Biology Chapter 13

clade

A branch of an evolutionary tree, consisting of an ancestor and all its descendants.

evolutionary tree

A model of evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms that is based on similarities and differences in their DNA, physical features, biochemical characteristics, or some combination of these. It maps the relationships between ancestral groups and their descendants, and it clusters the most closely related groups on neighboring branches.

mass extinction

A period of time during which more than 50 percent of Earth's species has gone extinct. The fossil record shows that there have been five mass extinctions in the history of Earth.

lineage

A single line of descent.

shared derived trait

A unique feature common to all members of a group that originated in the group's most recent common ancestor and then were passed down in the group.

why is there shared line from the universal ancestor for archaea and eukarya

Archaea and Eukarya share a common ancestor more recently than either one does with Bacteria.

Bacteria

One of the three domains of life (compare Archaea and Eukarya) and also one of the six kingdoms of life. The domain and kingdom Bacteria includes familiar disease-causing bacteria.

Archaea

One of the three domains of life (compare Bacteria and Eukarya) and also one of the six kingdoms of life. The domain and kingdom Archaea consists of single-celled organisms best known for living in extremely harsh environments.

Eukarya

One of the three domains of life, including all the living organisms that do not fit into the domains Archaea or Bacteria, from amoebas to plants to fungi to animals

four kingdoms of eukarya

Protista, a diverse group that includes amoebas and algae; Plantae, which encompasses all plants; Fungi, which includes mushrooms, molds, and yeasts; and Animalia, which encompasses all animals, including dinosaurs, birds, and humans.

Cambrian explosion

The burst of evolutionary activity, occurring about 540 mya, that resulted in a dramatic increase in the diversity of life. Most of the major living animal groups first appear in the fossil record during this time.

domain

The highest hierarchical level in the organization of life, describing the most basic and ancient divisions among living organisms. The three domains of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

kingdom

The second-highest hierarchical level in the organization of life; the unit of classification in the Linnaean hierarchy above phylum and below domain. The six kingdoms of life are Bacteria, Archaea, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia.

Place the following evolutionary events in order from earliest to most recent, numbering them 1 to 5. ____ a. Cambrian explosion ____ b. origin of life on Earth ____ c. plants' transition to land --- d. oxygen-rich environment created by bacteria ----e. evolution of birds from dinos

a) 3 b) 1 c) 4 d) 2 e) 5

where would animals fall in the line graph? what about humans?

birds and humans would both be found branches of eukarya

t/f lizards are more closely related to dinos than birds are to dinos

false

The land was first colonized by plants (about 480 mya), fungi (about 460 mya), and invertebrates (insects; about 400 mya), which were followed later by vertebrates (about 365 mya).

just memorize this

Archaeopteryx are an early example of what?

of the evolution of birds

to which domain would you expect a disease-causing organism to belong? what if the organism were multicellular?

the organism would be found in bacteria but also eukarya b/c of fungi and also multicellular would be found in eukarya

T/f Although difficult to determine, the causes of the five mass extinctions are thought to include such factors as climate change, massive volcanic eruptions, changes in the composition of marine and atmospheric gases, and sea level changes.

true

t/f Archaea are more closely related and in some ways more similar to Eukarya than to Bacteria

true

t/f The Cambrian explosion, however, occurred primarily in the oceans.

true