the oxygen atom nucleus than around the hydrogen atom nucleus

A __________________ describes a well-tested explanation for a range of phenomena. conclusion theory hypothesis law

theory

Based on the flower color in the question above what is the genotypic ratio of the first filial (F1) generation of a heterozygous parent crossed with a white flowered plant? What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring?

this cross, it would look like this: Since you have equal numbers of Pp (purple) and pp (white) offspring, the genotypic ratio would be 1:1 (Pp:pp) and the phenotypic ratio would also be 1:1 (purple:white). Because the purple color is dominant over the green seed color, all seeds from the first (F1) generation have purple phenotypes. According to the Punnett square, the ratio of purple to white increases to 3:1 in the second generation (F2

Explain what a "test cross" is and why it would be used. Be specific in your answer and be sure to give a detailed example for full credit.

to identify whether an organism exhibiting a dominant trait is homozygous or heterozygous for a specific allele, a scientist can perform a test cross. The organism in question is crossed with an organism that is homozygous for the recessive trait, and the offspring of the test cross are examined. For an example, see below:

What is the purpose of an experiment? none of the above to prove a scientific law to communicate data to test a hypothesis

to test a hypothesis

One possible result of chromosomal breakage is for a fragment to join a nonhomologous chromosome. What is this type of chromosomal alteration called? translocation deletion duplication inversion

translocation

An essential feature of every good experiment is that it should use a control. use a control & test a single variable. test a single variable. graph data.

use a control & test a single variable.

The source of oxygen formed from photosynthesis is water light chlorophyll carbon dioxide

water