Biology- Chapter 27 Prokaryotes

Prokaryotes (Respirations and Fermentations)

Fermentations can metabolize pyruvate and other compounds to recycle electron donors

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Gonorrhea is one of the most common communicable disease and is caused by?

Nitrifying and denitrifier

In the environment, ammonia is oxidized to nitrate by_____bacteria and the nitrate is converted back to molecular nitrogen by_____ prokaryotes.

Plants receive fixed nitrogen, while bacteria receive sugars.

In the mutualistic symbiosis between bacteria in the family Rhizobiaceae and leguminous plants, how do the two organisms benefit?

Fixation

In the process of ____, an element is transformed from an inorganic form to an organic form, which can then be used by heterotrophic organisms.

Syphilis

Treponema pallidum

True

True or False: There is a beneficial association between animals and bacteria

True

True or False: There is a mutually beneficial association between plants and bacteria

-It is second only to HIV?AIDS as the number one killer worldwide from a single infectious agent. -It is transmitted from one person to another through the air.

Tuberculosis

-It contains mycolic acids in its cell wall. -It grows very slowly. -It reproduces inside of macrophages.

Mechanisms that contribute to virulence exhibited by M. tuberculosis

toxins; inflamatory

Once they have established an infection and evaded the initial immune response, pathogenic bacteria can cause disease by directly damaging tissues, releasing_____, or stimulating an ______response that harms the host.

Autotroph

Organisms that can produce all the organic carbon compounds they need to survive from CO2 are known as which of the following?

virulence

Pathogenic bacteria posses _______ factors, such as pili, capsules, and S-layers, that promote attachment to host tissues.

- Chemoorganoheterotrophs -Chemolithoheterotrophs -Chemolithoautotrophs -Photolithoautotrophs -Photoorganoheterotrophs

Prokaryotes five nutritional types

autotrophs; heterotrophs

Prokaryotes that obtain their energy from inorganic CO2 are___whereas those that require reduced forms of carbon (i.e., organic molecules) are_____.

tubercles

As tuberculosis progresses, structures call_____form, which block airways in the upper parts of the lungs.

endotoxin; exotoxin

Bacteria can generally produce two types of toxins: _______, which are lipopolysaccharides (LPS) found in the cell wall, and ______, which are proteins secreted by pathogens.

leguminous; nodule

Bacteria in the family Rhizobiaceae form associations with ______ plants; the bacteria live in specialized root ______ where then fix nitrogen for their hosts.

nitrogen and phosphorus to stimulate bioremediation

Biostimulation is the addition of ______.

Decomposer

Chemical elements such as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur are released from dead organisms back to the physical environment by prokaryotes and fungi that are called______

bacterial sexually transmitted diseases

Chlamydia, syphilis, and gonorrhea are all examples of ______.

bacteria

Cholera, Lyme disease, scarlet fever, and pneumonia are all examples of diseases caused by _____

nitrogen gas from the atmosphere

During nitrogen fixation, what is incorporated into organic matter?

Oxygen

Even today, prokaryotes contribute to the addition of ____ to Earth's atmosphere as a byproduct of carbon fixation by photosynthesis.

fix

Prokaryotes_____ carbon from inorganic CO2 through the process of photosynthesis, allowing other organisms to use the organic compounds they produce.

photoorganoheterotroph

Purple and green nonsulfur bacteria that use light as their source of energy but obtain carbon from organic molecules produced by other organisms are______.

avoid phagocytosis

Some pathogens produce molecules that look like host cell molecules and present them on their surface. This allows the pathogens to _____

Photosynthesis

Some prokaryotes are able to fix carbon from inorganic CO2 through the process of_____

the surface of teeth, but not to epithelia

Streptococcus mutans to attach to what surfaces in the body?

microorganisms

Studies with mice suggest that the gut _____might play a role in obesity.

-Mother to fetus -Direct contact with an open syphilis sore -Sexual intercourse

Syphilis can be transmitted in which of the following ways?

upper respiratory tract

The bacterium that causes tuberculosis is most commonly found?

Helicobacter pylori

The causative agent in the majority of cases of peptic ulcer disease?

protein; lipopolysaccharide

The chemical nature of an exotoxin is ______ while that of an endotoxin is ______.

Chemoorganoheterotrophs

The majority of prokaryotes obtain both carbon atoms, electrons, and energy from organic molecules and are called which of the following?

C,B,A

The order in which the events occur when a bacterial pathogen causes disease? B) Evade the immune system response C) Colonize host and establish an infection A) Damage tissues, or release toxins that harm the hosts

Decomposition

The return of atoms found in living things to the physical environment after organisms die, is called______.

Bioremediation

The use of microorganisms to remove pollutants from water, air, and soil is called ______.

Chemolithoautotrophs

Uses inorganic compounds as an energy source to synthesize organic compounds from carbon dioxide

Photoautotrophs

Uses light as an energy source to synthesize organic compounds from carbon dioxide

Photoheterotroph

Uses light for energy and organic compounds as a source of carbon

Chemoheterotrophs

Uses organic compounds as a source of both energy and carbon

It is involved in the synthesis of essential amino acids; It is involved in the digestion of complex carbohydrates.

What are some important roles of the gut microbiome in humans?

Tuberculosis

What bacterial disease is second only to HIV/AIDS in the number of people killed worldwide from a single infectious agent?

The presence of particular receptors on host tissues

What determines the specificity of a pathogen for particular tissues?

Whooping cough; Tetanus; Cholera

What diseases are the result of an infection by a pathogenic bacterium?

N2 to NH3 (ammonia)

What do nitrogen fixers reduce?

protects against pathogens and aids in digestion

What does the human microbiome do?

Prokaryotes

What has greater diversity to perform respirations and fermentations?

GI, respiratory, urogenital

What is open to the environment and allow pathogens to access mucosal epithelia?

Fixation

What term describes the process of returning elements from inorganic forms to forms that heterotrophic organisms can use?

eukaryotes; prokaryotes

When performing cellular respiration Blank______ use oxygen as their terminal electron acceptor, while Blank______ can use oxygen and many other compounds, such as nitrate, and sulfate.

B

Which of the following is likely to determine the specificity of a pathogen for particular tissues? A) The presence of blood vessels in host tissues B) The presence of particular receptors on host tissues C) How exposed a host tissue is to the outside environment D) The surface area of a particular host tissue

Biostimulation

Which of the following terms refers to the addition of nutrients to encourage the growth of naturally occurring microbes to mediate pollution?

Biostimulation

adds nutrients to encourage growth of naturally occurring microbes

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

causative agent of TB

prokaryotes

group of organisms that exhibit the widest range of electron donors and acceptors that can be used in cellular respiration

It can burrow within the mucus layer

mechanisms used by Helicobacter pylori to survive the acidic environment of the stomach

CagA

protein produced by Helicobacter pylori interferes with host cell signaling in a way that leads to changes in the structure of the epithelial cells?

Decomposers

release dead organism's atoms to the environment

the patient's own immune system as it attempts to control the bacterium

respiratory systems in the early stages of tuberculosis are cause by?

Eukaryotes (Respirations and Fermentations)

restricted to organic electron donors and oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor (aerobic)

invasins

secreted proteins that break down host tissues allowing a pathogen to spread in the body

-they infect and live inside of the host cells -They colonize areas that are inaccessible to phagocytes. -They produce molecules that block the attraction of phagocytes.

ways in which pathogens can avoid phagocytosis?

bacteria is used to remove pollutants from water, air, and soil

what does bioremediation do?

Cyanobacteria

what was responsible for adding oxygen to Earth's atmosphere billions of years ago?