Biology Ch.27 Adaptations of Plants to Life on Land

Plants four major groups:

bryophytes, seedless vascular plants, and two groups of seeded vascular plants, the gymnosperms and angiosperms

____ consist of about 16,000 species of mosses, liverworts, and hornworts

byrophytes

Structural and molecular data indicate that land plants probably descended from a group of green algae called....

charophytes or stonewarts

were important plants millions of years ago, when species that are now extinct often reached great size. These contributors to our present day coal deposits

club mosses

The most common names for the phylum Lycopodiophyta are...

club mosses and ground pines

Two main clades of seedless vascular plants

club mosses and the ferns

What does the cuticle prevent?

desiccation, or drying out, of plant tissues by evaporation.

Whenever the stem forks, or branches, it always divides into two equal halves called

dichotomous branching

In plants the fertilized egg develops into a multicellular _________ within a female gametangium.

embryo

sex organs, or ____ of most plants are multicellular,

gametangia

what conducts dissolved organic molecules such as sugar

phloem

what is a common liverwort that is a thalloid?

polymorpha

The mature fern gametophyte, which bears no resemblance to the sporophyte, is a tiny, green, often heart=shaped structures that grows flat against the ground called a

prothallus. the fern gametophyte lacks vascular tissues and has tiny, hairlike absorptive rhizoids to anchor it.

If a moss spore lands in a suitable spot, it germinates and grows into a filament of cells called

protonema

The fern sporophyte consists of a horizontal underground stem called

rhizome, it can bear leaves

What stems do horsetails have?

rhizomes and erect aerial stems

Liverwarts can reproduce....

sexually and asexually

sexual reproduction of liverworts involve

sexually and asexually

Spore production usually occurs in certain areas on the fern fronds. Many species bear the sporangia in clusters called

sori

When two gametes fuse, the diploid portion of the life cycle, called _____ begins. It produces haploid spores by the process of meiosis. - present the first stage in the gametophyte generation

sporophyte

What facilitates gas exchange that dot the surfaces of leaves and stems of almost all plants

stomata

consists of several stalked, umbrella-like structures, each of which bears five to ten sporangia in a circle around a common axis. - it is the reproductive branch of a horsetail

strobilus

In temperate regions ferns commonly inhabit...

swamps, marshes, stream banks, and moist woodlands

Their body form is often a flattened, lobed structure called a

thallus

How many species of whisk ferns exist today?

12

Seedless vascular plants arose and diversified during the Silurian and Devonian periods of the Paleozoic era between

444 mya and 359 mya

One important difference between plants and algae is that a waxy ___ covers the aerial portion of a plant.

Cuticle

what genus is the horsetail in?

Equisetum

are terrestrial, although a few have adapted to aquatic habitats. Range from the tropics to the Arctic Circle, with most species living in tropical forests.

Ferns

what is the main organ of photosynthesis?

Green stem

its a small group of about 100 species of bryophytes whose gametophytes superficially resemble those of the thalloid liverworts

Hornworts

What is considered the most dominant plant?

Horsetails

____ consist of about 6000 species of nonvascular plants with a dominant gametophyte generation, but the gametophytes of some ____ are quite different from those of mosses

Liverworts

less than 25 cm, or 10 in. tall. attractive plants common in temperate woodlands. They possess true roots, both rhizomes and erect aerial stems, and small, scalelike leaves.

Lycopodium

evolved from stem branches that gradually filled in with additional tissue to form most leaves as we know them today

Megaphylls

The ____, which is usually small and has a single vascular strand, probably evolved from small, projecting extensions of stem tissue. Only one group of living plants, the club mosses, has microphylls

Microphyll

____ which include about 9900 species, usually live in dense colonies or beds

Mosses

The moss ____ is a particularly important research organism for studying plant evolution because its features and genome can be compared with those of algae and flowering plants.

Physcomitrella

What is the main organ of photosynthesis on a whisk fern?

Psilotum

Meiosis occurs, forming spores within each ____, or spore case

Sporangium

The most important mosses are the peat mosses in the genus...

Sphagnum

which they spend part of their lives in a multicellular haploid stage and part in a multicellular diploid stage

alternation of generations

The haploid gametophytes produce male gametoangia, known as....

antheridia

red algae, green algae, and land plants are collectively classified as..

archaeplastids

Gametophytes also produce female gametangia, known as

archegonia

In some liverworts these gametangia are borne on stalked structures called

archegoniophores

haploid portion of the life cycle is the ____ because it gives rise to haploid gametes by mitosis.

gametophyte generation

Some liverworts reproduce asexually by forming tiny balls of tissue called:

gemmae

A unique feature of hornworts is that the sporophytes unlike those of mosses and liverworts, continue to grow from their bases for the remainder of the gametophyte's life. This is called

indeterminate growth

a strengthening polymer in the walls of cells that function for support and conduction

lignin

What group do all plants come from?

monophyletic group

conducting dissolved organic molecules such as sugar

xylem

What are the two vascular tissues?

xylem and phloem

Sperm cell fertilizes the egg to form a ___ or fertilized egg

zygote