Biology Ch 8 Photosynthesis Study Guide
ADP lacks the third phospate make it ...
di-phosphate
Pigments are arranged into clusters known as ...
photosystems
Proteins in the thylakoid membrane organize chlorophyll and other pigments into clusters known as...
photosystems
What are the light collecting units in the chloroplasts?
photosystems (clusters of pigments)
Plants gather the sun's energy with light-absorbing molecules are called...
pigments
Summarize what happens during the Calvin cycle.
plants use the energy that ATP and NADPH contain to build high-energy compounds that can be stored for a long time.
Which are autotrophs?
plants, mushrooms
chlorophyll
principal pigment of plants and other photosynthetic organisms; captures light energy
photosynthesis
process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches
light-dependent reactions
reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH
The leaves of a plant appear green because chlorophyll...
reflects green light
thylakoid
saclike photosynthetic membranes found in chloroplasts
Helmont
scientist who concludes the trees gain most of their mass from water
Marcus
scientist who describes the process of electron transfer from molecule to electron transport chain
Ingenhousz
scientist who finds that aquatic plants produce oxygen bubbles in the light but not in dark. Conclusion: plants need light to produce oxygen
Priestly
scientist who finds that plants release oxygen
Mayer
scientist who proposed plants convert light energy into chemical energy
Calvin
scientist who traces chemical path that carbon follows to form glucose (Calvin cycle)
The products of photosynthesis are...
sugars and oxygen
NADP+
(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) one of the carrier molecules that transfers high-energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules.
When plants use the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high-energy carbohydrates (sugar and starches) and a waste product (oxygen).
photosynthesis
What are the 2 Photosystems reactions?
- (1) light dependent (takes place in the thylakoids) - (2) light independent or Calvin cycle (takes place in the stroma - the region outside the thylakoid membranes)
Compare the amounts of energy stored by ATP and glucose. Which compound is used by the cell as an immediate source of energy.
- A single molecule of the sugar glucose stores more than 90 times the chemical energy of a molecule of ATP. - ATP is used as an immediate source of energy.
Cells only keeps a small amount of _____ . Why?
- ATP - ATP does not store easily
__________ (green) absorbs the blue-violet and red ends of the spectrum and transfers it to the electrons. While other pigments like __________ absorb the other color.
- Chlorophyll - carotene
The excited electrons and their energy must be transported by an electron carrier, like _______. This electron carrier can hold ______ electrons and an ion of _________. It is converted into _________ which is trapping sunlight energy into _______ energy. This is the electron ________ _______.
- NADP+ - 2 electrons - hydrogen (H+) - NADPH - chemical energy - electron transport chain
Photosynthesis Equation
- Reactants —> Products - Carbon Dioxide + water in the presence of light yields sugars & oxygen
The release of energy when the bond is broken between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate power these functions:
- active transport - muscle contractions - protein synthesis
Energy comes in many different forms. Give examples.
- light - heat - electrically - chemical compounds
Autotrophs are plants and some other types of organisms are able to use ________ from the sun to produce _________.
- light energy - food
Describe three factors that affect the rate at which photosynthesis occurs.
- water - temperature - intensity of light
3 factors that affect photosynthesis:
- water supply - temperature - intensity of light
Light is in ___________ form and creates a spectrum from ________ to ______.
- wavelength form - violet to red
Light dependent reactions produce _______ ________ and convert _____ and _______ into the energy carriers ______ and _______.
... oxygen gas and convert ADP and NADP+ into the energy carriers ATP and NADPH.
What happens in the light-dependent reactions?
... use energy from sunlight to produce ATP, NADPH, and oxygen. It takes place within the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.
What is the Calvin cycle?
... uses ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reations to produce high-energy sugars. It takes place in the stroma of chloroplasts and does NOT require light.
Write the basic equation for photosynthesis using the names of the starting and final substances of the process.
6CO2 + 6H20 —> C6H12O6 + 6O2 carbon dioxide + water —> sugars + oxygen (NOTE: —> is light)
Cells store the ______ until energy is needed by adding the third phosphate.
ADP
One of the principal chemical compounds that living things use to store energy is...
ATP
Which substances from the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis is a source of energy for the Calvin cycle?
ATP & NADPH
The Calvin cycle uses ______ and ______ from the light-dependent reactions to produce high energy sugars.
ATP and NADPH
Use the analogy of battery to explain how energy is stored in and released from ATP.
ATP can be compared to a fully charged battery because both contain stored energy.
The first process in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis is...
ATP formation
What is the role of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) in cellular activities?
ATP is used by all types of cells as their basic energy source.
Living things use chemical compounds stored and released in cells called...
ATP or adenosine triphosphate
Describe the three parts of an ATP molecule.
Adenine Ribose 3 Phosphate groups
The light dependent reactions of photosynthesis are also known as the...
Calvin cycle
________ stores 90 times more chemical energy than a molecule of ATP.
Glucose
What did the experiments of van Helmont, Priestly, and Ingenhousz reveal about how plants grow?
In the presence of light, plants transform carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates, and they also release oxygen.
Explain the role of NADP+ as an energy carrier in photosynthesis.
It transfers high-energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules.
What is the role of light and chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
Light is a form of energy and chlorophyll absorbs light and the energy from the light.
Where do plants get the energy they need to produce food?
Plants and some other types of organisms are able to use light energy from the sun to produce food.
autotrophs
Plants and some other types of organisms are able to use light energy from the sun to produce food.
Active transport
Sodium (Na) Potassium (K) pump maintaining ions on both sides of the cell
How do the events in the Calvin cycle depend on the light-dependent reactions?
The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions to produce high-energy sugars.
How were Priestley's and Ingenhousz's discoveries about photosynthesis related?
They both showed that light was necessary for plants to produce oxygen.
What role do plant pigments plan in the process of photosynthesis?
They gather the sun's energy
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) contains...
a 5 carbon sugar (ribose) & 3 phosphates
What is the overall equation for photosynthesis?
carbon dioxide + water —> sugars + oxygen
Sunlight excites the electrons in ________.
chlorophyll
2 main types of chlorophyll:
chlorophyll a & chlorophyll b
All living things require...
energy
The characteristics of ATP make it exceptionally useful as the basic _____ source of cells.
energy
When the bond is broken between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate, ______ is released.
energy
the ability to do work
energy
Thylakoids are arranged in stacks known as ...
grana
How do heterotrophs and autotrophs differ in the way they obtain energy?
heterotrophs obtain energy from the food they eat. autotrophs obtain energy from the sunlight
Where does photosynthesis take place?
in chloroplasts
ATP synthase
large protein that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP
pigments
light absorbing molecules in plants
In addition to water and carbon dioxide, photosynthesis requires ________ and _________, a molecule in chloroplasts.
light and chlorophyll
autotrophs
organisms such as plants, which make their own food from sunlight or chemicals
heterotrophs
organisms that obtain their energy from food they consume
heterotrophs
organisms, such as animals, that obtain energy from the foods they consume
Light independent cycle
takes in the stroma and outside the grana
chlorophyll
the principle pigment in plants
stroma
the region outside the thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts
What is the role of ATP synthase? How does it work?
they provide the energy to build energy - containing sugars from low - energy compounds. It allows hydrogen ions out of the thylakoid
Chloroplasts contain tiny sacs like photosynthetic membranes called...
thylakoids
Which scientist concluded that most of a growing plant's mass comes from water?
van Helmont
In addition to light and chlorophyll, photosynthesis requires...
water and carbon dioxide