Biology Ch. 8

How many types of chlorophyll are there?

2 - chlorophyll A and chlorophyll B

One molecule of glucose is equal to about how many ATP molecules?

36-38 ATP molecules

What is the molecular equation for photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 6H2O ------> C6H12O6 + 6O2 Sunlight energy

Summarize how cells use ATP as a source of energy.

ATP can easily release and store energy by breaking bonds and re-forming the bonds between its phosphate groups.

What is the structural difference between ATP and ADP?

ATP has three phosphate groups, while ADP has two phosphate groups.

What 3 functions does ATP help organism do?

Active transport, protein synthesis, and muscle contraction

The chloroplast is covered by a ___________.

Phospholipid bilayer (double membrane)

Explain photosynthesis in words.

Photosynthesis uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide (reactants) into high-energy sugars and oxygen (products).

Plants create their own food through what process? Describe this process.

Photosynthesis; a process by which plants use the energy of the sun to produce high-energy carbohydrates

Why is a 6-carbon sugar such high energy?

bonds store energy, and lots of energy is released when our body breaks down the six bonds of the glucose molecule

How does a cell use the energy that it has stored in the ATP?

breaks the chemical bonds between the second and third phosphate

What does ETC stand for?

electron transport chain

What happens when a bond is broken? What happens when a bond is formed?

energy is released, energy is stored

When ATP ______ some energy, it's converted to ADP. When ADP _______ some energy it's converted to ATP.

loses, gains

What happens to the ATP and NADPH produced by the light dependent reaction?

they act as the reactants for the light independent reactions

Where does the light dependent reaction occur?

thylakoid membranes

What is the goal of the light dependent reaction?

to convert light energy into the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH

What is the goal of the light independent reaction?

to make a high energy sugar (6-carbon sugar)

Other than sunlight, what else is required in order for the light dependent reaction to occur? Why?

water; it is a source of electrons and hydrogen ions

Does a light dependent reaction require light?

yes

Plants absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. In what part of photosynthesis is this carbon dioxide used?

the light independent reactions

What is ADP comprised?

-adenine -ribose (5-carbon sugar) -2 phosphate groups

What is ATP comprised of?

-adenine -ribose (a 5-carbon sugar) -3 phosphate groups

What is a pigment?

A material that changes the color of reflected or transmitted light as the result of wave-length absorption; a light-absorbing molecule used by plant's to gather the sun's energy

Describe the ATP - ADP cycle.

A phosphate is removed from an ATP molecule in order to provide energy for the cell. Thus, the ATP molecule turns into an ADP molecule. We eat food which gives us energy to add another phosphate group to the ADP molecule, turning it into an ATP molecule. The cycle then begins again.

What is chlorophyll? Where is it found?

A pigment found in the chloroplasts of a plant that absorbs the light necessary for photosynthesis to occur.

What is a grana?

A stack of thylakoids membranes

What can ADP be compared to?

ADP is like a partially charged battery that can be fully charged by the addition of a phosphate group.

Why are plants green?

Because chlorophyll absorbs all wave-lengths except for green; it reflects green

What types of molecules are broken down to make ATP? Which are most often broken down to make ATP?

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins; carbohydrates are most commonly broken down to make ATP

What is the stroma?

Gel-like material around the grana

Describe Priestly's experiment. What did he conclude?

He put a jar over a candle and after s short time, the candle went out because the fire was deprived of oxygen. A mint plant was added to the container. The candle continued to burn for several days. He concluded that plants give off oxygen.

Describe Ingenhousz's experiment. What did he conclude?

He took Priestly's experiment and added another piece to it. He still had the candle and mint plant in the closed container, however one was exposed to light and the other wasn't. The candle in the container exposed to light burned for 7 days while the other one didn't last 7 days. He concluded that plants need light in order to produce oxygen.

Describe Van Helmont's experiment. What did he conclude?

He wanted to find out if plants grew by taking minerals out of the soil. He planted a sapling in a pot and watered it for 5 years. He concluded that a plant's mass comes from water.

Give an example of a heterotroph and an example of a autotroph.

Heteroptroph - humans, birds, lions, etc. Autotrophs - plants

What is the difference between heterotrophs and autotrophs?

Heterotrophs are organisms that obtain food (energy) by consuming other living things. Autotrophs are organisms that make their own food (energy).

What does the word photon refer to?

Light

What are the two stages of photosynthesis?

Light dependent reactions and light independent reactions

Which type of organic compound supplies the most ATP to cells?

Lipids

What are thylakoids?

Saclike photosynthetic membranes

What are the 3 parts in a chloroplast?

Stroma, thylakoids, grana

Describe how you do not get energy directly from the food you eat.

The food you eat is made up of macromolecules (lipids, carbs, protein). These molecules are broken down to make ATP. This ATP is what actually provides the energy for your body to function.

What is the overall difference between the light dependent reaction and the light dependent reaction?

The light dependent reaction requires sunlight in order to occur while the light independent reaction does not.

When a cell has energy available, it can store small amounts of it by doing what?

adding phosphate groups to ADP molecules, producing ATP

What does ADP stand for?

adenosine diphosphate

What does ATP stand for?

adenosine triphosphate

Where does photosynthesis occur?

in the chloroplasts of a plant cell

Does a light independent reaction require light?

no

What is a chemotroph? Give an example.

organisms that use chemicals to obtain energy; bacteria, fungi

What is released as a byproduct of the light dependent reaction?

oxygen

Photosynthesis comes from which Greek words?

photo which means "light" and synthesis which means "putting together" - Therefore, photosynthesis means "using light to put something together".

To summarize, ATP is able to ____ energy, and ADP is able to ______ energy.

release, store

Where does the light independent reaction occur?

stroma

What is the light independent reaction also known as?

the Calvin Cycle

What is energy?

the ability to do work