Biology Ch 8 Photosynthesis Study Guide

ADP lacks the third phospate make it ...

di-phosphate

Pigments are arranged into clusters known as ...

photosystems

Proteins in the thylakoid membrane organize chlorophyll and other pigments into clusters known as...

photosystems

What are the light collecting units in the chloroplasts?

photosystems (clusters of pigments)

Plants gather the sun's energy with light-absorbing molecules are called...

pigments

Summarize what happens during the Calvin cycle.

plants use the energy that ATP and NADPH contain to build high-energy compounds that can be stored for a long time.

Which are autotrophs?

plants, mushrooms

chlorophyll

principal pigment of plants and other photosynthetic organisms; captures light energy

photosynthesis

process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches

light-dependent reactions

reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH

The leaves of a plant appear green because chlorophyll...

reflects green light

thylakoid

saclike photosynthetic membranes found in chloroplasts

Helmont

scientist who concludes the trees gain most of their mass from water

Marcus

scientist who describes the process of electron transfer from molecule to electron transport chain

Ingenhousz

scientist who finds that aquatic plants produce oxygen bubbles in the light but not in dark. Conclusion: plants need light to produce oxygen

Priestly

scientist who finds that plants release oxygen

Mayer

scientist who proposed plants convert light energy into chemical energy

Calvin

scientist who traces chemical path that carbon follows to form glucose (Calvin cycle)

The products of photosynthesis are...

sugars and oxygen

NADP+

(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) one of the carrier molecules that transfers high-energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules.

When plants use the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high-energy carbohydrates (sugar and starches) and a waste product (oxygen).

photosynthesis

What are the 2 Photosystems reactions?

- (1) light dependent (takes place in the thylakoids) - (2) light independent or Calvin cycle (takes place in the stroma - the region outside the thylakoid membranes)

Compare the amounts of energy stored by ATP and glucose. Which compound is used by the cell as an immediate source of energy.

- A single molecule of the sugar glucose stores more than 90 times the chemical energy of a molecule of ATP. - ATP is used as an immediate source of energy.

Cells only keeps a small amount of _____ . Why?

- ATP - ATP does not store easily

__________ (green) absorbs the blue-violet and red ends of the spectrum and transfers it to the electrons. While other pigments like __________ absorb the other color.

- Chlorophyll - carotene

The excited electrons and their energy must be transported by an electron carrier, like _______. This electron carrier can hold ______ electrons and an ion of _________. It is converted into _________ which is trapping sunlight energy into _______ energy. This is the electron ________ _______.

- NADP+ - 2 electrons - hydrogen (H+) - NADPH - chemical energy - electron transport chain

Photosynthesis Equation

- Reactants —> Products - Carbon Dioxide + water in the presence of light yields sugars & oxygen

The release of energy when the bond is broken between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate power these functions:

- active transport - muscle contractions - protein synthesis

Energy comes in many different forms. Give examples.

- light - heat - electrically - chemical compounds

Autotrophs are plants and some other types of organisms are able to use ________ from the sun to produce _________.

- light energy - food

Describe three factors that affect the rate at which photosynthesis occurs.

- water - temperature - intensity of light

3 factors that affect photosynthesis:

- water supply - temperature - intensity of light

Light is in ___________ form and creates a spectrum from ________ to ______.

- wavelength form - violet to red

Light dependent reactions produce _______ ________ and convert _____ and _______ into the energy carriers ______ and _______.

... oxygen gas and convert ADP and NADP+ into the energy carriers ATP and NADPH.

What happens in the light-dependent reactions?

... use energy from sunlight to produce ATP, NADPH, and oxygen. It takes place within the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.

What is the Calvin cycle?

... uses ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reations to produce high-energy sugars. It takes place in the stroma of chloroplasts and does NOT require light.

Write the basic equation for photosynthesis using the names of the starting and final substances of the process.

6CO2 + 6H20 —> C6H12O6 + 6O2 carbon dioxide + water —> sugars + oxygen (NOTE: —> is light)

Cells store the ______ until energy is needed by adding the third phosphate.

ADP

One of the principal chemical compounds that living things use to store energy is...

ATP

Which substances from the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis is a source of energy for the Calvin cycle?

ATP & NADPH

The Calvin cycle uses ______ and ______ from the light-dependent reactions to produce high energy sugars.

ATP and NADPH

Use the analogy of battery to explain how energy is stored in and released from ATP.

ATP can be compared to a fully charged battery because both contain stored energy.

The first process in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis is...

ATP formation

What is the role of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) in cellular activities?

ATP is used by all types of cells as their basic energy source.

Living things use chemical compounds stored and released in cells called...

ATP or adenosine triphosphate

Describe the three parts of an ATP molecule.

Adenine Ribose 3 Phosphate groups

The light dependent reactions of photosynthesis are also known as the...

Calvin cycle

________ stores 90 times more chemical energy than a molecule of ATP.

Glucose

What did the experiments of van Helmont, Priestly, and Ingenhousz reveal about how plants grow?

In the presence of light, plants transform carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates, and they also release oxygen.

Explain the role of NADP+ as an energy carrier in photosynthesis.

It transfers high-energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules.

What is the role of light and chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

Light is a form of energy and chlorophyll absorbs light and the energy from the light.

Where do plants get the energy they need to produce food?

Plants and some other types of organisms are able to use light energy from the sun to produce food.

autotrophs

Plants and some other types of organisms are able to use light energy from the sun to produce food.

Active transport

Sodium (Na) Potassium (K) pump maintaining ions on both sides of the cell

How do the events in the Calvin cycle depend on the light-dependent reactions?

The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions to produce high-energy sugars.

How were Priestley's and Ingenhousz's discoveries about photosynthesis related?

They both showed that light was necessary for plants to produce oxygen.

What role do plant pigments plan in the process of photosynthesis?

They gather the sun's energy

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) contains...

a 5 carbon sugar (ribose) & 3 phosphates

What is the overall equation for photosynthesis?

carbon dioxide + water —> sugars + oxygen

Sunlight excites the electrons in ________.

chlorophyll

2 main types of chlorophyll:

chlorophyll a & chlorophyll b

All living things require...

energy

The characteristics of ATP make it exceptionally useful as the basic _____ source of cells.

energy

When the bond is broken between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate, ______ is released.

energy

the ability to do work

energy

Thylakoids are arranged in stacks known as ...

grana

How do heterotrophs and autotrophs differ in the way they obtain energy?

heterotrophs obtain energy from the food they eat. autotrophs obtain energy from the sunlight

Where does photosynthesis take place?

in chloroplasts

ATP synthase

large protein that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP

pigments

light absorbing molecules in plants

In addition to water and carbon dioxide, photosynthesis requires ________ and _________, a molecule in chloroplasts.

light and chlorophyll

autotrophs

organisms such as plants, which make their own food from sunlight or chemicals

heterotrophs

organisms that obtain their energy from food they consume

heterotrophs

organisms, such as animals, that obtain energy from the foods they consume

Light independent cycle

takes in the stroma and outside the grana

chlorophyll

the principle pigment in plants

stroma

the region outside the thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts

What is the role of ATP synthase? How does it work?

they provide the energy to build energy - containing sugars from low - energy compounds. It allows hydrogen ions out of the thylakoid

Chloroplasts contain tiny sacs like photosynthetic membranes called...

thylakoids

Which scientist concluded that most of a growing plant's mass comes from water?

van Helmont

In addition to light and chlorophyll, photosynthesis requires...

water and carbon dioxide